IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 3, May 2014.

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ISSN 2348 – 7968

Bit Error Rate Analysis in Simulation of Digital

Communication Systems with Different Modulation Schemes
Dixit Dutt Bohra1, Avnish Bora2
1
M.Tech. Pursuing, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Jodhpur National University,
Jodhpur, Rajasthan,India
2
Head & Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Jodhpur National University,
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract is termed as data and there is an enormous requirement of data
With the increasing demand in communication, it has become transfer between two or more point through the world wide
necessary to give better and efficient service to users by using better web, every moment of the clock, which is a big threaten to the
technique. This paper analyse the bit error rate, for different existing communication systems because of the problems like
modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), spectral congestion, severe adjacent & co-channel interference
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK. By Choosing a reliable problems and noise corrupted data reception etc. This has
modulation scheme and better coding technique the enhancement of resulted in serious need for the research work all around the
the performance can be obtained in transmitter and receiver of the world for the development of the communication systems
system. Simulated result is shown to analyse and compare the which can handle the above said problems, where each aspect
performance of these systems by using additive white Gaussian noise of the communication systems is dealt with the development of
channel (AWGN). Finally the different modulation schemes are
new encoding techniques, modulation techniques, possibilities
compared on the basis of BER and best modulation scheme is
determined. From analysis of two modulation techniques, the system
for newer transmission channels and off course the
could use more appropriate modulation technique to suit the channel demodulation and decoding techniques. [7]
quality, thus we can deliver the optimum and efficient system The next generation of wireless communication systems
parameters. LabVIEW has been used for simulation. faces the demand for increased data rates, higher mobility,
larger carrier frequencies, and more link reliability. Wireless
Keywords: LabVIEW, BER, AWGN channels are characterized by fading, multipath, limited
bandwidth, and frequency and time selectivity which make
1. Introduction system design a challenge. It is therefore crucial to have an
The history of communication gives us insight into the way understanding of the behavior of wireless channels in order to
it influenced the development of civilization and still exerts an know their performance limits and to be able to design efficient
influence on modern societies. Communication can be defined communication systems for them. This dissertation considers
simply as ‘sending and receiving messages’, or ‘the the analysis of the performance of digital communication
transmission of messages from one person to another’. systems with different coding and modulation schemes.
Effective communication occurs only when the receiver
Although digital communication is much better than the
understands the exact message sent by the transmitter. [17]
analog communication, still it has certain issues that need to be
A communication system is made up of devices that addressed. Especially when it comes to wireless
employ one of two communication methods (wireless or communication, one of the major research considerations
wired), different types of equipment (portable radios, mobile becomes the effect of multipath propagation. A thorough
radios, base/fixed station radios, and repeaters), and various analysis is necessary for strategic planning of any system
accessories (examples include speaker microphones, battery design by doing comparative study of different modulation
eliminators, and carrying cases) and/or enhancements techniques via different multipath communication channels. To
(encryption, digital communications, security measures, and study and draw the graph in terms BER versus Eb/No in
interoperability/networking) to meet the user needs. multipath communication channels for modulation schemes.
Therefore, understand the system could go for more suitable
In the series of communication methods, one of them is modulation technique to suit the channel quality and can
Wireless communications. It has become one of the fastest suggest better modulation schemes. [3]
growing areas in our modern life and creates enormous impact
on nearly every feature of our daily life. A tremendous 2. Modulation and Channel Schemes
technological transformation during the last two decades has
provided a potential growth in the area of digital The purpose of any digital communication system is to
communication. transmit data from an information source to an information
sink. At a minimum, a baseband waveform must be constructed
Living in the era of communication everything may be from the symbols making up the information. Some media,
video, audio or any information in the form of electrical signal such as coaxial cable, can propagate baseband waveforms with

