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MATHEMATICS
Chapter 2: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Key Concepts

1. A pair of elements grouped together in a particular order is known as an ordered pair.

2. The two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are said to be equal if and only if a = c and b = d.

3. Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. The Cartesian product A × B is the set of all
ordered pairs ofelements of sets from A and B defined as follows:
A × B = {(a, b) : a A, b B}.
Cartesian product of two sets is also known as the product set.

4. If any of the sets of A or B or both are empty, then the set A × B will also be empty and
consequently, n(A × B) = 0.

5. If the number of elements in A is m and the number of elements in set B is n, then the
set A × B willhave mn elements.

6. If any of the sets A or B is infinite, then A × B is also an infinite set.

7. Cartesian product of sets can be extended to three or more sets. If A, B and C are three
non-empty sets, then A × B × C = {(a, b, c): a  A, bB, cC}. Here (a, b, c) is known as an
ordered triplet.

8. Cartesian product of a non-empty set A with an empty set is an empty set, i.e. A × Φ = Φ.

9. The Cartesian product is not commutative, namely A × B is not the same as B × A, unless A
and B are equal.

10. The Cartesian product is associative, namely A × (B × C)=(A × B) × C

11. R × R = {(a, b) : a R, b R} represents the coordinates of all points in two-dimensional
plane. R × R × R = {(a, b, c): a R, b R, c C} represents the coordinates of all points in
three-dimensional plane.

12. A relation R from the non-empty set A to another non-empty set B is a subset of their
Cartesian product A × B, i.e. R  A × B.

13. If (x, y)  R or x R y, then x is related to y.

14. If (x, y) R or x R y, then x is not related to y.

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15. The second element b in the ordered pair (a, b) is the image of first element a and a is the
pre-image of b.

16. The Domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R. In
other words, domain is the set of all the inputs of the relation.

17. If the relation R is from a non-empty set A to non-empty set B, then set B is called the co-
domain ofrelation R.

18. The set of all the images or the second element in the ordered pair (a, b) of relation R is
called the Range of R.

19. The total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B is the number
is possiblesubsets of A × B.

20. A × B can have 2mn subsets. This means there are 2mn relations from A to B

21. Relation can be represented algebraically and graphically. The various methods are as
follows

22. A relation f from a non-empty set A to another non-empty set B is said to be a

function if everyelement of A has a unique image in B.

23. The domain of f is the set A. No two distinct ordered pairs in f have the same first element.

24. Every function is a relation but the converse is not true.

25. If f is a function from A to B and (a, b)  f, then f (a) = b, where b is called image of a under
f and a iscalled the pre-image of b under f.

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26. If f: A → B A is the domain and B is the co domain of f.

27. The range of the function is the set of images.

28. A real function has the set of real numbers or one of its subsets both as its domain and as
its range.

29. Identity function: f: X → X is an identity function if f(x) = x for each x  A

y
8

6
f ( x) = x 
4

2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

-2

-4

-6

-8

30. Graph of the identity function is a straight line that makes an angle of 45° with both X-
and Y–axis,respectively. All points on this line have their x and y coordinates equal.
31. Constant function: A constant function is one that maps each element of the domain to
a constant. Domain of this function is R and range is the singleton set {c}, where c is a
constant.

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y
8

6

4 f (x) = 6

2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

-2

-4

-6

-8

32. Graph of the constant function is a line parallel to the X-axis. The graph lies above X-
axis if the constant c > 0, below the X-axis if the constant c < 0 and is the same as X-
axis if c = 0.

33. Polynomial function: f: R → R defined as y = f(x) = a0 + a1x +a2x2 + …. + an xn, where n is

a non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2, …an  R.

34. A linear polynomial represents a straight line, while a quadratic polynomial represents a
parabola.

f(x)
35. Functions of the form , where f(x) and g(x)  0 are polynomial functions, are called
g(x)
rational functions.

36. Domain of rational functions does not include those points where g(x) = 0. For example, the
1
domain of f(x) = is R − {2}.
x−2

37. Modulus function: f: R → R defined by f(x) = |x| for each x  R

f(x) = x if x  0 f(x) = −x if x<0 is called the modulus or absolute value function. The graph of
modulus function is above the X-axis.

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y
8

6
f ( x) = x 
4

2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8

-2

-4

-6

-8

38. Step or greatest integer function: A function f: R → R defined by f(x) = [x], x  R, where
[x] is the value of greatest integer, less than or equal to x is called a step or greatest
integer function. It is alsocalled as floor function.

y
4

1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

f ( x ) = [x]  -2

-3

-4

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39. Smallest integer function: A function f: R → R defined by f(x) = [x], x R where smallest
integer, greater than or equal to x is called a smallest integer function. It is also known as
theceiling function.

y
4

1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

f ( x ) = x  -2

-3

-4

|x |
40. Signum function: f(x) = , x  0 and 0 for x = 0. The domain of signum function is R and
x
range is {−1, 0, 1}.

