ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS

Frey
Electromagnetics for Engineers, Volume 1: Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
ELECTROMAGNETICS

VOLUME 1
is a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles of

FOR ENGINEERS
electromagnetism, making it an indispensable resource for a wide range

Friesen
of readers. This volume covers the essential concepts of electrostatics,
including Coulomb’s law, electric fields, Gauss’ law, divergence,
divergence theorem, energy, electric potential of charge systems, current,
current density, conductors, capacitance, dielectric material, LaPlace’s

ELECTROSTATICS AND
equation, and vector mathematics, as well as magnetostatics to include

SUCCESSFUL PROPOSAL STRATEGIES

the Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, magnetic fields, forces and torques
in magnetic fields, inductance, magnetic circuits, displacement current,
and induced EMF, all of which form the foundation for the book. MAGNETOSTATICS

ELECTROMAGNETICS FOR ENGINEERS

What sets this book apart are the numerous illustrations and diagrams

ELECTROSTATICS AND MAGNETOSTATICS

that visually elucidate complex topics, ensuring a clear and thorough
understanding. To reinforce learning, the text also includes problem sets,
giving readers an opportunity to apply the acquired concepts. This book
is particularly valuable for college graduates and engineering students
who are beginning their journey into the realm of electromagnetism and
Dean James Friesen
an excellent reference for practicing engineers seeking to refresh their

ON-THE-GO!
knowledge of the basic principles of electromagnetism. With a focus on
both theory and practical application, this volume provides a strong
foundation for readers at various stages of their engineering education
and career.
Dean James Friesen graduated from Kansas State University (Manhattan,
KS), College of Engineering in 1987 with a BS degree in engineering
technology (electrical/electronic emphasis) and in 1984 with an associate’s
of technology (AT) degree in electronic technology from KS Technical
Institute (now Kansas State Polytechnic, Salina, KS). Mr. Friesen worked
a total of 33 years in the EM-related engineering disciplines of EW, RF/
MW/mm-wave, HEMP, EMC/EMI, E3, and EME before retiring from The
Boeing Company on June 5, 2020 as the Boeing Commercial Airplanes
(BCA), Product Development, EME and Antennas Group, senior principal
investigator (June 2016–June 2020). He was selected by the Boeing BCA
EME organization to help the company’s twin-aisle 777-X airplane line
move closer to FAA/EASA certification in the specialized discipline of
electromagnetic effects (EME).
VOLUME 1

ISBN: 978-1-68569-005-2

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 ELECTROMAGNETICS
FOR ENGINEERS
VOLUME 1

Electrostatics and Magnetostatics

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 For a complete listing of titles in the
Artech House Electromagnetic Analysis Library,
turn to the back of this book.

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 ELECTROMAGNETICS
FOR ENGINEERS
VOLUME 1

Electrostatics and Magnetostatics

Dean James Friesen

artechhouse.com

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 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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 CONTENTS

Part 1
ELECTROSTATICS: BASIC PRINCIPLES 1

1
VECTOR ANALYSIS 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Vector Notation 4
1.3 Vector Algebra 5
1.4 Coordinate Systems 8
1.5 Differential Volume, Surface, and Line Elements 11
1.6 Vector Fields 13
1.7 Transformations Between Coordinate Systems 14
1.8 Problems and Solutions: Vector Analysis 15
References 22

2
COULOMB FORCES AND ELECTRIC
FIELD INTENSITY 23
2.1 Coulomb’s Law 24
2.2 Electric Field Intensity 27
2.3 Charge Distributions 28

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 vi Contents

2.4 Standard Charge Configurations 32

2.5 Problems: Coulomb Force and E-Field Intensity 33
References 36

3
ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS’ LAW 37

3.1 Net Charge in a Region 37

3.2 Electric Flux and Flux Density 38
3.3 Gauss’ Law 40
3.4 Relation Between Flux Density and Electric Field Intensity 41
3.5 Special Gaussian Surfaces 42
3.6 Problems and Solutions: Electric Flux and Gauss’ Law 44
References 47