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www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
no further manipulation required. For wireless transmission, on power requirements in contrast with Double Side Band
the other hand, baseband waveforms are impractical for several Suppressed Carrier (DSB SC) and Double Side Band Full
reasons. First, the antenna size necessary to transmit an Carrier (DSB FC) and Single Side Band Full Carrier (SSB FC)
electromagnetic wave is inversely proportional to the wave’s but for detection of this signal, it is require sharp cut-off Low
frequency. Therefore, shifting the baseband waveform to a Pass Filter (LPF) which is not practically viable [12]. Using the
higher frequency allows for a smaller antenna. For many Vestigial Side Band (VSB) technique in place of (SSB SC), it
mobile devices, this results in a carrier frequency on the order can be achieve a low pass filter with a gradual cut off but it
of 1 GHz. Second, multiple transmitters operating at the same requires more BW and power than SSB-SC and less then the
frequency generally interfere with each other. By assigning DSBSC and DSB-FC and hence ideally SSB-SC is proves to
each transmitter a unique portion of the electromagnetic be better than other AM schemes but practically, VSB proves
spectrum, multiple transmitters can operate without to be a much better candidate then the other amplitude
interference. This is called frequency-division multiple access. modulation techniques.
The translation of a baseband waveform to a higher The Amplitude modulated signals require nonlinear
frequency is accomplished by manipulating the features of a amplifiers which generate spurious out-of-band spectral
sinusoidal wave at that frequency. This process is called components which are filtered out with a great difficulty.
bandpass modulation. In general the four different modulation Frequency Modulation proves to be better in comparison to
schemes: amplitude, frequency, phase and code modulation are amplitude modulation and phase modulation, and the derivative
possible. Well known examples of high frequency carrier of frequency modulation, narrow band FM (NBFM) is usually
signals are: AM radio is 550-1600 KHz, FM radio is 88 MHz- employed to overcome above mentioned problems in the
108 MHz, TV is 52-88 MHz (channels 1-6), 174-216 MHz communication system. The great merit of FM over AM is that
(channels 7-12) and 470-900 MHz (UHF) microwave and FM allows us to suppress the effects of noise at the expense of
satellite signals are of the order of several GHz infra red fiber bandwidth. The major limitation of the analog modulation
optic signals are of the order of 200-300 THz. systems for communicating over long channels is that once
noise has been introduced at any place along the channel, then
it is carried out till the end. Because the analog modulation
2.1 Classification of Modulation Schemes system ( AM, FM and PM ) are extremely sensitive to the noise
present at the receiver end in contrast to this if a digital signal
is modulated and transmitted the received signal is far less
sensitive to receiver.[12]
2.1.2 Digital Modulation
After the conversion of an Analog signal to digital by
sampling, different types of digital modulation schemes can be
achieved by the variation of different parameter of the carrier
signal. For example the Amplitude variation gives BASK,
Frequency variation gives BFSK and the Phase variation gives
BPSK. Also sometimes a combinational variation of this
parameter is done to generate the hybrid modulation technique
viz. a combinational variation of Amplitude and Phase Shift
Keying (APSK). Many more digital modulation techniques are
available and can also be designed depending upon the type of
signal and the application. Thus a better digital modulation
technique is to be thought over by the designer which has an
ability of exploiting the available transmitted power and the
bandwidth to its full extent. [8]
The choice of digital modulation scheme will significantly
affect the characteristics, performance and resulting physical
Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Modulation Scheme [12] realization of a communication system. There is no universal
2.1.1 Analog Modulation 'best' choice of scheme, but depending on the physical
characteristics of the channel, required levels of performance
Analog or Continuous Wave modulation schemes are and target hardware trade-offs, some will prove a better fit than
basically of two types: the amplitude modulation and the angle others. Consideration must be given to the required data rate,
modulation. Angle modulation deals with two: frequency and acceptable level of latency, available bandwidth, anticipated
phase modulation schemes which have in turn lot of class, link budget and target hardware cost, size and current
subclass or derivatives. In case of the Amplitude Modulation consumption.
there are several derivatives and it is found that the Single Side
Band Suppressed Carrier (SSS-SC) has smaller bandwidth and In digital communications, the modulation process
corresponds to switching or keying the amplitude, frequency,

