GLST 204 Notes-1
Uploaded by
musalawal615GLST 204 Notes-1
Uploaded by
musalawal615Department of Glass and Silicate Technology
Faculty of Environmental Design
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
ourse Title:Phase Diagrams in Materials
C
Course Code:GLST 204
Number of CUs:2
Course Period:Tuesdays, 9 to 11 am
Course Lecturer:Dr. U. S. Aliyu
ourse Content
C
Preambles
Learning Objectives and Introduction
art One:Definitions and Basic Concepts
P
Solubility Limit, Phases, Microstructure, Phase Equilibria, One-Component (or
Unary) Phase Diagrams
Part Two:Binary Phase Diagrams
art Two I:
P
2.1 Binary Isomorphous Systems
2.2 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
2.3 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys
2.4 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys
art Two II:
P
2.5 Binary Eutectic Systems
2.6 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
2.7 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds
2.8 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions
art Two III:
P
2.9 Congruent Phase Transformations
2.10 Ceramic Phase Diagrams
2.11 Ternary Phase Diagrams
2.12 The Gibbs Phase Rule
art Three:The Iron – Carbon System
P
3.1 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram
.2 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys
3
3.3 The Influence of Other Alloying
reambles
P
Course Objectives
After careful study of this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
1. (a) Schematically sketch simple isomorphous and eutectic phase diagrams.
(b) On these diagram’s label the various phase regions.
(c) Label liquidus, solidus, and solvus lines.
2. Givenabinaryphasediagram,thecompositionofanalloy,itstemperature,and
assuming that the alloy is at equilibrium, determine
(a) What phase(s) is (are) present?
(b) the composition(s) of the phase(s), and
(c) the mass fraction(s) of the phase(s).
3. For some given binary phase diagram, do the following:
(a) locate the temperatures and compositions of all eutectic, eutectoid,
peritectic, and congruent phase transformations; and
(b) Write reactions for all these transformations
for either heating or cooling.
4. Giventhecompositionofaniron–carbonalloycontainingbetween0.022wt%
C and 2.14 wt% C, be able to
(a) Specify whether the alloy is hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid,
(b) name the proeutectoid phase,
(c) compute the mass fractions of proeutectoid phase and pearlite, and
(d)Makeaschematicdiagramofthemicrostructureatatemperaturejustbelow
the eutectoid.
I ntroduction
Onereasonthatknowledgeandunderstandingofphasediagramsareimportanttothe
scientistorengineerrelatestothedesignandcontrolofheat-treatingprocedures;some
properties of materials are functions of their microstructures, and, consequently, of
their thermal histories. Even though most phase diagrams represent stable (or
equilibrium)statesandmicrostructures,theyareneverthelessusefulinunderstanding
the development and preservation of nonequilibrium structures and their attendant
properties; it is often the case that these properties are more desirable than those
associated with the equilibrium state.
The understanding of phase diagrams for alloy systems is extremely important
because there is a strong correlation between microstructure and mechanical
properties, and the development of the microstructure of an alloy is related to the
characteristics of its phase diagram. In addition, phase diagrams provide valuable
informationaboutmelting,casting,crystallization,andotherphenomena.Thiscourse
presents and discusses the following topics: (1) terminology associated with phase
diagramsandphasetransformations;(2)pressure-temperaturephasediagramsforpure
materials; (3) the interpretation of phase diagrams; (4) some of the common and
relatively simple binary phase diagrams, including that for the iron–carbon system;
and (5) the development of equilibrium microstructures, upon cooling, for several
situations.
Part One:Definitions and Basic Concepts
.1 Solubility Limit
1
For many alloy systems and at some specific temperature, there is a maximum
concentration
ofsoluteatomsthatmaydissolveinthesolventtoformasolidsolution;thisiscalled
asolubilitylimit.Theadditionofsoluteinexcessofthissolubilitylimitresultsinthe
formation of another solid solution or compound that has a distinctly different
composition. To illustrate this concept, consider thesugar–watersystem.Initially,as
sugar is added to water, a sugar–water solution or syrup forms. As more sugar is
introduced, the solution becomes more concentrated until the solubility limit is
reached,orthesolutionbecomessaturatedwithsugar.Atthistime,thesolutionisnot
capableofdissolvinganymoresugar,andfurtheradditionssimplysettletothebottom
of the container. Thus, the system now consists of two separate substances: a
sugar–water syrup liquid solution and solid crystals of undissolved sugar.
