Concrete Structure

&
Design Methods

Chapter : One
Design of reinforced concrete structure
 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Structure
Limitation of Plain Cement Concrete
 Does not fulfil tensile strength requirements of structures.
 Does fulfil ductility requirements of structures.
 Does not fulfil thin size requirements of structures.
 PCC is prone to shrinkage, creep and thermal cracks.

Cement Concrete reinforced by steel bars

is
Reinforced Cement Concrete.

Reinforcement of cement concrete by steel bars

 Increases tensile strength of concrete structures
 Increases ductility of concrete structures
 Helps to control cracks due to shrinkage , creep and thermal variation in concrete
structures
 Helps to reduce the sizes of concrete structures
 Reinforcement of cement concrete by steel bars

Steel bars are compatible with cement concrete in many aspects.

 Rate of expansion and contraction due to thermal variation is almost same in steel
bar and cement concrete. [ Steel - 0.000012/ 0c ; Cement Concrete - 0.000011/ 0c ]
 Bond between steel bar and cement concrete can be made strong. As the result they
can work as a composite material.
 Steel bars are more ductile than cement concrete and helps to make the concrete
structures ductile.
 Steel bars have good tensile strength and helps to make the concrete structures
strong in tension.
 Steel bars control cracks in cement concrete due to shrinkage, creep and thermal
variation.
 Cement concrete protects steel bars from corrosion.
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Reinforced Concrete Structures
 Materials of Reinforced Cement Concrete

Cement concrete of moderate strength [M20 – M30] is normally used in

reinforced concrete structures.

Steel bars usually available and used in our context are as follow.

• Mild Steel I (Fe 250)

Refer to IS 432
• Mild Steel II
• Medium Tensile Steel

• Hot Rolled Steel Refer to IS 1139

• Cold Worked Steel

Tor Steel Fe 415
Torkari Fe 500
Refer to IS 1786
TMT Fe 500 D
Fe 550 D
Fe 600 D
Steel Bars and their Characteristics

Type of Manufacturing Ductility Average Tensile

SN Bar Surface
Steel Bar Process (%) Strength (MPa)
1 Mild Steel I 20 - 23

2 Mild Steel II Hot Rolling Plain 20 - 23 200 - 350

3 Medium Steel 17 - 20
4 Hot Rolled Bar Hot Rolling Deformed/ 14.5 400
Twisted
5 Cold Worked Bar
- Tor Steel Cold Worked Deformed/ 14.5 415
- Torkari Cold Worked Twisted 12 500
- TMT Thermo M. Treated 18-20 500 - 600
 Beam wall/
Grillage system Structural Systems
Compression Flexure of RC Structures
Member Member

Tension
Member
Joint

Joint
Tension/
Compression Member Joint
Compression
Member
Cable system

Joint Compression
Member
Flexure
Member
Truss system

Compression
Member
Joint

Compression or Flexure
Member

Joint

Arch system Frame system

 Design Methods
I. Working Stress Design Method
II. Ultimate Strength Design Method
III. Limit State Design Method

Philosophy: Philosophy:
Structure is assumed to act linearly and Structure is assumed to act elasto-plastically
elastically and structure / structural members /plastically and structure / structural members are
are examined for working loads/stresses at examined for design loads at limit state of strength
service condition. and serviceability.
Developed Stress ≤ Working stress Design Action ≤ Design Strength

Drawback
• Inelastic behaviour of concrete is not Merit
considered in design. • Inelastic behaviour of concrete and Steel are
considered in design.
• Considers uncertainties by single factor of
safety. • Considers uncertainties by different partial
safety factors.
 Design Process

Architectural/
Functional Planning

Preparation of
Conceptual/ Structural Planning
working drawing Drawing
functional
design of
Preliminary Design Revise
structure
shape/size/
material

Detailing of design
If not
acceptable
Assessment of loads If acceptable
Design and
detailing of
Idealization of loads structural
Analysis of and structures Acceptability Check
member
structure
Verification/
determination of shape,
Determination of responses size and material of
of structure structural members
Basis for Design

Designed structure should be

 Serviceable throughout its life with no excessive deformations or
vibrations and no discomfort to the user.

