12th IH

Shivaji - (1674- 80)

1. Place of Birth Shivneri in Maharashtra
2. Year of Birth 1630
3. Name of his Father Shahaji Bhosle
4. Name of his Mother Jlja Bai
5. Guardian Dadaji Kondadeva
6. Source of Inspiration Ramayana, Mahabharata
7. Titles Chhatrapati, Gobrahmnprajapalak /
Protipalak, Hinda dharma dharak
8. Epithet ‘Mountain Rat’
9. Coronation 1674, Raigarh Fort
10. Administration
Peshwa Prime Minister.

Amatya In charge of land revenue

Sachiv/Shurunavis The Royal Correspondence Secretary

Sumant/Dabir The Foreign Minister

Senapati/Sar-i-Naubat The Commander-in-chief, leading the

Maratha army.

Pandit Rao in charge of religious affairs

Nyayadhish in charge of judiciary

Mantri/Waqia-Navis The Home Minister, managing

internal affairs, intelligence, and
espionage.
11. Land Revenue He introduced Chauth [1/4th of the
production]
 Sardeshmukhi [1/10th of the
production]
12. Army Cavalry
Infantry
Elephantry
Camel and Navy

The cavalry was divided into a) Bargi (Government Army)

two parts — b) Shiladar

13. Sword Bhavani

14. Flag Bhagwa Jhanda
15. Horse Name Chaitak
16. Guru Ramdas
17. Wife Putalabai (Become Sati)
18. Son Rajaram [he appointed the post
Pratinidhi] & Shambhuji.
19. Chief General Tanhaji Bhonsle
20. Bodyguard Jiva Mahala, Sambhaji Kavji
21. Naval General Kanhoji Angre

• For the collection of the taxes Jadunath Sarkar described

the state of Shivaji as the Rebel state.
Events:
1. 1647----- Captured Torna Fort.
2. 1656----- Captured Raigarh Fort.
3. 1657----- The 1st Clash Between Mughal & Shivaji.
4. 1659----- Defeated Afzal Khan.
5. 1660----- Defeated Shaista Khan.
6. 1665----- Treaty of Purandar.
7. 1666----- Escaped from Mughal detention.
8. 1668----- Shivaji was given Title ‘Raja’ by Aurangzeb.
9. 1680----- Shivaji died.
 Shivaji

Rajaram + Tarabai Shambhuji

(1689)
Shvaji II Shahu

❖ Main aim of Mulkagiri Expedition— Loot and Plunder.

❖ What is Saranjan— Revenue grant to Maratha Chief.
❖ Shivaji set up a semi-independent principality— Bangalore.
❖ Shivaji granted territories of Bijapur, Konkan, Balaghat
after the treaty of Purandar.
❖ Shambuji got 5000 Mansab from Mughal.

RISE OF PESHWAS
Balaji Viswanath (1713–1720)

➢ In 1713, Balaji became the Peshwa.

➢ Title: Maropant Pingle
➢ 1708: Adapted title Sena Karta.
➢ He forged an agreement with Syed Hassan Ali. (Treaty of
Delhi 1718)
➢ He asked the Mughal Emperor for a Sanad for granting
Shahu the right to Chauth & Sardeshmukhi of
Aurangabad, Berar, Bidar, Golkonda & Bijapur.
➢ He died on 2nd April, 1720 in Saswad near Poona.
 Baji Rao I (1720–1740)
➢ He was the eldest son of Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath.
➢ On 17th April 1720, he assumed the post of Peshwa.
➢ He preached the ideal of Hindu Padpadshahi and Hindu
empire.
➢ He said, “Maratha flag shall fly from Krishna to Attock”.
➢ He is known as “Napoleon of Maratha Race” (According
to Grant Duff)
➢ In the battle of Balapur in 1720, he defeated the Nizam.
➢ In 1728 the battle of Palkhed the Nizam was defeated.
➢ In 1731, at Dabhoi, the Marathas defeated the Nizam.
➢ He was the best expert in guerrilla warfare next to Shivaji
➢ 1st peshwa to invade Delhi
➢ Maratha Power reached its Zenith in his time.
➢ The quote- "Let us strike at the trunk of the withering
tree and the branches will fall off themselves"

Balaji Baji Rao (1740–1761)

➢ He is known as Nana Sahib

➢ He succeeds Balaji Baji Rao1 on 1740.
➢ He invaded Bundelkhand, Berar, Malwa & Gujarat.
➢ Unlike his father, he was not a soldier but a diplomat.
➢ In 1761, he was defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in the
3rd battle of Panipath.
➢ Sadashiv Rao Bhau was the commander-in-chief in the
3rd battle of Panipath.