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ISSN 2348 – 7968
or phase of the carrier in accordance with the incoming digital theoretical phase angles, +90° and -90°. It is immune to noise
data. and interference therefore it improves BER performance. Each
modulation symbol represents a single phase.
The bit error rate (BER) of BPSK in AWGN can be
Three basic digital modulation techniques are: calculated as:
 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) - special case of AM
 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) - special case of FM
 Phase-shift keying (PSK) - special case of PM 3.9
In binary signaling, the modulator produces one of two
distinct signals in response to 1 bit of source data at a time. If
all the above used as in form of Binary then it will be called Or
BASK, BFSK and BPSK.
2.1.3 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 3.10
BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, Phase Reversal
Keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of phase shift keying Since there is only one bit per symbol, this is also the
(PSK). In binary phase shift keying (BPSK) the transmitted symbol error rate. The differential phase shift keying (DPSK)
signal is a sinusoid of fixed amplitude. It uses two phases is a modification of BPSK. [1]
which are separated by 180° and so can also be termed 2-PSK.
[16]. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation, the
simplest and most robust of all techniques, the signal shifts the
phase of the waveform to one of the two states, either zero or
. Its constellation diagram is shown in figure 3.4 with in-
phase and quadrature axes named as I and Q, respectively. It is
only able to transmit 1 bit/symbol in this case and so this is
considered to be a disadvantage when using high data-rate
systems with limited bandwidth.
For transmission of ‘1’:

3.7 Fig. 3 BPSK Modulation [5]

For Transmission of ‘0’:

2.1.4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Quadrature Phase-shift Keying (QPSK) is a widely used
3.8 method of transferring digital data by changing or modulating
the phase of a carrier signal [30]. A four-level (4-ary) PSK is
called Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), and uses four
Where, Tb is bit duration, fc is carrier frequency, Eb is points on the constellation figure 3.6. The signal shifts the
transmitted signal energy per bit. phase to one of four states and so QPSK can transmit 2
bits/symbol as we see from the diagram as well. When
applying Gray coding each adjacent symbol only differs by one
bit.
The QPSK uses four phases at 0°, 90°, -90° and 180
degrees. It gives high spectral efficiency and it is more efficient
than BPSK because it uses two symbols at a time for
modulation. Both BPSK and QPSK are power efficient in same
way but QPSK is more bandwidth efficient than BPSK.

Fig. 2 Constellation diagram of BPSK [1]

In another way, it can be understood as a binary level

digital modulation scheme of phase variation that has two

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ISSN 2348 – 7968

Fig. 5 MPSK Signal Constellation

The Euclidean distance between any two signal points in

Fig. 4 Constellation diagram of QPSK [1]
the constellation is:

The probability of bit-error for QPSK is the same as for

BPSK:
The minimum Euclidean distance is

When QPSK is compared to that of BPSK, QPSK provides

twice the spectral efficiency with the same energy efficiency. In the case of PSK modulation, the error probability is
However, in order to achieve the same bit-error probability as dominated by the erroneous selection of either one of the two
BPSK, QPSK uses twice the power (since two bits are signal points adjacent to the transmitted signal point.
transmitted simultaneously). Consequently, an approximation to the symbol error
probability is
The symbol error rate is given by:

3. Coding and Characteristics

If the signal-to-noise ratio is high (as is necessary for The aim of communications is to transmit the information
practical QPSK systems) the probability of symbol error may which is usually unknown to the receiving end in an accurate
be approximated: and quick manner. When data go through the communication
channels, there might be the loss or some distortion of the
information. Just like two speakers talking on the phone. If one
does not catch the other’s words, s/he may guess the
ambiguous part of information by the tones and by the things
talked about previously etc, or s/he could ask the other one to
repeat that part. These methods to deal with uncertain words
imply the human’s language system of error correction in
communications. In the data communications, we could also
apply similar various methods of coding to solve these
problems.
Coding and modulation provide the means of mapping
information into waveforms such that the receiver (with an