 Strong , stable and safe enough to carry the loads under any
possible combinations

 Inexpensive/Economical as possible

 Appealing from aesthetic considerations and functional

 Limit State
Design Method

Chapter : Three
Design of reinforced concrete structure
 Safety and serviceability requirements of Structures
Designed structure should fulfil the following safety and serviceability requirements.

• Structures should remain fit with adequate reliability and they should
sustain all loads/excitation experienced during construction and
exploitation.
• Structure should have sufficient capacity to restoring moment so that
the stability of a structure as a whole against overturning is ensured.
• Structure should have adequate factor of safety against sliding due to
the worst combination of the applied loads.
• The deflection, cracking, vibration of the structure or part should not
adversely affect the appearance or efficiency of the structure or finishes
and partitions of structure.
• Structure should have sufficient durability under normal maintenance.
• Structure should not suffer overall damage or collapse
disproportionately under accidental events.
 Limit state and different limit states considered in design

Limit State
In Limit State Design Method, limit state is meant to acceptable limit of safety and
serviceability of structure / structural member, beyond which structure is not fit for use.

Limit State Design Method

Limit state design method provides basic frame of safety and serviceability of structure
within which the performance/responses of structures are examined in design.

In limit state design method, generally two limit states of structures are considered in design.

I. Limit State of Strength

(Limit State of Collapse/Ultimate Limit State)

II. Limit State of Serviceability

In LSDM, normally design is carried out in two stages.

Limit State of Strength

 In first stage, structure are designed for Limit state of strength.
 In limit state of strength, structures are designed under design loads and
design strength of material.
 In this stage, structures/structural members are designed for shear force,
bending moment, axial force, torsion and stability as required.

Limit State of Serviceability

 In second stage, structures are examined for limit state of serviceability.
 In limit state of serviceability, they are checked/verified under service
loads.
 In this stage, structures/structural members are checked for deflection,
cracking and vibration as required
 Design Strength of Material and Design Load

Design Load
Load used in the design of structure/structure member by LSDM
Design loads are calculated according to their characteristic value
and partial safety factor for load.
𝑊𝑑 = 𝑊𝑐𝑘 × 𝛾𝑓
𝑊𝑑 − 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑊𝑐𝑘 − 𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝛾𝑓 − 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

Partial safety factor for load takes account of possible increase in load, inaccurate assessment
of loads and their effect. (Refer to Table 18)

𝛾𝑓 = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

𝛾𝑓 = 1.2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝐿 + 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑆𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Design Strength of Material and Design Load

Design Strength
Strength of material used in the design of structure/structure
member by LSDM.
Design strength of material is calculated according to its
characteristic value and partial safety factor for material.
𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝑐𝑘 /𝛾𝑚
𝑆𝑑 − 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑆𝑐𝑘 − 𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

Characteristic strength of material is that value of strength of material below which not
more than 5% of test results are expected to fall.

𝛾𝑚 − 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙

Partial safety factor for material, which takes account of possible decrease in strength,
inaccurate assessment of strength and limit states. (Refer to Cl.36.4.2)

𝛾𝑚 = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

𝛾𝑚 = 1.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
 Idealized stress strain diagram of concrete and steel bar
Concrete

Stress (fcc)

Point of Failure
fck
fck - Characteristic strength of concrete

fcc - Compressive stress in concrete

0.002 0.0035 Strain (ec ) fcc = 446fck(ec - 250ec2) when ec < 0.002
Stress - strain diagram fcc = 0.446fck when ec ≥ 0.002
for short term loading
ec - Strain in concrete

γm - Partial safety factor for material

Stress (fcc)
γm = 1.5 for concrete
fck Diagram for compression
0.67fck Diagram for bending
0.67fck /γm
= 0.446fck Designed diagram for bending

0.002 0.0035 Strain (ec )