.2 Phases
1
A phase may be defined as a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform
physicalandchemicalcharacteristics.Everypurematerialisconsideredtobeaphase;
so also is every solid, liquid, and gaseous solution. For example, the sugar–water
syrup solution just discussed is one phase, and solid sugar is another. Each has
differentphysicalproperties(oneisaliquid,theotherisasolid);furthermore,eachis
different chemically(i.e.,hasadifferentchemicalcomposition);oneisvirtuallypure
sugar,theotherisasolutionofH2 OandC1 2H22O11.Ifmorethanonephaseispresent
in a given system, each will have its own distinct properties, and a boundary
separatingthephaseswillexistacrosswhichtherewillbeadiscontinuousandabrupt
change inphysicaland/orchemicalcharacteristics.Whentwophasesarepresentina
system, it is not necessary that there be a difference in both physical and chemical
properties; a disparity in one or the other set of properties issufficient.Whenwater
and ice are present in a container, two separate phases exist; they are physically
dissimilar (one is a solid, the other is a liquid) but identical in chemical makeup.
Sometimes, a single-phase system is termed “homogeneous.” Systems composed of
twoormorephasesaretermed“mixtures”or“heterogeneoussystems.”Mostmetallic
alloys and, for that matter, ceramic, polymeric, and composite systems are
heterogeneous. Ordinarily, the phases interact in such a way that the property
combination of the multiphase system is different from, and more attractive than,
either of the individual phases.
.3 Phase Equilibria
1
Equilibrium is another essential concept that is best described in terms of a
thermodynamic quantity called the free energy. In brief, free energy isafunctionof
the internal energy of a system, andalsotherandomnessordisorderoftheatomsor
molecules (or entropy).Asystemisatequilibriumifitsfreeenergyisataminimum
under some specified combination of temperature, pressure, and composition. In a
macroscopic sense, this means that the characteristics of the system do not change
with time but persist indefinitely; that is, the system is stable. A change in
temperature, pressure,and/orcompositionforasysteminequilibriumwillresultina
change in the free energy and in a possible spontaneous transition to another state
whereby the free energy is lowered.
he term phase equilibrium, often used in the context of this discussion, refers to
T
equilibrium as it applies to systems in which more than one phasemayexist.Phase
equilibrium is reflected by a constancy with time in the phase characteristics of a
system. Perhaps an example bestillustratesthisconcept.Supposethatasugar–water
syrupiscontainedinaclosedvesselandthesolutionisincontactwithsolidsugarat
20◦C. If the system is at equilibrium, the composition of the syrup is 65 wt%
C1 2H2 2O11–35 wt% H2O, and the amounts and compositions of the syrup and solid
sugar will remain constant with time. If the temperature of the system is suddenly
raised—say, to 100◦C—this equilibrium or balance is temporarily upset in that the
solubilitylimithasbeenincreasedto80wt%C1 2H2 2O11.Thus,someofthesolidsugar
will go into solutioninthesyrup.Thiswillcontinueuntilthenewequilibriumsyrup
concentration is established at the higher temperature. This sugar–syrup example
illustrates the principle of phase equilibrium using a liquid–solid system. In many
metallurgical and materials systems of interest, phaseequilibriuminvolvesjustsolid
phases. In this regard, thestateofthesystemisreflectedinthecharacteristicsofthe
microstructure, which necessarily include not only the phases present and their
compositionsbut,inaddition,therelativephaseamountsandtheirspatialarrangement
or distribution.
.4 Microstructure
1
Microstructure is subject to direct microscopic observation,usingopticalorelectron
microscopes.Inmetalalloys,microstructureischaracterizedbythenumberofphases
resent, their proportions, and the manner in which theyaredistributedorarranged.
p
The microstructure of an alloy depends on such variables as the alloying elements
present,theirconcentrations,andtheheattreatmentofthealloy(i.e.,thetemperature,
the heating time at temperature, and the rate of cooling to room temperature).
.5 Phase Diagrams
1
PhaseDiagrams(orequilibriumdiagrams)aregraphicalrepresentationsofthephases
present in a material system at different temperatures, pressures, and compositions.
The information that can be obtained from the phase diagrams is the following:
1. The phases present in the system at different compositions andtemperatures
under conditions of slow cooling (equilibrium).