4
DIVERGENCE AND THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM 49

4.1 Divergence 49
4.2 Divergence in Cartesian Coordinates 50
4.3 Divergence of D 52
4.4 The Del Operator 53
4.5 Divergence Theorem 54
4.6 Problems and Solutions: Divergence and the Divergence
Theorem 55
References 56

5
ENERGY AND ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
OF CHARGE SYSTEMS 57

5.1 Work Done in Moving a Point Charge 57

5.2 Electric Potential Between Two Points 59
5.3 Potential of a Point Charge 60
5.4 Potential of a Charge Distribution 61
5.5 Gradient 63

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 Contents vii

5.6 Relationship Between E and ∇ 65

5.7 Energy in Static Electric Fields 66
5.8 Problems and Solutions: Energy and Electric Potential of
Charge Systems 68
References 71

6
CURRENT, CURRENT DENSITY,
AND CONDUCTORS 73

6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Charges in Motion 74
6.3 Convection Current Density, J 75
6.4 Conduction Current Density, J 76
6.5 Conductivity, ∑ 77
6.6 Current, I 78
6.7 Resistance, R 79
6.8 Current Sheet Density, K 80
6.9 Continuity of Current 81
6.10 Conductor: Dielectric Boundary Conditions 84
6.11 Problems and Solutions: Current, Current Density, and
Conductors 87
References 91

7
CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRIC MATERIALS 93

7.1 Polarization P and Relative Permittivity 93

7.2 Fixed Voltage D and E 95
7.3 Fixed Charge D and E 96
7.4 Boundary Conditions at the Interface of Two Dielectrics 97
7.5 Capacitance 98
7.6 Multiple-Dielectric Capacitors 99
7.7 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 100
7.8 Problems and Solutions: Capacitance and Dielectric Materials 101
References 111

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 viii Contents

8
LAPLACE’S EQUATION 113
8.1 Introduction 113
8.2 Poisson’s Equation and Laplace’s Equation 114
8.3 Explicit Forms of Laplace’s Equation 114
8.4 Uniqueness Theorem 116
8.5 Mean Value and Maximum Value Theorems 117
8.6 Cartesian Solution in One Variable 117
8.7 Cartesian Product Solution 119
8.8 Cylindrical Product Solution 121
8.9 Spherical Product Solution 124
8.10 Problems and Solutions: Laplace’s Equation 125
References 127

Part 2
MAGNETOSTATICS: BASIC PRINCIPLES 129

9
AMPERE’S LAW AND THE MAGNETIC FIELD 131
9.1 Magnetostatics 131
9.2 Biot-Savart Law 131
9.3 Ampere’s Law 134
9.4 Curl 134
9.5 Current Density J and ∇ × H 138
9.6 Magnetic Flux Density B 138
9.7 Vector Magnetic Potential A 140
9.8 Stokes’ Theorem 143
9.9 Problems and Solutions 144
References 151

10
FORCES AND TORQUES IN MAGNETIC FIELDS 153
10.1 Magnetic Force on Particles 153
10.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields Combined 155

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 Contents ix

10.3 Magnetic Force on a Current Element 157

10.4 Work and Power 158
10.5 Torque 161
10.6 Magnetic Moment of a Planar Coil 162
10.7 Problems and Solutions 164
References 169

11
INDUCTANCE AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 171

11.1 Voltage of Self-Induction 171

11.2 Inductors and Inductance 172
11.3 Standard Forms 173
11.4 Internal Inductance 175
11.5 Magnetic Circuits 177
11.6 Nonlinearity of the B-H Curve 178
11.7 Ampere’s Law for Magnetic Circuits 180
11.8 Cores with Air Gaps 182
11.9 Multiple Coils 183
11.10 Parallel Magnetic Circuits 183
11.11 Problems and Solutions 185
References 190

12
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT AND INDUCED EMF 191

12.1 Displacement Current 191

12.2 Ratio of JC to JD 193
12.3 Faraday’s Law 194
12.4 Conductors in Motion Through Time-Independent Fields 197
12.5 Conductors in Motion Through Time-Dependent Fields 198
12.6 Problems and Solutions 198
References 205