Idealized stress - strain diagram
(Refer to Fig. 21)
 Idealized stress strain diagram of concrete and steel bar
Steel Bar
Stress (σs) Stress (σs)

fy High tensile steel

f y / γm
Mild steel = 0.87 fy
fy

Strain (es )
0.002 Strain (es )
Idealized stress - strain
Stress - strain diagram diagram for mild steel

Stress (σs)

fy - Characteristic strength of steel bar (Yield Stress)

f y / γm
= 0.87 fy
γm - Partial safety factor for material

γm = 1.15 for steel bar

0.002 0.002 + 0.87fy/Es Strain (es )

Idealized stress - strain diagram
for high tensile steel (Fig.23)
 Design of RC Beam
in Bending

Chapter : Four
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 Flexural Behaviour of RC Beam at Limit State of Strength
 When beam is subjected to transverse load, it bends causing compression at the top and tension at
the bottom of beam.

 When load is small, bending stresses in the fibres of beam are within permissible limits/elastic
limits.

 As the load increases, tensile bending stress in concrete reaches to its cracking strength causing
cracks in tension side of beam. At the stage, concrete in tension share very little load and it is not
considered in design.

 Increase in load may cause the top compression fibre of concrete to yield prior to yielding of
tension bars and leads to crushing of concrete and compression (brittle)failure. It occurs, when
beam is over-reinforced.

 Increase in load may cause the tension bars to yield prior to yielding of concrete fibre in
compression and leads to crushing of concrete and tension (ductile)failure. It occurs, when beam
is under–reinforced.

 It may be possible that the beam may fail due to yielding of steel and crushing of concrete
simultaneously. It occurs , when beam section is balanced.

 At the limit of strength (collapse) of RC Beam, concrete behaves elasto-plastically or plastically. So

at the stage bending stress distribution across the depth of beam is not linear and taken
rectangular and parabolic (Stress Block) according to their respective strains.
 Flexural Behaviour of RC Beam at Limit State of Strength

ec < 0.002 σcb < σcbc ec < 0.002 σcb < σcbc ec < 0.002 σcb = σcbc

D d D D d

et σtb < fcr et σtb = fcr es σtb > fcr

Cross section Strain Bending Stress
of beam Diagram Diagram
At Elastic State

Where,
ec = 0.002 σcb = 0.446 fck ec = 0.0035 σcb = 0.446 fck ec , ec– Strain in extreme fibres of
concrete in compression and
0.002 0.446 fck tension
d d σcb , σtb - Compressive and tensile
bending stress in concrete
fcr – Cracking (Tensile) strength of
concrete
es es ≤ 0.002 + 0.87 fy/ Es
> 0.002 + 0.87 fy/ Es σcbc – Permissible compressive bending
stress of concrete
At Limit State of Strength fck – Characteristic compressive
strength of concrete
fy – Yield strength of steel bar
Basic Assumptions in the Design of RC Beam (Refer to Cl. 38.1)

1. Beam section remains plain after bending

2. Maximum strain and compressive bending stress in outermost compression fibre of

concrete of beam are taken equal to 0.0035 and 0.446 fck at limit state of collapse.

3. Concrete of beam in tension does share any load.

4. Maximum stress (fs)and strain (es)in the steel bar at yield point are taken equal to

fs = 0.87 fy es = 0.002 + 0.87 fy /Es

Bending Stress Distribution

(Stress Block) in RC beam

b ec = 0.0035 σc = 0.446 fck

x2 C2 a = 0.416 xu
xu 0.002 0.446 fck
x1 C = 0.36fck bxu
C1
d

Cross section Strain Bending Stress

of beam Diagram Diagram
Stress Block Parameter
Depth of Stress Block Where,
xu – Depth of N.A.
xu = x1 + x2
C1, C2 – Compressive force offered by
From Strain Diagram parabolic and rectangular portion of
x1 = 0.57 xu stress block
x2 = 0.43 xu
C – Compressive force offered by concrete
in stress block