2. The temperature at which the different phases begin to melt.
3. The presence of allotropy or solid-state polymorphism phenomena.
.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagram
1
Perhaps the simplest and easiest type of phase diagram to understand is that for a
one-componentsystem,inwhichcompositionisheldconstant(i.e.,thephasediagram
is for a pure substance); this means that pressure and temperature are the variables.
Thisone-componentphasediagram(orunaryphasediagram)[sometimesalsocalleda
pressure–temperature (or P–T) diagram] is represented as a two-dimensional plot of
pressure (ordinate, or vertical axis) versus temperature (abscissa,orhorizontalaxis).
Most often, the pressure axis is scaled logarithmically.
Figure 1: Pressure–temperature phase diagram for H2O.
eillustratethistypeofphasediagramanddemonstrateitsinterpretationusingasan
W
example the one for H2O, which is shown in Figure 1. Here it may be noted that
regions for three different phases—solid, liquid, and vapor—are delineated on the
plot. Each of the phases will exist under equilibrium conditions over the
temperature–pressure ranges of its correspondingarea.Furthermore,thethreecurves
shownontheplot(labeledaO,bO,andcO)arephaseboundaries;atanypointonone
of these curves, the two phases on either side of the curve are in equilibrium (or
coexist) with one another. That is, equilibrium between solid and vapor phases is
along curve aO—likewise for the solid-liquid, curve bO,andtheliquid-vapor,curve
cO. Also, upon crossing a boundary (as temperature and/or pressure is altered),one
phasetransformstoanother.Forexample,atoneatmospherepressure,duringheating,
thesolidphasetransformstotheliquidphase(i.e.,meltingoccurs)atthepointlabeled
2 onFigure1(i.e.,theintersectionofthedashedhorizontallinewiththesolid-liquid
phase boundary); this point corresponds to a temperature of 0◦C
. Of course, the
reversetransformation(liquid-to-solid,orsolidification)takesplaceatthesamepoint
upon cooling. Similarly, at the intersection of the dashed line with the liquid-vapor
phaseboundary[point3(Figure1),at100◦C],theliquidtransformstothevaporphase
(orvaporizes)uponheating;condensationoccursuponcooling.And,finally,solidice
sublimes or vaporizes upon crossing the curve labeled aO.
Asmayalsobenotedfromthefigure,allthreeofthephaseboundarycurvesintersect
at a commonpoint,whichislabeledO(andforthisH2O system,atatemperatureof
273.16Kandapressureof6.04×10−3 atm).Thismeansthatatthispointonly,allof
thesolid,liquid,andvaporphasesaresimultaneouslyinequilibriumwithoneanother.
Appropriately, this, and any other point on aP–Tphasediagramwherethreephases
are in equilibrium, is called a triple point; sometimes it is also termed an invariant
point inasmuch as its position is distinct, or fixed bydefinitevaluesofpressureand
temperature.Anydeviationfromthispointbyachangeoftemperatureand/orpressure
will cause at least one of the phases to disappear.
art Two:Binary Phase Diagrams
P
Another type of extremely common phase diagram is one in whichtemperatureand
composition are variable parameters, and pressure is held constant, normally 1 atm.
There are several different varieties; in the present discussion, we will concern
ourselves with binary alloys—those that contain two components. If more than two
components are present, phase diagrams become extremely complicated and difficult
torepresent.Theprinciplesgoverningandtheinterpretationofphasediagramscanbe
demonstrated using binary alloys, even though most alloys contain more than two
components.
Binary phase diagrams are maps that represent the relationships between temperature
a nd the compositions and quantities of phases at equilibrium, which influence the
microstructureofanalloy.Manymicrostructuresdevelopfromphasetransformations,
thechangesthatoccurwhenthetemperatureisaltered(ordinarilyuponcooling).This
may involve the transition from one phase to another, or the appearance or
disappearance of a phase. Binary phase diagrams are helpful in predicting phase
transformations and the resulting microstructures, which may have equilibrium or
nonequilibrium character.
inary Isomorphous Systems
B
Possibly the easiest type of binary phase diagram to understand and interpret is the
type that is characterized by the copper–nickel system (Figure 2). Temperature is
plottedalongtheordinate,andtheabscissarepresentsthecompositionofthealloy,in
weight percent (bottom) and atom percent (top) of nickel. The composition ranges
from0wt%Ni(100wt%Cu)onthelefthorizontalextremityto100wt%Ni(0wt%
Cu) on the right. Three different phase regions, or fields, appear onthediagram:an
alpha(α)field,aliquid(L)field,andatwo-phaseα+Lfield.Eachregionisdefined
by the phase or phases that exist over the range of temperatures and compositions
delineated by the phase boundary lines.