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 x Contents

A
SCIENTIFIC PREFIXES  207

B
SCIENTIFIC CONSTANTS  209

C
RULES BY WHICH TO PERFORM
VECTOR ANALYSIS  211

C.1 Parallelogram Rule 211

C.2 Head-to-Tail Rule 211

D
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM AND
FREQUENCY BAND DESIGNATIONS  213

E
TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS, GENERAL LINE
EXPRESSIONS, AND IDEAL LINE EXPRESSIONS  215

F
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS  219

F.1 Free Space Set 219

F.2 General Set 220

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 221

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 223

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 225

INDEX 227

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 1
VECTOR ANALYSIS

Electromagnetics principles can be described adequately with pre-

cise and well-crafted words. However, in the practical engineering
world, there often arises the need to quantify the magnitude of an
important and unsolved electromagnetic engineering problem—and
effectively convey it to senior engineering and management. For
such often unwelcome occasions, vector calculus comes in handy,
seeing how it helped form (by way of many predecessors such as
James Clerk Maxwell), the foundation of electromagnetics, more spe-
cifically, electrostatics and magnetostatics. Vector calculus is indis-
pensable to the self-study and successful acquisition of a thorough
understanding of the subject(s).
For convenience, a short refresher on vector calculus is offered
in this chapter. The author nonetheless advises readers to acquire
for themselves a very good and easy-to-comprehend calculus book
and emphasizes using it to strengthen the reader’s skill. It will make
understanding the underlying principles of electromagnetics far eas-
ier. This simple overview also aids in keeping the size of this first
volume to a manageable level for the publisher. All said, a highly
recommended university/college-level, self-study calculus textbook
is cited in [1].

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Discussion in this first chapter begins with a brief tutorial on vec-
tors. Relevant coordinate systems are presented as are discussions on

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 4 Vector Analysis

vector notation and structure, and the parallelogram and head-to-tail

rules (see Appendix C). The unit vector is presented as: (1) differen-
tial volume, (2) differential surface (area), and (3) differential line
elements. Discussion on vector fields and coordinate system trans-
formations are also given.

1.2 VECTOR NOTATION

It is vital for the engineering analyst to be able to distinguish between
vector quantities and scalar quantities. Vectors are quantities that
have both a magnitude and a direction. Scalars are quantities that
have only a magnitude; that is, no indicated direction [1]. Vectors
throughout this text are indicated by boldface type. Scalars are
denoted in plain type.
Distance formula is the distance between two points in three-di-
mensional space (Cartesians coordinates). It is a scalar value that can
be found, given two coordinate points in space, by the following
formula:

1/2
D = ⎡⎢( x 1 − x 0 ) + ( y 1 − y 0 ) + ( z1 − z 0 ) ⎤⎥
2 2 2
(1.1)
⎣ ⎦
where
P0 (x0, y0, z0) and P1 (x1, y1, z1) are points in space [2].

A unit vector is always a vector having an absolute value (i.e., a

magnitude or length) of 1 and a direction [3]. It will always be indi-
cated in this text by boldface, lower case letters, such as, a or u. The
unit vector in the direction of a vector A is determined by dividing A
by its absolute value (or vector length) as shown below:

A A
aA = or (1.2)
A A
where
|A| = A = (Ax2 + Ay 2 + Az2)1/2
Ax is the magnitude of the A vector in the x-direction
Ay is the magnitude of the A vector in the y-direction
Az is the magnitude of the A vector in the z-direction

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 1.3 Vector Algebra 5

It should be stated that many calculus texts use the boldfaced

variable u to denote the unit vector as well [2].
Using unit vectors, a x, ay, and az along the Cartesian x, y, and z
system coordinate axes, an arbitrary vector can be written in compo-
nent form as:

A = A x a x + A y a y + Az a z = A x x + A y y + Az z (1.3)

