INTRODUCTI
ON TO
COMPUTING
Basic Computer
Concepts Objectives
Define basic concepts on computer
Relate the development of computing
and computing devices.
Describe the development of
computing devices, their capabilities
and limitations.
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that accepts
(inputs), processes, stores, and outputs data at a
high speeds according to programmed instructions.
Parts of Computer
System Unit Monitor
Mouse
Keyboard
Five Basic Elements of a Computer
Memory
Central Processing
(RAM)
computer's temporary storage for
Unit (CPU)
The CPU is often referred to as the
data and program instructions
"brain" of the computer.
Output
Devices
Output devices display or provide
Input results to the user based on the
computer's processing.
Used to provideDevices
data and
instructions to the computer. STORAGE
Computers have various types of storage
devices for long-term data retention.
DATA AND INFORMATION
Data is raw, unprocessed facts. It has the potential to become
useful information, but first it has to be manipulated and
transformed. And the best way to do that is to feed the data into
the computer.
Meanwhile, Information is processed data. It is a data that
has already manipulated and transformed into something
Four Basic Functions of Computer
All computers perform the following four basic functions:
Input – the procedure of feeding or entering data into a computer
Process – the operation of manipulating and transforming data
into something useful.
Output – the result of the processing function.
Storage – computers save data and outputs for later use.
Capabilities and Limitations of a Computer
A computer is a machine that needs to be controlled and instructed to
successfully perform a task. No matter how powerful and sophisticated it is,
it must be directed what to do. Users should follow the principal of GIGO
(Garbage In, Garbage Out) which means that wrong data entered into the
computer will result to wrong information produced.
Capabilities of a Computer
o It can process data quickly.
o It can perform operations tirelessly.
o It can store, recall, and retrieve
information.
o It can give accurate results depending
on the instructions and commands
given.
o It can perform multi-tasks.
Limitations of a Computer
o It needs human intervention.
o The information or results
generated are user dependent.
o It has a short life span.
o It cannot formulate information on its
own.
o It can never replace the capabilities of the
human brain.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Ancient Electro Mechanical
Time Era
Mechanical Electronic
Era Era
ANCIENT TIME
The abacus was man’s first recorded
adding machine. It was in 500 B.C when
the abacus was invented in Babylonia,
then popularized in China.
Abacus is a Latin word from a Greek word
abax, which meant "counting table."
MECHANICAL ERA
LOGARITHMS
John Napier, Baron of Merchiston, PASCALINE
Scotland, invents logs in 1614. Logs
allow multiplication and division to be
reduced to addition and subtraction. It is a mechanical calculation machine
invented by Blaise Pascal, a French
mathematician in 1642.
Add Text Add Text
Simple PowerPoint Simple PowerPoint
Presentation Presentation
STEPPED RECKONER
JACQUARD LOOM
It was invented by Gottfried Leibniz, a
In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard
German mathematician in 1671. could
developed an automatic loom that was
multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers
controlled by punched cards.
yielding up to 16 digit number.
In 1822, Charles Babbage, invented
the first modern computer design: a
steamed-powered adding machine It was a mechanical adding
called the difference engine to machine that took information
automatically solve math problems. from punched cards to solve
and print complex
mathematical operations.
ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
DIFFERENCE
ENGINE
Content Here ADA
The first program was written by Ada
Augusta Lovelace for Babbage’s
difference engine. Thus, Ada Lovelace
is credited with being “the first lady
programmer”. The programming ada
is named in her honor.
ELECTROMECHANICAL
ERA
MILLIONAIRE
PUNCH CARD TABULATING
MACHINE
In 1890, the first person The Millionaire, the
to successfully use first efficient four-
punched cards function calculator,
specifically for census is invented by Otto
taking was Herman Shweiger, a Swiss
Hollerith Engineer in 1893.
ELECTRONIC ERA
MARK 1
Z3 ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer)
Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student
at Harvard University built Mark It was discovered by John
It was the first programmable
I “The first Stored-Program Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in
computer built by Konrad Zuse
Computer”. 8 feet tall, 51 feet 1942.It was the first computer
in 1941. It was the first fully
long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 to use electricity in the form of
functional, program controlled
tons, used 750,000 parts, 500 vacuum tubes. It was used for
computer of the world.
miles of wires, 3-5 seconds per solving complex systems
calculation. equations.
