12/16/2024
Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation & Hydraulics Dept.
Irrigation Design Work:
Crossing Structures
(IHDS 407)
Part II: Schedule
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Part II: Outline
Chapter 1: Design of Culvert
- Irrigation culvert
- Wadi Culvert
Chapter 2: Design of Bridge.
- Irrigation bridge
- Wadi bridge
Chapter 4: Canal Lining
Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation & Hydraulics Dept.
Irrigation Design Work : Crossing Structures
(IHDS 407)
Chapter 2 –Lecture 1
Introduction to bridges
Presented by
Dr. Hany Gomaa Ahmed Radwan
Associate Professor
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Introduction to bridges
What is the problem?
• Intersection of water way with a roadway or railway
Crossing
Crossing
structure
structure
Water way
Road way Rail way
Introduction to bridges
What are the alternative solutions?
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Introduction to bridges
Alternatives of Road Crossing
1. Ferry or Boat (for low traffic, Large channels,
Navigable channels)
2. Culvert (Relatively low flow rates and high traffic)
3. Bridge (Medium or large flow rates)
4. Tunnel (High traffic, Navigable canals, and High
discharges)
5. Irish crossings are used for very low traffic
volumes and infrequent floods, as vehicles may
not cross for water depths in excess of 200 mm's.
Introduction to bridges
So, What is a Bridge function?
• A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles
such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the
purpose of providing passage over the obstacle.
• Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of
the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is
constructed, the material used to make it and the funds
available to build it.
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Introduction to bridges
What is a Bridge Uses?
• Bridges are used at the intersection of roadways with
waterways where they provide
passage for:
• Vehicles
• Trains
• Pedestrians
• Water pipes, power and telephone cables
over:
• Rivers and streams
• Irrigation canals or agricultural drains
• Wadis
Introduction to bridges
• Bridges are common structures on an irrigation
network
• They join banks of canals and drains at regular
intervals
• On secondary canals they built every 2-3 Km
• They are also built at the intersection of canals or
drains with roadways
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Introduction to bridges
Concept
• The basic idea is to construct the roadway over
a deck that crosses over the waterway.
• This is different from the case of the
culvert where the roadway is constructed
on an embankment.
• The deck is supported on two end supports,
which are called bridge abutments
• When the deck length is large, it usually
has one or more intermediate supports that
are called piers
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Introduction to bridges
• The piers may be evenly spaced; i.e. have equal
spans or vent width, S.
• In many cases, piers are positioned with unequal
spans to have a large middle span.
• The configuration and level of the deck should be
compatible with the roadway design.
• The deck is generally set higher than the highest
water level in the waterway by an adequate
clearance.
• However, on streams and Wadis, bridges may be
allowed to be overtopped under extreme flood
events.
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Introduction to bridges
Conceptual Design of a Bridge
Parapet Handrail
Deck
Fill Fill
Pier Approach
H.W.L
Abutment
Foundation
S S
L Wing Wall L Deck L Wing Wall
L Bridge
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Introduction to bridges
Components of Bridges
1. Superstructure usually called Deck
2. Intermediate Supports or Piers
3. End Supports or Abutments
4. Wing Walls
5. Foundations
6. Protection and training works
7. Approaches and earthworks
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
sketch shows a typical two-span version of the 'T-girder'
or 'beam-and-slab' bridge.
The deck has been partly cut-away to reveal a pier
consisting of strip footing, four columns, and a cross-
girder or crosshead. In some bridges, the gaps between
the columns filled with a thin wall to prevent trees getting
caught during times of flood.
The left hand approach embankment has been omitted to
show a typical abutment with strip footing and columns.
A lateral wall integral with the columns, together with
wing walls, constrained the earth of the embankment.
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Introduction to bridges
The bridge deck
• Is the usable surface of the bridge and includes
everything above the bearings such as the slab,
girders, wearing surface, railing, strings and handrail
• In the deck zone the structural layers of the
roadway are supported directly on the deck.