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ISSN 2348 – 7968
appropriate demodulator and decoder) can recover the  Data compression (or, source coding)
information in a reliable manner. [25]
 Error correction (or channel coding)
In wireless, satellite, and space communication systems,
reducing error is critical. When a message is transmitted, it has 3.1 Source Coding
the potential to get scrambled by noise. This is certainly true of Whether a source is analog or digital, a digital
voice messages, and is also true of the digital messages that are communication system is designed to transmit information in
sent to and from computers. Now even sound and video are digital form. Consequently the output of the source must be
being transmitted in this manner. By a digital message, we converted to a format so that it can be transmitted digitally.
mean a sequence of 0's and 1's which encodes a given message. This conversion of the source output to a digital form is
What we will seek to do is to add more data to a given binary generally performed by the source encoder whose output may
message that will help to detect if an error has been made in the be assumed to be a sequence of binary digits.
transmission of the message; adding such data is called an
error-detecting code. We will also try to add data to the Optimum coding aims to match the source and the channel
original message so that we can detect if errors were made in for maximum reliable information transfer. The coding process
transmission, and also to figure out what the original message involves two distinct operations namely encoding and
was from the possibly corrupt message that we received. This decoding. The source encoder/decoder units match the source
type of code is an error-correcting code. High bit error rates to the equivalent noiseless channel, provided that the source
of the wireless communication system require employing information rate falls within channel capacity. Source encoding
various coding methods on the data transferred. attempts to compress the data from a source in order to
transmit it more efficiently. This practice is found every day on
Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error- the Internet where the common Zip data compression is used to
correction and more recently also for network coding. Error reduce the network load and make files smaller.
control coding theory has been the subject of intense study
since the 1940s and now being widely used in communication 3.2 Channel Coding
systems. [18]. Codes are studied by various scientific
disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, The aim of communications is to transmit the information
which is usually unknown to the receiving end in an accurate
mathematics, and computer science- for the purpose of
designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. and quick manner. When data go through the communication
channels, there might be the loss or some distortion of the
This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the
correction (or detection) of errors in the transmitted data. information. Just like two speakers talking on the phone. If one
does not catch the other’s words, s/he may guess the
ambiguous part of information by the tones and by the things
talked about previously etc, or s/he could ask the other one to
repeat that part. These methods to deal with uncertain words
imply the human’s language system of error correction in
communications. In the data communications, we could also
apply similar various methods of error-correcting to solve these
problems.
Channel coding refers to the class of signal transformations
designed to improve communications performance by enabling
the transmitted signals to better withstand the effects of various
channel impairments, such as noise, interference and fading.
Channel coding for error detection and correction helps the
communication system designers to reduce the effects of a
noisy transmission channel [18]. In this information age, there
is an ever increasing necessity not only for speed, but also for
accuracy in the storage, retrieval and transmission of data.
Fig. 6 Basic sorting of channel codes [13] Imperfect channels or media through which messages are
transmitted cause errors in the received messages. Channel
Burst Error (contiguous errors in the bit stream) is a coding is a technique using which these errors can be detected
common occurrence in digital communication systems, or even corrected. Error correcting codes offer a kind of safety
broadcasting systems and digital storage devices. Many net – the mathematical insurance against the vagaries of an
mechanisms have devised to mitigate this problem. Forward imperfect communication channel.
error correction is a technique in which redundant information
is added to the original message, so that some errors can be Channel encoding, adds extra data bits to make the
corrected at the receiver, using the added redundant transmission of data more robust to disturbances present on the
information. transmission channel. A typical music CD uses the Reed-
Solomon code to correct for scratches and dust. In this
There are essentially two aspects to coding theory: application the transmission channel is the CD itself. Cell