However, for writing convenience and reduction of confusion,

the above-expressed Cartesian-based unit vectors will be written in
this text from here forward as x, y, and z, as opposed to a x, ay, and az.
The same parallel cases will also be for unit vectors for cylindrical
and spherical coordinates [3].
Hence, unit vectors for the cylindrical coordinate system will
be written as the more conveniently written

r, ϕ , and z

instead of the more awkward mathematician’s form of a r, aϕ , and az,

respectively. Likewise, the case for the spherical coordinate system;
that is:

r, ϕ , and θ

for a r, aϕ , and aθ [1]. In determining the resultant vector A + B, that

is in the case where two vectors follow each other in a head-to-tail
connection with each other, the parallelogram rule is frequently
employed. Because it is important to understand well the parallelo-
gram rule for the solution of many electrostatics problems, a detailed
discussion is offered in Appendix C of this book.

1.3 VECTOR ALGEBRA

1. Vectors may be added and subtracted.

( ) (
A ± B = A x x + A y y + Az z ± B x x + B y y + B z z )
( )
= ( A x ± B x ) x + A y ± B y y + ( Az ± B z ) z
(1.4)

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 6 Vector Analysis

2. The associative,

A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B) + C (1.5)

distributive,

k ( A + B) = kA + kB, ( k 1 + k 2 ) A = k 1A + k 2 A (1.6)

where
k is an arbitrary constant of any value
k1 is an arbitrary constant of a particular value
k2 is a second arbitrary constant of a value not equal to k1
and commutative laws apply.

A+B= B+A (1.7)

3. The dot product of two vectors is, by definition:

A ⋅ B = A B cosΘ = AB cosΘ ( Note: This reads “A dot B”) (1.8)

where Θ is the smaller angle between vectors A and B.

From the component form it can be shown that:

A ⋅ B = A x B x + A y B y + Az B z (1.9)

in particular,

2
A⋅A = A = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 (1.10)

4. The cross product of two vectors is, by definition:

A × B = ( A B sin q ) n = ( AB sin Θ ) n ( Reads “A cross B”) (1.11)

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 1.3 Vector Algebra 7

where Θ is the smaller angle between vectors A and B and n is

a unit vector normal to the plane determined by A and B when
they are drawn from a point common to both [1].

In the cross product, two normals are in the plane [1], and, thus,
further specification is required [4]. The selected normal,

A × B = −B × A (1.12)

is the one that is in the direction of a right-hand screw when A is

turned toward B (see Figure 1.1).
The cross product is anticommutative; that is, it does not fol-
low the commutative principle [1]. Expanding the cross product into
component form yields:

( ) (
A × B = A x x + A y y + Az z × B x x + B y y + B z z )
= (A B
y z ) ( )
– Az B y x + ( Az B x − A x B z ) y + A x B y − A y B x z
(1.13)
⎡ x y z ⎤
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ A X A y Az ⎥
⎢ B B B ⎥
⎣ x Y z ⎦

conveniently expressed in determinant form (< immediately left).

The following is a triple scalar product of three vectors (A, B,
and C):

Figure 1.1 Cross-product illustration.

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 8 Vector Analysis

⎡ A A A ⎤
⎢ 1 2 3
⎥
[ A B C ] = A ⋅ ( B × C ) = ( A × B) ⋅ C = ⎢ B1 B2 B3 ⎥ (1.14)
⎢ C1 C2 C3 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

Equation (1.14) yields the volume of a parallelepiped (see Figure

1.2) [1].

1.4 COORDINATE SYSTEMS

The Cartesian coordinate system, displayed in Figure 1.3(a), is one
of three coordinate systems that are used to help solve electromag-
netics-related engineering problems. The other two coordinate sys-
tems are the cylindrical coordinate system (see Figure 1.3(b)) and
the spherical coordinate system (see Figure 1.3(c)) [1]. All three are
displayed in the figure to give the reader the chance to visualize and
understand similarities/differences between the coordinate systems.
As can be seen in Figure 1.3, the Cartesian and cylindrical
coordinate systems have the z-axis in common. The cylindrical and
spherical coordinate systems have the ϕ -coordinate in common.
However, while these two systems also have an r-coordinate, each

Figure 1.2 Parallelepiped illustration with associated vector expressions.