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y
4

x
3  , x0
f ( x) =  x
0, x=0
2 

1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

41. Ifa is a positive real number other than unity, then a function that relates each x  R to
ax is called the exponential function.

y
4
f ( x ) = 2x 
3

1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

42. If a  0 and a  1 , then the function defined by f (x) = loga x, x  0 is called the

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logarithmic function.

y
4

2
f ( x ) = log(x)
1

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

1
43. The function defined by f : R – {0} → R such that, f(x)= is called the reciprocal
x
function

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y
4

2 1
f ( x) =
x
1

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

44. The function defined by f :R+ → R such that, f (x) = + √x is called the square root function.

y
4

3
f ( x) = + x
2

1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

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45. The function defined by f :R → R such that, f(x) = x2 is called the square function.

46. The function defined by f :R → R such that f (x) = x3 is called the cube function.

y
4

3
 f ( x ) = x3
2

1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

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1
47. The function defined by f :R → R such that, f (x) = x 3 is called the cube root function.

y
4

3
1

f ( x ) = x3
2

1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

-4

Key Formulae

1. R × R = { (x, y): x, y  R}
and R × R × R = {(x, y, z): x, y, z  R}

2. If (a, b) =(x, y), then a = x and b = y.

3. (a, b, c) = (d, e, f) if a = d, b = e and c = f.

4. If n (A) = n and n (B) = m, then n (A × B) = mn.

5. If n (A) = n and n (B) = m, then 2mn relations can be defined from A to B.

6. Algebra of Real function:

For function f : X → R and g: X → R, we

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have(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x), x  X.

(f – g) (x) = f (x) – g (x), x  X.

(f.g) (x) = f (x). g (x), x  X.

(kf) (x) = kf (x), x  X, where k is a real number.

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Important Questions

Multiple Choice questions-

Question 1. The domain of the function 7-xPx-3 is
(a) {1, 2, 3}
(b) {3, 4, 5, 6}
(c) {3, 4, 5}
(d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Question 2. The domain of tan-1 (2x + 1) is
(a) R
(b) R – {1/2}
(c) R – {-1/2}
(d) None of these
Question 3. Two functions f and g are said to be equal if f
(a) The domain of f = the domain of g
(b) The co-domain of f = the co-domain of g
(c) f(x) = g(x) for all x
(d) all of above
Question 4. If the function f : R → R be given by f(x) = x² + 2 and g : R → R is given by
g(x) = x/(x – 1). The value of g of (x) is
(a) (x² + 2)/(x² + 1)
(b) x²/(x² + 1)
(c) x²/(x² + 2)
(d) None of these
Question 5. Given g(1) = 1 and g(2) = 3. If g(x) is described by the formula g(x) = ax +
b, then the value of a and b is
(a) 2, 1
(b) -2, 1
(c) 2, -1
(d) -2, -1
Question 6. Let f : R → R be a function given by f(x) = x² + 1 then the value of f -1 (26)

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is
(a) 5
(b) -5
(c) ±5
(d) None of these
Question 7. The function f(x) = x – [x] has period of
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Question 8. The function f(x) = sin (πx/2) + cos (πx/2) is periodic with period
(a) 4
(b) 6
(c) 12
(d) 24
Question 9. The domain of the function f(x) = x/(1 + x²) is
(a) R – {1}
(b) R – {-1}
(c) R
(d) None of these
Question 10. If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x² – 3x + 2, the f(f(y)) is
(a) x4 + 6x³ + 10x² + 3x
(b) x4 – 6x³ + 10x² + 3x
(c) x4 + 6x³ + 10x² – 3x
(d) x4 – 6x³ + 10x² – 3x
Very Short Questions:
1. Find a and b if (a – 1, b + 5) = (2, 3) If A = {1,3,5}, B = {2,3} find:
2. A × B
3. B × A
Let A = {1,2}, B = {2,3,4}, C = {4,5}, find (Question- 4,5)
4. A × (B ∩ C)

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5. A × (B ∪ C)
6. If P = {1,3}, Q = {2,3,5}, find the number of relations from A to B
7. If A = {1,2,3,5} and B = {4,6,9}, R = {(x, y): |x – y| is odd, x ∈ A, y ∈ B} Write R in
roster form Which of the following relations are functions? Give reason.
8. R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (4,5)}
9. R = {(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4)}
10.R = {(1,2), (2,5), (3,8), (4,10), (5,12), (6,12)} Which of the following arrow
diagrams represent a function? Why?
Short Questions:
1. Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {1,4,9,16,25} and R be a relation defined from A to B as, R = {(x, y) :
x ϵ A, y ϵ B and y = x2}
(a) Depict this relation using arrow diagram.
(b) Find domain of R.
(c) Find range of R.
(d) Write co-domain of R.
2. Let R = { (x, y) : x, y ϵ N and y = 2x} be a relation on N. Find :
(i) Domain
(ii) Codomain
iii) Range
Is this relation a function from N to N
3. Find the domain and range of, f(x) = |2x – 3| – 3
4. Draw the graph of the Constant function, f : R ϵ R; f(x) = 2 x ϵ R. Also find its
domain and range.
5. Let R = {(x, - y) : x, y ϵ W , 2x + y = 8) then
(i) Find the domain and the range of R (ii) Write R as a set of ordered pairs.
6. Let R be a relation from Q to Q defined by R = {( a,b) : a, b ϵ Q and a -b ϵ z), Show
that.