The liquid L is a homogeneous liquid solution composedofbothcopperandnickel.
TheαphaseisasubstitutionalsolidsolutionconsistingofbothCuandNiatomsand
having an FCC crystal structure. At temperatures below about 1080◦C, copper and
nickel are mutually soluble in eachotherinthesolidstateforallcompositions.This
completesolubilityisexplainedbythefactthatbothCuandNihavethesamecrystal
structure (FCC), nearly identical atomic radii and electronegativities, and similar
valences.
hecopper–nickelsystemis termedisomorphousbecauseofthiscompleteliquidand
T
solid solubilityofthetwocomponents.Acoupleofcommentsareinorderregarding
nomenclature. First, for metallic alloys, solid solutions are commonlydesignatedby
lowercaseGreekletters(α,β,γ,etc.).Furthermore,withregardtophaseboundaries,
thelineseparatingtheLandα+Lphasefieldsistermedtheliquidusline,asindicated
inFigure2;theliquidphaseispresentatalltemperaturesandcompositionsabovethis
line.Thesoliduslineislocatedbetweentheαandα+Lregions,belowwhichonlythe
solid α phase exists.
Figure 2: The copper–nickel phase diagram
or Figure 2, the solidus and liquidus lines intersect at the two composition
F
extremities;thesecorrespondtothemeltingtemperaturesofthepurecomponents.For
example,themeltingtemperaturesofpurecopperandnickelare1085◦Cand1453◦C,
respectively. Heating pure copper corresponds to moving vertically up the left-hand
temperature axis. Copper remains solid until its meltingtemperatureisreached.The
solid-to-liquid transformation takes place at the melting temperature, and no further
heating is possible until this transformation has been completed.
Foranycompositionotherthanpurecomponents,thismeltingphenomenonwilloccur
overtherangeoftemperaturesbetweenthesolidusandliquiduslines;bothsolidαand
liquid phases will be in equilibrium within this temperature range.
Forexample,uponheatinganalloyofcomposition50wt%Ni–50wt%Cu(Figure2),
melting begins at approximately 1280 ◦C (2340 ◦F
); the amount of liquid phase
continuously increases with temperature until about 1320 ◦C (2410 ◦F), at whichthe
alloy is completely liquid.
I nterpretation of Phase Diagrams
For a binary system of knowncompositionandtemperaturethatisatequilibrium,at
least three kinds of information are available: (1)thephasesthatarepresent,(2)the
compositions of these phases,and(3)thepercentagesorfractionsofthephases.The
procedures for making these determinations will be demonstrated using the
copper–nickel system.
Phases Present
heestablishmentofwhatphasesarepresentisrelativelysimple.Onejustlocatesthe
T
temperature–compositionpointonthediagramandnotesthephase(s)withwhichthe
corresponding phase field is labeled. For example, an alloy of composition 60 wt%
Ni–40wt%Cuat1100◦CwouldbelocatedatpointAinFigure2;sincethisiswithin
the α region, only the single α phase will be present. On the other hand, a 35 wt%
Ni–65 wt% Cu alloy at 1250◦C (point B) will consistofbothαandliquidphasesat
equilibrium
igure 3: A portion of the copper–nickel phase diagram for which compositions and
F
phase amounts are determined at point B. (Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
Nickel Alloys
etermination of Phase Compositions
D
The first step in the determination of phase compositions (in terms of the
concentrations of the components) istolocatethetemperature–compositionpointon
the phase diagram. Different methods are used for single- and two-phaseregions.If
only one phase is present, the procedure is trivial: the composition of this phase is
simplythesameastheoverallcompositionofthealloy.Forexample,considerthe60
wt% Ni–40 wt% Cu alloy at 1100◦C (point A, Figure 2). At this composition and
temperature,onlytheαphaseispresent,havingacompositionof60wt%Ni–40wt%
Cu. For an alloy having composition andtemperaturelocatedinatwo-phaseregion,
thesituationismorecomplicated.Inalltwo-phaseregions(andintwo-phaseregions
only), one may imagine a series of horizontal lines, one at every temperature; each of
tie line these is known as a tie line, or sometimes as an isotherm. These tie lines
extendacrossthetwo-phaseregionandterminateatthephaseboundarylinesoneither
side. To compute the equilibrium concentrations of the two phases, the following
procedure is used:
1. Atielineisconstructedacrossthetwo-phaseregionatthetemperatureofthe
alloy.