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 1.4 Coordinate Systems 9

Figure 1.3 Three coordinate systems that are used to solve electromagnetic prob-
lems: (a) Cartesian, (b) cylindrical, and (c) spherical.

manifests itself in slightly different orientations. Hence, the r-coor-

dinate for the spherical coordinate system appears to have slightly
more directional freedom than the r-coordinate for the cylindrical
coordinate.
Figure 1.4 provides a second helpful set of illustrations for all
three coordinate systems:

• Figure 1.4(a)—the Cartesian coordinate system;

• Figure 1.4(b)—the cylindrical coordinate system;
• Figure 1.4(c)—the spherical coordinate system.

Each of the illustrations intends to show the geometric envelope of

each system [1].

Figure 1.4 Illustrations of the use for each three-dimensional coordinate system:
(a) Cartesian, (b) cylindrical, and (c) spherical.

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 10 Vector Analysis

Ranges of the coordinates (r, ϕ , z) in the cylindrical coordinate

system are:

0 < r < ∞, 0 < f < 2p, − ∞ < z < +∞ (1.15)

Ranges of the coordinates (r, ϕ , θ ) in the spherical coordinate

system are:

0 < r < ∞, 0 < f < 2p, 0<q<p (1.16)

The Cartesian coordinate system, the one shown in Figures

1.3(a) and 1.4(a), is the one with which beginning engineers and engi-
neering students are likely to have the greatest initial familiarity.
However, in certain cases, solutions are sometimes found to be easier
to obtain by using either the cylindrical or spherical coordinate sys-
tem rather than the Cartesian [1].
Practical, real-world examples for the use of the cylindrical
coordinate system include the geometries of wires, wire bundle har-
nesses, coaxial cables, and airplane fuel quantity sensors. In these
cases, the cylindrical coordinate system lends itself more easily to
solution-finding than does the Cartesian coordinate system. For the
study of antennas in antenna reference texts, the reader will find
that antenna performance and antenna patterns (E-field or power)
are more easily evaluated in the spherical coordinate system.
In this text, the right-handed versions of the Cartesian, the
cylindrical, and the spherical coordinate systems are used. (Why add
to the confusion to use the left-handed version? It adds no value to
the real-world of finding solutions to practical problems.) Hence:

x×y = z (1.17)

r×φ = z (1.18)

r×θ= φ (1.19)

The component forms of a vector, A, in the three coordinate sys-

tems are:

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 1.5 Differential Volume, Surface, and Line Elements 11

A = A x x + A y y + Az z (Cartesian) (1.20)

A = A r r + Af φ + Az z (cylindrical) (1.21)

A = A r r + Af φ + Aq θ (spherical) (1.22)

Most often, the components Ax, Ay, Az, Ar, Aϕ , and Aθ shown
in (1.20) to (1.22), generally speaking, are not always constants. It is
important to understand that each can also be functions in the coor-
dinate system form as well [1].

1.5 DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME, SURFACE, AND LINE ELEMENTS

Differential Volume. When the coordinates of a point P are expanded
to:

( x + dx, y + dy, z + dz ) (Cartesian coordinate system) (1.23)

( r + dr, f + df, z + dz ) (cylindrical coordinate system) (1.24)

or
( r + dr, q + dq, f + df ) (spherical coordinate system) (1.25)

a differential volume, dV, is formed [1]. The expressions for each

coordinate system are:

dV = dx dy dz (Cartesian coordinate system) (1.26)

dV = dr ( r df )dz = r dr df dz (cylindrical coordinate system)
(1.27)

dV = dr ( r dq ) ( r sin q df ) = r 2 dr sin θ dq df (spherical coordinate system)

(1.28)