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1 1
7. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , find 𝑓 (−2) + 𝑓 ( )+
𝑥−1 3
8. Find the domain and the range of the function f(x) = 3x 2 – 5. Also find f (-3) and

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the numbers which are associated with the number 43 m its range.
9. If f (x) = x2 - 3x + 1, find x such that f (2x) = 2 f(x).
10.Find the domain and the range of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) − √𝑥 − 1.
Long Questions:
1. Draw the graphs of the following real functions and hence find their range

1 1
2. If f(x) = 𝑥 − , Prove that [𝑓 (𝑥 )]3 = 𝑓 (𝑥 3 ) + 3𝑓 ( )
4 𝑥
3. Draw the graphs of the following real functions and hence find their range
4. Let f be a function defined by 𝐹: 𝑥 → 5𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑥 𝜖 𝑅
(i) find the image of 3 under f.
(ii) find f(3) + f(2).
(iii) find x such that f(x) = 22
9𝑥
5. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = + 32 is the formula to connect x˚c to Fahrenheit units
5
find (i) f(0) (ii) f(-10) (iii) the value of x f(x) = 212 interpret the result is each case.
Assertion Reason Questions:
1. In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by
a corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the
correct answer as.
Assertion (A) : If (x +1, y – 2) = (3, 1), then x = 2 and y = 3.
Reason (R) : Two ordered pairs are equal if their corresponding elements are
equal.
(i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.
2. In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by
a corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the
correct answer as.
Assertion (A) : The cartesian product of two non-empty sets P and Q is denoted

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as P × Q and P × Q = {(p, q) : p ∈ P, q ∈ Q}.
Reason (R) : If A = {red, blue} and B = {b, c, s}, then A × B = {(red, b), (red, c),
(red), (blue, b) (blue, c) (blue, s)}
(i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.

Answer Key:
MCQ
1. (c) {3, 4, 5}
2. (a) R
3. (d) all of above
4. (a) (x² + 2)/(x² + 1)
5. (c) 2, -1
6. (c) ±5
7. (b) 1
8. (a) 4
9. (c) R
10.(d) x4 – 6x³ + 10x² – 3x
Very Short Answer:
1. a = 3, b = –2
2. A × B = {(1,2), (1,3), (3,2), (3,3), (5,2), (5,3)
3. B × A = { (2,1), (2,3), (2,5), (3,1), (3,3), (3,5)
4. {(1,4), (2,4)
5. {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5)
6. 26 = 6
7. R = { (1,4), (1,6), (2,9), (3,4), (3,6), (5,4), (5,6)
8. Not a function because 4 has two images.
9. Not a function because 2 does not have a unique image.

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10. Function
Short Answer:
1.

(b) {1,2,3,4}
(c) {1,4,9,16}
(d) {1,4,9,16,25}
2. (i) N
(ii) N
(iii) Set of even natural numbers
yes, R is a function from N to N.
3. Domain is R
Range is [–3, ∞)
4. Domain = R
Range = {2}
5. (i) Given and 2x + y = 8 and x, y ∈ 𝑤
Put

for all other values of x, y ∈ 𝑤 we do not get y ∈ 𝑤

∴ Domain of R = {0,1 2, 3, 4} and range of R = {8, 6, 4, 2, 0}
(ii) R as a set of ordered pairs can be written as

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6.

7.

8.

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9.

10.

Long Answer:
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1.

Plot the points shown is the above table and join there points by a free hand drawing.
Portion of the graph are shown the right margin
From the graph, it is clear that Rf = R – [0]
This function is called reciprocal function.
2.

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3.
(i)Given, f(x) i.e. y = x - 1 which is first degree equation in x, y and hence it represents
a straight line. Two points are sufficient to determine straight lint uniquely

A portion of the graph is shown in the figure from the graph, it is clear that y takes all
real values. It therefore that

i.e y = x + 1 which is a first degree equation is and hence it represents a straight line.
Two points are sufficient to determine a straight line uniquely

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Table of values

A portion of the graph is shown is the figure from the graph it is clear that y takes all
real values except 2. It fallows that RF = R – [2].
4.

5.

Assertion Reason Answer:

1. (i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
2. (i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of

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assertion.

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