Parapet Handrail
Deck
Fill Fill
Pier Approach
H.W.L
Abutment
Foundation
S S
L Wing Wall L Deck L Wing Wall
L Bridge 18
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Introduction to bridges
The piers
• Support the deck on both sides and are symmetrical. Their
thickness and geometry have both hydraulic and structural
implications
• Piers are generally immersed in the channel flow and
therefor should be designed to be streamlined and aligned
with the flow direction
Parapet Handrail
Deck
Fill Fill
Pier Approach
H.W.L
Abutment
Foundation
S S
L Wing Wall L Deck L Wing Wall
L Bridge 19
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Abutments
Support decks on one side and retain earth on the other side
Parapet Handrail
Deck
Fill Fill
Pier Approach
H.W.L
Abutment
Foundation
S S
L Wing L Deck L Wing Wall
Wall L Bridge 22
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Wing walls
• They are connected to abutments
• They retain earth
• They guide the flow from the channel section to the
bridge constricted section
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Introduction to bridges
Foundations
• Piers, wing walls and abutments are provided with
foundations
• Shallow foundations are used in case of soil with adequate
bearing capacity
• Deep foundations are used to carry loads to deeper soils
with proper bearing capacity
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Introduction to bridges
Protection and training works
• When bridge open vents are significantly smaller than
the channel width, training works are necessary to
guide the flow and stabilize banks
• Zones subject to erosion because of high velocity and
eddies are protected by protective layers such as rip-
rap or pitching
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Site Selection
• Straight rather than bent (curved) reaches are selected.
• In a non-erodible soil.
• Avoid supply or delivery points.
• Piers and abutments parallel to flow lines.
• Hard soil is preferable.
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Introduction to bridges
Bridge Classification
According to Span Length
• Short-Span S < 8 meter
• Minor Bridge 8<S<30 m
• Major Bridge S>30 m
• Large Bridge S> 120 m
Function
• Vehicles
• Trains
• Pedestrian
• Utility (pipe lines and cables)
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Introduction to bridges
Material
• Masonry
• Timber
• Reinforced concrete
• Pre-stressed concrete
• Steel
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Introduction to bridges
Superstructure
• Slab type
• Slab on girders
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Introduction to bridges
Trusses
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Introduction to bridges
Arch
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Introduction to bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridge (Fan)
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Introduction to bridges
Suspended
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BSB_Ponte_JK_Panorama_05_2007_266.jpg/300px-BSB_Ponte_JK_Panorama_05_2007_266.jpg
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Introduction to bridges
Inter-Span Connection
• Simple
• Continuous
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Introduction to bridges
Cantilever
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Position of the Bridge Deck
Deck
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Introduction to bridges
Double-decked bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Through
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Introduction to bridges
Half through
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Suspension
File:Akashi Bridge.JPG
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Introduction to bridges
Double deck in Suspension
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Introduction to bridges
Method of clearance for Navigation
High level Deck
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Introduction to bridges
Newcastle Upon Tyne - England
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Introduction to bridges
Moveable deck
File:El Ferdan Railway Bridge.jpg
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Introduction to bridges
Duration of Service
• Permanent
• Temporary
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Military
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Introduction to bridges
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Introduction to bridges
Input Data
1- Input data related to the roadway include:
• Typical cross-section of the road; number of lanes, width of lane,
dimensions of the median (if any), width of shoulders or sidewalks.
• Construction material of the road or pavement layers
• Elevation of the road at the bridge site according to the longitudinal
profile of the roadway.
• Design vehicle for the road
• Any future widening of the roadway at the bridge site.
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Introduction to bridges
2- Input data related to the channel include:
• Channel cross section at the bridge site (present and future)
• The design discharge of the channel which must safely pass
through the bridge (Full supply flow for irrigation canals or
flood flow with a design frequency for streams and wadis)
• Water quality of the channel water; any possible fine or
coarse suspended material it may be carrying and any
floating debris.
• The channel bed and boundary materials at the bridge site
and its resistance to scour by water flow
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Introduction to bridges
Site investigation
• A Geotechnical investigation is usually carried
out by executing borehole, extracting samples and
testing them to establish soil layers at the Bridge
site, bearing capacity, possible aggressive effects on
the culvert construction material, existence of rock.
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Introduction to bridges
Constraints related to waterway
• The channel such as its hydraulic design and
allowable rise in the water level due to the
construction of the bridge;
• The need to divert the water flow if the channel
exists when the road and the consequently the bridge
are constructed;
• Navigable channels require that bridges either be
movable or with adequate air clearance.
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Introduction to bridges
Constraints related to roadway
• The possible elimination or reduction of the median
or the shoulders of the roadway at the Bridge site to
reduce its total length;
• To allow for the deck thickness and under- deck
clearance, the maximum possible increase of the
highway elevation should be established with the
possibility of re-designing the longitudinal profile
of the roadway.
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Introduction to bridges
The project conditions
• When the bridge is to be constructed across an
existing waterway the use of pile foundations may
allow the construction of the bridge piers during
the winter closure when canals are shut down for
maintenance.
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