To the first order in infinitesimal quantities, the differential

volume for the Cartesian coordinate system is a rectangular box (i.e.,

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 12 Vector Analysis

cuboid). See Figure 1.5(a) [1]. In the other two coordinate systems
(see Figures 1.5(b) and 1.5(c)), the corresponding volumes are slightly
distorted variations from the Cartesian cuboid.
The reader is encouraged to carefully study the latter two dif-
ferential volumes until a good, accepted understanding of each is
reached.
Differential surface (area). When a differential surface (area) is
the focus for quantitative evaluation, the dS expressions for each of
the three coordinate systems are used [6]. These are presented for
convenience as follows:

dS = dx dy dS = dy dz dS = dx dz (Cartesian) (1.29)

dS = dr dz dS = dz ( r df ) dS = dr ( r df )
(cylindrical) (1.30)
= r df dz = ( r dr )df

dS = dr ( r dq ) dS = dr ( r sin q df ) dS = ( r dq ) ( r sin q df )
(spherical)
= r dr df = r 2 sin q dq df
(1.31)

The reader is urged to also use Figure 1.5 as an aid to gaining

visual understanding of differential surfaces on each of the differen-
tial volumes as well.

Figure 1.5 Differential volume, dV, in each of three coordinate systems: (a) Carte-
sian, (b) cylindrical, and (c) spherical.

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 1.6 Vector Fields 13

Differential line element. The differential line, dl, is the diago-

nal through an arbitrary point P [5].
Expressions for the differential line elements that correspond to
each of the coordinate systems are given as follows [5]:

dl = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 (Cartesian) (1.32)

dl = dr 2 + r 2df 2 + dz 2 (cylindrical) (1.33)

dl = dr 2 + r 2dq 2 + r 2 sin 2 qdf 2 (spherical) (1.34)

It is vital for the reader to understand that the above formulas

for differential volume, differential surface, and differential line ele-
ment will be fundamental to quantitative problem-solving in Chap-
ters 2 to 8.

1.6 VECTOR FIELDS

A field is a spatial distribution of a quantity that may or may not be
a function of time. Generally speaking, coefficients of electromag-
netic vector expressions contain variables. As such, the expression
changes magnitude and direction from point to point throughout the
region of interest [1]. For example, consider the vector:

E = −xx + yy (1.35)

Values of x and y may be substituted into the expression to give E at

the various locations.
After a number of points are examined, the pattern becomes
evident, and Figure 1.6 shows this field.
A vector field may also vary with time, and, thus, the two-di-
mensional field examined in Figure 1.6 may also change with time.
It could be assigned a time-variation such as:

( )
E = −xa x + ya y sin ( wt ) or E = ( −xa x + ya x ) e jwt (1.36)

The electric and magnetic fields of Chapter 2 and beyond

are all time-variable. As might be expected, they will need to be

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 14 Vector Analysis

Figure 1.6 Example of a vector field, illustrated.

differentiated with respect to time and integrated with respect to

time as the solution situation dictates. However, in time the reader
will find that both operations follow naturally and rarely cause great
difficulty [1].
If the reader believes he or she would benefit from vector analy-
sis practice, he or she is encouraged to go to Section 1.8 where sample
vector analysis problems are performed.

1.7 TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Sometimes, it is helpful to transform points in space to one or the
other of the two coordinate systems in order to obtain a solution
more quickly. Here are transformations [1]:

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 1.8 Problems and Solutions: Vector Analysis 15

Cartesian to cylindrical coordinate system. To deal with prob-

lems having cylindrical electromagnetic structures, the cylin-
drical coordinate system is used. If the reader finds it helpful
to transform Cartesian coordinate points in space to equivalent
cylindrical coordinate points, then the following transforma-
tional equations are used:

⎛y⎞
r = (x 2 + y 2 )
1/2
f = arctan ⎜ ⎟ z = z (1.37)
⎝ x⎠

Reverse cylindrical to Cartesian transformational equations are:

x = r cos f y = r sin f z = z (1.38)

Cartesian to spherical coordinate system. To deal with problems

having spherical electromagnetic structures, the spherical coor-
dinate system is used. If the reader finds it helpful to transform
a Cartesian coordinate point to an equivalent spherical coordi-
nate point, then the following transformational equations are
employed:

⎡ z ⎤
⎛y⎞
r = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
1/2
θ = arctan ⎢ ⎥ f = arctan ⎜ ⎟
⎢(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ⎥
1/2 ⎝x⎠
⎣ ⎦
(1.39)

Reverse spherical to Cartesian transformational equations are:

x = r sin q cos f y = r sin q sin f z = r cos q (1.40)

1.8 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS: VECTOR ANALYSIS

Problem 1.1
See Figure 1.7. Find the expression for vector C that is directed from
point Q1 (x1, y1, z1) to Q2 (x2, y2, z2).