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ISSN 2348 – 7968
phones also use coding techniques to correct for the fading and 4.1 LabVIEW & Contrive
noise of high frequency radio transmission. Data modems,
telephone transmissions, and NASA all employ channel coding LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering
techniques to get the bits through, for example the turbo Workbench) is a graphical programming environment which
code and LDPC codes. has become prevalent throughout research labs, academia and
industry. It is a powerful and versatile analysis and
The following are the important aspects of channel coding instrumentation software system for measurement and
also known as error control coding making use of the automation. Its graphical programming language called G
structured sequences. programming is performed using a graphical block diagram
that compiles into machine code and eliminates a lot of the
 It is possible to detect and correct errors by adding
syntactical details. LabVIEW offers more flexibility than
extra bits called error check bits or parity check bits to
standard laboratory instruments because it is software based.
the message bit stream. Because of the additional bits,
Using LabVIEW, the user can originate exactly the type of
not all bit sequences will constitute bonafide
virtual instrument needed and programmers can easily view
messages.
and modify data or control inputs [12]. The popularity of the
 It is not possible to detect and correct all errors. National Instruments LabVIEW graphical dataflow software
for beginners and experienced programmers in so many
 Addition of extra bits reduces the effective data rate different engineering applications and industries can be
through the channel. Quantitatively, the rate attributed to the software’s intuitive graphical programming
efficiency of a coding scheme is defined as rb/rc. language used for automating measurement and control
Forward error correction (FEC) coding significantly systems.
improves the performance of communications systems. LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments (VIs),
Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding schemes can be because their appearance and operation imitate physical
classified into two structural types linear block codes and instruments like oscilloscopes. LabVIEW is designed to
convolutional codes. It analyzes the following three properties facilitate data collection and analysis, as well as offers
of a code – mainly: Code word length, Total number of valid numerous display options. With data collection, analysis and
code words, the minimum distance between two valid code display combined in a flexible programming environment, the
words, using mainly the Hamming distance. desktop computer functions as a dedicated measurement
Bit rate is the frequency of a system bit stream. The symbol device. LabVIEW contains a comprehensive set of VIs and
rate is the bit rate divided by the number of bits that can be functions for acquiring, analyzing, displaying, and storing data,
transmitted with each symbol. Symbol rate is sometimes called as well as tools to help in troubleshooting the code.
baud rate. Note that baud rate is not the same as= bit rate.
These terms are often confused. If more bits can be sent with
each symbol, then the same amount of data can be sent in a 4.2 Simulation Result
narrower spectrum. This is why modulation formats that are
more complex and use a higher number of states can send the
same information over a narrower piece of the RF spectrum. Table 1 Result of BPSK and QPSK with LDPC coding

SNR is defined as the ratio of a signal power to noise power

and it is normally expressed in decibel (dB). The mathematical SNR LDPC Coding (BPSK) LDPC coding(QPSK)
expression of SNR is
1 dB 0.077996 1

2dB 0.0465038 1

Performance of Error correcting codes for a complete 3 dB 0.0223758 1

system analysis includes finding the reliability of coding and
decoding circuits as this plays a significant role in undetected 4 dB 0.00963231 0.0817497
errors. [14]. It is proved in [10] that for every SNR values the
BER of BPSK modulation is observed to be closer to the 5 dB 0.00255534 0.0487934
theoretical value and hence BPSK modulation is better than
QPSK modulation in both channels. 6 dB 0.000560076 0.0238789

7 dB 8.00E-05 0.0108068
4. Simulation Platform and Result
The Simulation platform LabVIEW is chosen for the work. 8 dB 0 0.0030205
Some of the detail and advantages are given in this chapter to 9 dB 0 0.000720119
get the brief idea about the software and its advantages.
10 dB 0 7.00E-05

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ISSN 2348 – 7968
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ISSN 2348 – 7968
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performance of a WiMAX communication System”,
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Security, Vol. 10, No. 8, August 2012, p.11-17. Department of Faculty of Engineering and technology,
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Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Various Concatenated done his B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication
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Channel”, International Journal of Electronics and
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Communications, Volume 61, Number 6, June 2013.
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Simulation of Digital Communication Systems”, Journal of Avnish Bora is pursuing Ph. D. from M. B. M.
Engineering Research and Studies, (JERS), Volume 3, Issue 1,
January-March, 2012, pp.120-125. Engineering College, JNVU, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), India.
[25] Islam Mohammed Safiqul, Khandaker Mayeen Uddin He received her M.E. degree in Digital Communication
“Performance Comparison of Rate ½ Convolutional Codes with Engineering from the same college. He has completed
BPSK on Rayleigh and AWGN channels for Memory or his B.E. in Electronics and Communication Engineering
Memory less Condition”, IJCIT, ISSN: 2078-5828 (PRINT), in 2003. He has teaching experience of 10 years and
ISSN 2218-5224 (ONLINE), Volume 02, Issue 02, 2012.
Research experience of 3 years.
[26] Chen Ting, “Analysis of Forward Error Correcting Codes”,
IEEE International Conference on System Science, Engineering
Design and Manufacturing Informatization, Volume 1, pp. 329-
332, Oct. 22-23, 2011.
[27] Pauluzzi David R. and Beaulieu Norman C., “A Comparison of
SNR Estimation Techniques for the AWGN Channel”, IEEE
Transactions on Communications, Volume 48, Number 10,
October, 2000.Maharaja M., Kalaiselvan C., “Integration of
Antenna and Solar Cell for Satellite and Terrestrial
Communication”, International Journal of Scientific and
Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013.

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