2. T he intersections of the tie line and the phase boundaries on either side are
noted.
3. Perpendiculars are dropped from these intersections to the horizontal
compositionaxis,fromwhichthecompositionofeachoftherespectivephases
is read.
or example,consideragainthe35wt%Ni–65wt%Cualloyat1250◦C,locatedat
F
point B in Figure 3 and lying within the α + L region. Thus, the problem is to
determine the composition (in wt% of Ni and Cu) for both the α and liquidphases.
Thetielinehasbeenconstructedacrosstheα+Lphaseregion,asshowninFigure3.
The perpendicular from the intersection of the tie line with the liquidus boundary
meetsthecompositionaxisat31.5wt%Ni–68.5wt%Cu,whichisthecomposition
of the liquid phase, CL. Likewise, for the solidus–tie line intersection, we find a
composition for the α solid-solution phase, Cα, of 42.5 wt% Ni–57.5 wt% Cu.
Determination of Phase Amounts
he relative amounts (as fractions or as percentages) of the phases present at
T
equilibrium may also be computedwiththeaidofphasediagrams.Again,thesingle
and two-phase situations must be treated separately. The solution is obvious in the
single-phase region: Since only one phase is present, the alloy is composed entirely of
that phase; that is, the phase fractionis1.0or,alternatively,thepercentageis100%.
Fromthepreviousexampleforthe60wt%Ni–40wt%Cualloyat1100◦C
(pointAin
Figure 2), only the α phase is present; hence, the alloy is completely or 100% α.
If the composition and temperature position is located within a two-phase region,
things are more complex.The tie line must be utilized in conjunction with a procedure
lever rule that is often called the Lever rule (or the inverse lever rule), which is
applied as follows:
1. Thetielineisconstructedacrossthetwo-phaseregionatthetemperatureofthe
alloy.
2. The overall alloy composition is located on the tie line.
3. Thefractionofonephaseiscomputedbytakingthelengthoftielinefromthe
overall alloy composition to the phase boundary for the other phase, and
dividing by the total tie-line length.
4. The fraction of the other phase is determined in the same manner.
5. If phase percentages are desired, each phase fraction is multiplied by 100.
When the composition axis is scaled in weight percent, the phase fractions
computed using the lever rule are mass fractions—the mass (or weight) of a
specific phase divided by the total alloy mass (or weight). The mass of each
hase is computed from the product ofeachphasefractionandthetotalalloy
p
mass.
Intheemploymentoftheleverrule,tie-linesegmentlengthsmaybedeterminedeither
by direct measurement from the phase diagram using a linear scale, preferably
graduated in millimeters, or by subtracting compositions as taken from the
composition axis.
ConsideragaintheexampleshowninFigure3,inwhichat1250◦Cbothαandliquid
phasesarepresentfora35wt%Ni–65wt%Cualloy.Theproblemistocomputethe
fractionofeachoftheαandliquidphases.Thetielinehasbeenconstructedthatwas
used for the determination of α and L phase compositions. Let the overall alloy
composition be located along the tie line and denoted as C0, and mass fractions be
representedbyWL andWα fortherespectivephases.Fromtheleverrule,WL maybe
computed according to
𝑆
𝑊𝐿 = 𝑅+𝑆
(1)
or, by subtracting compositions,
𝐶α−𝐶0
𝑊𝐿 =
𝐶α−𝐶𝐿
(2)
omposition need be specified in terms of only one of the constituents for abinary
C
alloy;forthecomputationabove,weightpercentnickelwillbeused(i.e.,C0 =35wt%
Ni, Cα = 42.5 wt% Ni, and CL = 31.5 wt% Ni), and
42.5−35
𝑊𝐿 = 42.5−31.5
= 0. 68
Similarly, for the α phase,
𝑅
𝑊α = 𝑅+𝑆
𝐶0−𝐶𝐿 35−31.5
𝑊α = 𝐶α−𝐶𝐿
= 42.5−31.5
= 0. 32
f course, identical answers are obtained if compositions are expressed in weight
O
percent copper instead of nickel.Thus,theleverrulemaybeemployedtodetermine
therelativeamountsorfractionsofphasesinanytwo-phaseregionforabinaryalloy
ifthetemperatureandcompositionareknownandifequilibriumhasbeenestablished.