Madhav Rao I (Peshwa 1761-1772)

 ➢ Revived the Maratha Empire after the loss at Panipat.

Narayan Rao (1772-1773):

Raghunath Rao (1773-1774)

Madhav Rao II (1774-1795)

Baji Rao II (1796-1818):

➢ The last independent Peshwa, he was eventually defeated by the
British in 1818, marking the end of the Peshwa rule.
 SIKH GURUS
❖Guru Nanak (1469-1539):
➢ Founder of Sikhism
➢ Birth Place: Talbandi Village, Lahore, Punjab
➢ Main Mantra: Sat-sri Akal [God is the ultimate Truth]
➢ Biography: Janam Sakhi
➢ Contemporary of Mughal emperor Babur.
➢ Visited Mecca, Ceylon, Tibet.
➢ He started the institution of Guru Ka Langar.
➢ He started the institution of Guru Ka Langar.
➢ He emphasized the equality of women and rejected the
path of renunciation and he rejected the authority of the
Vedas.
➢ Died at Kartarpur

❖Guru Angad (1539-1552):

➢ Invented Gurumukhi Script
➢ Former name Lehena.
➢ Compiled Guru Nanak Hymns.
➢ Popularized – Guru-e-Langar.

❖Guru Amardas (1552-1574)

➢ Built large tank Goindwal.
➢ Sent 22 disciple who visited the country and spread
Nanak religion.
➢ Divided Sikh Kingdom in 22 Manjis.
➢ Introduced "Anand Karaj" Marriage Ceremony [Joyful
reunion]
➢ Prohibited Sati, Parda System and wine drinking.
 ➢ On the request of Amardas, Akbar abolished pilgrimage
tax in 1563.

❖Guru Ramdas (1574-1581):

➢ Akbar donated 500 bighas of land to him.
➢ Founded the city Amritsar.
➢ Started the foundation of Harmandir Sahib.

❖Guru Arjan (1581-1606):

➢ Founded the Swarna Mandir at Amritsar.
➢ Author of Sukhmani,
➢ Built large tank Tarn Taran.
➢ Arrested and executed by Jahangir for helping his
rebellion's son Khusrau.
➢ Compilation of Granth Sahib.

❖Guru Hargovind (1606-1644):

➢ Known as "Sachcha Badshah”, Soldier Saint.

➢ Defeated the Mughal Army in 1628.
➢ 1609 built Akhal Takht.
➢ Started offering prayer system.
➢ Started hanging of two swords.
➢ Directed Sikh to eat meat.

❖Guru Har Rai (1644-61)

➢ Established an Ayurveda Hospital and Research Centre
in Kiratpur.
❖Guru Harkishan (1661-1664)
➢ He was the youngest Sikh Guru.
➢ Recognised guru by Aurangzeb.
➢ He died of Smallpox.
❖Guru Tegh Bahadur (1664-1675):
➢ Built the town Anandpur.
➢ He invaded Assam with Rana Ram Singh Ambar
➢ He encourages Hindu Brahmin of Kashmir against
Aurangzeb.
➢ Killed by the order of Aurangzeb

❖Guru Govind Singh (1675-1708):

➢ Founded Khalsa.
➢ Introduced Pahul rites.
➢ Abolished the post of Guru.
➢ Wrote Zafarnama (open letter for Aurangzeb).
➢ Directed Sikh for using five K’s- Kanga, Kadha, Kesh,
Kaccha, Kripan.
➢ Started the concept "Panch Pyare"
➢ Wrote Bachittar Natak
➢ Converted Singh as militant race.
➢ Murdered by Pathan while going to the south.

❖Bnada Bahadur:

➢ Original Name– Lakshman Dhar.

➢ Early life he took Sannyasa and assumed the name
Mahadev Das.
➢ His headquarter was Lohagarh
➢ His Slogan— Fateh Darshan.
➢ Banda issued Hukumnama to united the Sikh.
➢ He was 1st Sikh to thought about Political Raj.
➢ 1716 he was killed by the order of Farrukhsiyar.

❖Kapur Singh:
➢ Founded– Dal Khalsa.
➢ Removed the Hereditary Zamindary.