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 16 Vector Analysis

Figure 1.7 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.1.

Problem 1.2
See Figure 1.8. Find:

(a) The expression for vector A when Q1 is located at (2, −4, 1) to

Q2 is located at (0, −2, 0) in Cartesian coordinates;
(b) The unit vector along vector A.

Problem 1.3
See Figure 1.9. Find the distance between the points P0[0, −5, 0] and
P1(0, 5, 10) in Cartesian coordinates.

Figure 1.8 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.2.

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 1.8 Problems and Solutions: Vector Analysis 17

Figure 1.9 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.3.

Problem 1.4
See Figure 1.10. Given A = 2x + 4y − 3z and B = x − y, find:

(a) A · B,
(b) A × B.

Problem 1.5
Show that:

A = 4x − 2y − z & B = x + 4y − 4z

are perpendicular.

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 18 Vector Analysis

Figure 1.10 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.4.

Problem 1.6
Given that: A = 2x + 4y and B = 6y − 4z, find the smaller angle between
the vectors using the cross product and the dot product.

Problem 1.7
Given F = (y − 1)x + (2x)y, find:

• The vector at (2, 2, 1),

• Its projection on B where B = 5x − y + 2z.

Problem 1.8
Given:

A = x + y,
B = x + 2z,
C = 2y + z,

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 1.8 Problems and Solutions: Vector Analysis 19

find (A × B) × C and A × (B × C).

Compare the answers.

Problem 1.9
Given:

A = x + y,
B = x + 2z,
C = 2y + z,

find A · B × C, and find A × B · C.

Compare the answers.

Problem 1.10
Express the unit vector that points from P1 (z1 = h) on the z-axis toward
Po(r, ϕ , zo), where zo = 0, in cylindrical coordinates. See F
­ igure 1.11.

Problem 1.11
Express the unit vector that is directed toward the origin from an
arbitrary point on the plane, z = −5. Examine Figure 1.12.

Figure 1.11 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.10.

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 20 Vector Analysis

Figure 1.12 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.11.

Problem 1.12
Using the spherical coordinate system,

(a) Find the surface area of a strip α ≤ Θ ≤ β on the spherical

shell of radius α (see Figure 1.13).
(b) What is the result (area) when α = 0 and β = π ?

Problem 1.13
Develop the equation for the volume of a sphere of radius α from the
differential volume equation.

Problem 1.14
Use the cylindrical coordinate system to find the area of the curved
surface of a right circular cylinder where r = 2m, h = 5, and 30° < ϕ <
120° (see Figure 1.14).

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 1.8 Problems and Solutions: Vector Analysis 21

Figure 1.13 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.12.

Problem 1.15
Examine the cylinder of Figure 1.15. Quantify the surface areas of
surfaces #1, #2, and #3 in the figure if the height of the cylinder
is 10m, the inner cylinder radius, r 1, is 2m, and the outer cylinder
radius, r 2, is 5m.

Figure 1.14 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.14.

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 22 Vector Analysis

Figure 1.15 Vector diagram illustration for Problem 1.15.

References
[1] Boyce, W. E., Calculus, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988.
[2] Munein, M., and D. Foulis, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, New York:
Worth Publishers, Inc., 1978.
[3] Anton, H., Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Second Edition, New York:
John Wiley & Sons (Anton Textbooks, Inc.), 1984.
[4] Macnamara, T., Handbook of Antennas for EMC, Norwood, MA: Artech
House, 1995.
[5] Stewart, J., Calculus, Eighth Edition, Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2016.
[6] Ayres, Jr., F., Theory and Problems of Differential and Integral Calculus,
Second Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.

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