Its derivation is presented as an example problem.
It is easy to confuse the foregoing procedures for the determination of phase
compositions and fractional phase amounts; thus, a brief summary is warranted.
Compositionsofphasesareexpressedintermsofweightpercentsofthecomponents
(e.g.,wt%Cu,wt%Ni).Foranyalloyconsistingofasinglephase,thecompositionof
thatphaseisthesameasthetotalalloycomposition.Iftwophasesarepresent,thetie
line must be employed, the extremities of which determine the compositions of the
respective phases.Withregardtofractionalphaseamounts(e.g.,massfractionofthe
αorliquidphase),whenasinglephaseexists,thealloyiscompletelythatphase.Fora
two-phasealloy,ontheotherhand,theleverruleisutilized,inwhicharatiooftie-line
segment lengths is taken.
xample 2:
E
Derive the lever rule.
Solution
Consider the phase diagram for copper and nickel (Figure 3) and alloy
of composition C0 at 1250◦C, and let Cα, CL, Wα, and WL represent the same
parameters as above.
his derivation is accomplishedthroughtwoconservationofmassexpressions.With
T
the first, since only two phases are present, the sum of their massfractionsmustbe
equal to unity; that is,
Wα +WL = 1 (i)
or the second, the mass of one of the components (either Cu or Ni) that is
F
present in both of the phases must be equal to the mass of that component in
the total alloy, or
𝑊α𝐶 + 𝑊𝐿𝐶
α
= 𝐶0
𝐿
(ii)
imultaneous solution of these two equations leads to the lever rule expressions
S
for this particular situation, Equations (i) and (ii):
𝐶 −𝐶
𝑊𝐿 = 𝐶α −𝐶0
α 𝐿
𝐶 −𝐶
𝑊α = 𝐶0−𝐶𝐿
α 𝐿
xercise 1:
E
A copper–nickel alloy of composition 70 wt% Ni–30 wt% Cu is slowly heated from
a temperature of 1300◦C (2370◦F).
(a) At what temperature does the first liquid phase form?
(b) What is the composition of this liquid phase?
(c) At what temperature does complete melting of the alloy occur?
(d) What is the composition of the last solid remaining prior to complete melting?
xercise 2:
E
Isitpossibletohaveacopper–nickelalloythat,atequilibrium,consistsofanαphase
of composition 37 wt% Ni–63 wt% Cu, and also a liquid phase of composition 20
wt% Ni–80 wt% Cu? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy?
If this is not possible, explain why.
evelopment of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys
D
Formultiphasealloys,itisoftenmoreconvenienttospecifyrelativephaseamountin
terms of volume fraction rather than mass fraction. Phase volume fractions are
preferred because they (rather than mass fractions) may be determined from
examination of the microstructure; furthermore, the properties of a multiphase alloy
may be estimated on the basis of volume fractions.
For an alloy consisting of α and β phases,thevolumefractionoftheαphase,Vα ,is
defined as
𝑣
𝑉α = 𝑣 +α𝑣
α β
where𝑣α and𝑣β denote the volumes of the respective phases in the alloy. Of course,
a n analogous expression exists for Vβ , and, for an alloy consisting of just two phases,
it is the case that Vα + Vβ = 1.
On occasion conversion from mass fraction to volume fraction (or vice versa) is
desired. Equations that facilitate these conversions are as follows:
𝑊α
ρα
𝑉α = 𝑊α 𝑊β
ρα
+ ρβ
𝑊β
ρβ
𝑉β = 𝑊α 𝑊β
ρα
+ ρβ
𝑉 ρ
𝑊α = 𝑉 ρ α+ 𝑉α ρ
α α β β
𝑉β ρβ
𝑊β = 𝑉 ρ +𝑉 ρ
α α β β
I n these expressions, ρα and ρβ are the densities of the respective phases. When the
densities of the phases in a two-phase alloy differ significantly,therewillbequitea
disparitybetweenmassandvolumefractions;conversely,ifthephasedensitiesarethe
same, mass and volume fractions are identical.
