Terminology

MINDMAP: DEVELOPMENT GEOGRAPHY Development The use of resources and technology to bring
about change. This change is positive and
generally involves the improvement in people’s
quality of life and improving the standard of living
in a country
Development Indicators Are used to measure the level of development
with regard to a countries economic, social and
institutional growth. There are two main types’
economic indicators and social indicators.
Brandt Line The line dividing the world into the developed
and developing world
Industrialised The country is involved in manufacturing and
Framework
for processing of raw materials in factories. The
Concepts Development more industrialised a country is the more
developed the country will be.
Infant Mortality The number of children who die because of
childhood related and other diseases
Life expectancy The average number of years a person can
expect to live
Primary Activities The extraction of raw materials from the earth’s
surface. For example, forestry, farming, mining,
Development and fishing.
Issues and
Secondary Activities Involves the manufacturing and processing of
Development Challenges
goods obtained in the primary activities.
Tertiary Activities Provision of services.
Quaternary Activities Involves research and technology
Globalisation A process that leads to an integrated global
economy and society.
Factor An element or cause that contributes to a result.
Model A representation of an aspect of the real world; a
Role Of Trade and simplified or generalised version of reality
Developmental Development Economy The system of production and distribution in a
Aid society; the economy is made up of four sectors,
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
Core An area which has an economic advantage due
to high levels of capital, infrastructure and
employment opportunities. Most developed parts.
Core and Periphery Model A model that tries to explain where economic
development takes place, using the concepts of
core and periphery.
Free Market Model A model that tries to explain development based
on the economy.
Periphery An area which lacks capital, infrastructure and
employment opportunities. Less developed area.
Sustainable Development Any developments that will in the long term
sustain themselves and not deplete the natural
resources of the area.
Sustainable Development A model of development that aims to incorporate
Model economic and social development without
harming the environment
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Community Based A programme designed to improve the quality of Permaculture Type of agriculture that meets people’s needs in
Development Programme life within a specific community. a sustainable way.
Diffusion Moving from an area of high concentration to Environmental impact A study undertaken to assess the impact on the
areas of lower concentration assessment (EIA) environment of a development project
Multiplier effect An increase in economic activity creates a ripple Carbon emissions Gases containing carbon dioxide that pollute the
effect in the economy, resulting in increased atmosphere
consumption and increase in national income. Carbon footprint The quantity of carbon gases a person
Trade The exchange of goods, services, capital, labour contributes to the pollution of the atmosphere
and information between two parties. through his/her daily lifestyle
Barter To exchange goods for other goods, rather than Green economy An economy that does not damage the
selling them for money. environment
International trade The exchange of goods, services, capital, labour Food security When all people at all times have access to
and information between countries sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
Balance of Trade The relationship between the value of a country’s healthy active lifestyle
exports and its imports. Agroprocessing Industries that process agricultural products
Market The place where goods and services are bought Beneficiation To treat and use a mineral so that the ‘benefits’
and sold. stay in the home country as opposed to exporting
Commodities The items (goods and services) that countries a mineral and then importing (at a greater
trade. Anything sold in large quantities. expense) the manufactured product
Free Trade Trade that occurs without any restrictions. Aid Help/assistance given by one country or
Tariffs A type of tax placed on imported goods, which organisation to another country. Examples
makes these goods more expensive than the include food, medicines, money and technology
local product. Development aid Money, knowledge or skills that are donated to
Customs Taxes paid on importing and/or exporting goods developing countries in order to assist in their
Quota A limit to the amount of imported goods that may economics, social, political and environmental
enter a country during a fixed period of time development
Subsidy A form of financial assistance paid by Donor A country or organisation that gives aid
government to an industry or economic sector. Recipient A country that receives aid
Fair trade Trade that supports farmers in developing Gross National Income (GNI) The amount of money the average person in a
countries by paying fair prices and encouraging country can expect to have. (Low income and
social and environmental development in their middle income countries are developing while
communities. high income countries are developed).
Globalisation A process that leads to an integrated global Gross National Product Total value of all goods and services produced
economy and society. (GNP) by a country in one year including foreign
Multinational Corporation A company that owns or controls production earnings.
(MNC) facilities in more than one country. Gross Domestic Product Shows the total value of all goods and services
Outsourcing Having components made or assembled in a (GDP) produced by a country in one year.
country other than where the headquarters of a Human Development Index This indicator is a combination of GDP per
company is based. (HDI) capita, life expectancy and literacy rate. Zero (0)
Sweatshops Workshop or factory where people work long indicates the worst quality of life, while one (1)
hours in poor conditions for low pay, often shows an almost perfect place.
making illegal or counterfeit goods. Gini-coefficient Indicates how wealth is shared in a country. A
Gender Male or female; way in which a society/culture Gini score of 0 indicates complete equality in
treats men and women income (every household receives the same
Gender Inequality Index (GII) UN index indicating the degree of amount of money). A Gini score of 1 indicates
equality/inequality between men and women in a complete inequality (income received is not the
country same; one household gets more than the other).
Informal sector Self-employed people trading goods on the street Developed country Countries with an economic base built largely on
or working from home/backyard workshops. Not manufacturing and technology rather than
part of the formal economic sector. Workers have agriculture
no contracts, fixed hours or benefits and do not Developing country A non-industrialized poor country that is seeking
pay tax to develop its resources by industrialization
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More economically A highly industrialized country characterized by
developed countries significant technological development, high per
(MEDCs) capita income, and low population growth rates.
Examples of such countries include the United
States, Canada, Japan, and many countries in
Europe.
Less economically Country characterized by minimal
developed countries industrialization, low technological development,
(LEDCs) low per capita income, and high population
growth rates. Many of these countries are found
in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America
Industrialised countries Countries whose economy is based on Industry
Birth Rate is the term used to define the number of babies
born every year per 1000 people in a population?
Death Rate is the term used to define the number of deaths
every year per 1000 people in a population?
Natural increase in a population occurs where Birth rate is greater
than death rate. That is, that there are more
births than deaths in that population ion a year.
Natural decrease occurs when death rate is greater than birth rate.
This means that more deaths occur in a
population than babies are born so population
numbers decline

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