The skeletal system comprises bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments, making up about 18% of human body weight. It serves essential functions such as support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation, and is divided into the axial and appendicular skeletons with 206 named bones. Bones are classified by shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid types, with the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.