You might also like
- Phase Diagrams and Phase TransformationsNo ratings yetPhase Diagrams and Phase Transformations38 pages
- Materials Science: Industrial EngineeringNo ratings yetMaterials Science: Industrial Engineering25 pages
- Phase Diagrams for Engineering StudentsNo ratings yetPhase Diagrams for Engineering Students67 pages
- Material Science: Phase Diagrams & Microstructure100% (1)Material Science: Phase Diagrams & Microstructure72 pages
- Ch. 1 Review of Phase Diagrams-Eng Materials 2No ratings yetCh. 1 Review of Phase Diagrams-Eng Materials 25 pages
- Ternary Phase Diagrams in Materials Science 3rd Edition D. R. F. West (Author) PDF DownloadNo ratings yetTernary Phase Diagrams in Materials Science 3rd Edition D. R. F. West (Author) PDF Download60 pages
- Issues To Address... : - When We Combine Two Elements... - in Particular, If We Specify..No ratings yetIssues To Address... : - When We Combine Two Elements... - in Particular, If We Specify..40 pages
- Lecture 04 - Equilibrium Phase Diagrams - 2024a.pptx-1No ratings yetLecture 04 - Equilibrium Phase Diagrams - 2024a.pptx-1134 pages
- Material Science Solid Solutions: Chapter II - Phase Diagrams0% (1)Material Science Solid Solutions: Chapter II - Phase Diagrams24 pages
- 2-EN-MME-B2.3-Exp14-SOLIDIFICATION - AANo ratings yet2-EN-MME-B2.3-Exp14-SOLIDIFICATION - AA32 pages
- Solubility Limit Phases Phase Equilibria Binary Isomorphous SystemsNo ratings yetSolubility Limit Phases Phase Equilibria Binary Isomorphous Systems8 pages
- Phase Diagram Heating and Cooling CurvesNo ratings yetPhase Diagram Heating and Cooling Curves30 pages
- Basic Engineering Lecture Program: Physical MetallurgyNo ratings yetBasic Engineering Lecture Program: Physical Metallurgy30 pages
- Subject: Phase Diagram: Dijlah University CollegeNo ratings yetSubject: Phase Diagram: Dijlah University College14 pages
- MAE 324: Problem Set #9: Due Date: 11/20/2024, Wednesday, 11:59 PM EDT/ESTNo ratings yetMAE 324: Problem Set #9: Due Date: 11/20/2024, Wednesday, 11:59 PM EDT/EST6 pages
- 005.strength of Materials by DR Dauda Dahiru 2019No ratings yet005.strength of Materials by DR Dauda Dahiru 201947 pages
- No 9 How Can A Angle of Nip Be Adjusted or Optimized in A Roll CrusherNo ratings yetNo 9 How Can A Angle of Nip Be Adjusted or Optimized in A Roll Crusher4 pages
- Stress Concentration Solution For A 2D Dent in An Internally Pressurized CylinderNo ratings yetStress Concentration Solution For A 2D Dent in An Internally Pressurized Cylinder10 pages
- Power Point Presentation On-: Excel Formulas100% (1)Power Point Presentation On-: Excel Formulas12 pages
- OTTO Primer 1216: Stone & Metal AdhesionNo ratings yetOTTO Primer 1216: Stone & Metal Adhesion2 pages
- Grade 10.00 Out of 10.00 (100%) : Question TextNo ratings yetGrade 10.00 Out of 10.00 (100%) : Question Text69 pages
- Deck Slab Reinforcement Details: Nagpur Metro Rail ProjectNo ratings yetDeck Slab Reinforcement Details: Nagpur Metro Rail Project1 page
- AS610-AS630 Outdoor Siren Installation SheetNo ratings yetAS610-AS630 Outdoor Siren Installation Sheet6 pages
- Palombini - 1993 - Machine Songs V Pierre Schaeffer From Research INo ratings yetPalombini - 1993 - Machine Songs V Pierre Schaeffer From Research I7 pages
- Power Measurement in Three-Phase SystemNo ratings yetPower Measurement in Three-Phase System11 pages
- Imperialism Lesson Plan: Social Studies 7No ratings yetImperialism Lesson Plan: Social Studies 73 pages
- RRD24FR007 - Pigg.02 02 24 - Redacted RelNo ratings yetRRD24FR007 - Pigg.02 02 24 - Redacted Rel35 pages
- Need Analysis of Teaching and Learning Maritime English in Nautical Class of Stimart "Amni" SemarangNo ratings yetNeed Analysis of Teaching and Learning Maritime English in Nautical Class of Stimart "Amni" Semarang8 pages