The Five Generations of Digital Computing
The First-Generation Computers (1951-1958)
. The Fourth-Generation Computers (1971-Present).
First-generation computers had vacuum tubes,
resistors, and welded metal joints. They were 1st 4th The fourth-generation is just an extension of
large, slow, expensive, and produced a lot of the third-generation technology. This next
heat technological development is to put more
The Second Generation Computers (1959-1963) power and capabilities in one chip called
Instead of vacuum tubes, the second-generation microprocessor which has made computers
2nd the fastest and most powerful they have ever
computers used transistors an exciting new
invention at the time. John Barden, Walter Brattain, been.
and William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories The Fifth-Generation Computers (1982 - Onward)
invented the transistor.
The Third-Generation Computers (1963-1974 3rd 5th The Fifth Generation Computer Systems was an
initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade
Computers in the third-generation computers relied and Industry, begun in 1982, to create computers
on a new technology called integrated circuit. The using massively parallel computing and logic
integrated circuit is a single wafer or chip that can programming. It was to be the result of a massive
hold many transistors and electronic circuits. government/industry research project in Japan
during the 1980s.
Classification of a Computer
According to Size and Speed
A. SUPERCOMPUTERS B. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
The fastest type of computer. A very large and expensive computer
They are very expensive and capable of supporting hundreds, or even
employed for specialized applications thousands, of users simultaneously.
They are slower and less than
that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. supercomputers.
They support hundreds or thousands of
users at a time.
EXAMPLES They are used as e-commerce and web
o servers and in large organizations, banks,
NEC Earth Simulator
o universities and airlines as databases.
IBM ASCI White
o TERASCALE Computing System EXAMPLES
o TERA Supercomputer
o NERSC IBM SP RS/600 o IBM 3090
o Andhal 5890
A midsized computer.
In general, a minicomputer is a multi-processing system capable
MINICOMPUTERS of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.
They are also known as midrange computers.
EXAMPLES
o IBM’s AS/400e
Is generally a synonym for the more common term, Personal
Computer or PC, a computer designed for an individual.
It uses microprocessor technology to input, manipulate, store
and output data.
Business use personal computers for word processing,
MICROCOMPUTERS/ accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet
PERSONAL and database management applications.
COMPUTERS
EXAMPLES
o Apple II (introduced by Apple Computer in 1977)
o IBM PC(IBM’s first personal computer)
Personal Computer
or PC
TWO CLASSIFICATION OF
It is widely popular with
MICROCOMPUTERS
people of all lifestyle because
they are powerful, affordable
and easy to use.
LAPTOP/ NOTEBOOK COMPUTER
A small portable computer. Small enough that it can sit on
your lap.
Portable Computer
SUBNOTEBOOK COMPUTER
Slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized notebook
They are small enough to computer.
move easily from one place PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA)
to another and they can A handheld device that combines computing,
operate on batteries. telephone/fax, and networking features.
It can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and
personal organizer.
TABLET PC
Design for a fully equipped personal
computer that allows a user to take notes
using natural handwriting on a stylus or
digital pen.
According to data handled
Hybrid computers
A hybrid is a combination
of digital and analog computers. It
combines the best features of both types
of computers.
Computer used in hospitals to measure the
Digital computers
heartbeat of the patient. Devices used in
Digital computers deal with mathematical petrol pump. In scientific applications or in
Analog computers variables in form of numbers that represent controlling industrial processes.
discrete values of physical quantities.
Analog computers operate on All modern computers, laptops, and
mathematical variables in the calculators are all digital computers.
form of physical quantities that
are continuously varying. For
example temperature, pressure,
voltages, etc.
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
The programs are built into
permanently in the machine and
given task are performed very quick
General- and efficient.
purpose
computers Examples are computers used in
monitoring nuclear reactions, outer
space missions, oil explorations
It is capable of dealing to a variety of
different problems and are able to
respond to programs created to meet Special purpose
different needs. computers
(Dedicated
computers)
THANK YOU