Compressive force offered by x1, x2 – Depth of parabolic and rectangular

concrete in stress block portion of stress block

C = C1 + C2 = a – Distance between extreme fibre of

= x1 b × 2/3 × 0.446 fck + x2 b × 0.446 fck concrete in compression and the total
compressive force offered by concrete
= 0.36fck b xu

Taking moment of compressive forces about the

extreme compression fibre of concrete

C × a = C1 × (x2 + 3/8x1) + C2 × x2/2

a = 0.416 xu
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section of RC Beam

b
ec = 0.0035 σc = 0.446 fck Where,
0.416 xu xu – Depth of N.A.
xu C = 0.36fck bxu C – Compressive force offered by
D d concrete in compression
d – 0.416xu M.R. – Moment resisting capacity
of beam
es T = fs Ast
Ast fs – Stress in tension steel
Cross Section Strain Bending Stress Ast – Sectional area of tension
of Beam Diagram Diagram steel

𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵. 𝑨 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑴. 𝑹. )

𝐶=𝑇 𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑪 × 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖
𝑜𝑟, 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢
𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡
 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑻 × 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢
 Balanced, Under-reinforced and Over-reinforced RC Section
Balanced RC Section of Beam

b
ec = 0.0035 σc = 0.446 fck
0.416xu,l
xu = xu,l C = 0.36fckbxu,l
D d
d – 0.416xu,l
T = 0.87fy Ast
Ast es = 0.002 + 0.87 fy/ Es

Cross Section Strain Bending Stress

of Beam Diagram Diagram

Depth of N.A. of Balanced Section (xu,l ) 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑴𝒖,𝒍 )

From strain diagram

𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑴𝒖,𝒍 = 𝑪 × 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖,𝒍
xu,l /d = 0.0035/(0.0035 + 0.002 + 0.87fy / Es )
𝑜𝑟, 𝑴𝒖,𝒍 . = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑙 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢,𝑙
 xu,l = 0.0035/(0.0035 + 0.002 + 0.87fy / Es ) × d

xu,l = 0.53 d for Fe 250 𝑴𝒖,𝒍 = 𝑻 × 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖,𝒍

0.48 d for Fe 415
0.46 d for Fe 500 𝑜𝑟, 𝑴𝒖,𝒍 . = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢,𝑙
 Under-reinforced and Over-reinforced Section of Beam

b
ec = 0.0035 σc = 0.446 fck

xu

D d

Ast es fs
Cross Section Strain Bending Stress
of Beam Diagram Diagram

RC Section Balanced Under-reinforced Over-reinforced

Section Section Section
Failure Type Balanced Tension ( Ductile ) Compression (Brittle)
ec 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035
es 0.002 + 0.87fy/ Es > 0.002 + 0.87fy/ Es < 0.002 + 0.87fy/ Es
fs 0.87fy 0.87fy < 0.87fy
σc 0.446 fck 0.446 fck 0.446 fck
xu xu,l < xu,l > xu,l
d dl > dl < dl
Mu Mu,l < Mu,l > Mu,l
 Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Section of RC Beam
Where,
xu – Depth of N.A.
Cc , Cs – Compressive force offered by
b σc = 0.446 fck
concrete in compression and
ec = 0.0035 compression steel
d' d' Cs = (fsc - fcc) Asc
esc C = Cc +Cs
xu M.R. – Moment resisting capacity of beam
Asc 0.416 xu Cc = 0.36fck bxu
d fs , fsc – Stress in tension and compression
D
steel
d – 0.416 xu
Ast , Asc – Sectional area of tension and
T = fs Ast compression steel
es
Ast d‘ – Effective cover to compression steel
Cross Section Strain Bending Stress (Inset)
of Beam Diagram Diagram fcc – Stress in concrete at the level of
compression steel
esc – Strain in compression steel
jd – Lever arm of force C or T

𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵. 𝑨 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑴. 𝑹. )

𝐶=𝑇 𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑪𝒄 × 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖 + 𝑪𝒔 𝒅 − 𝒅′
𝑜𝑟, 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇 𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝒅 − 𝒅′
𝑜𝑟, 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝒇𝒔 𝑨𝒔𝒕 − 𝒇𝒔𝒄 −𝒇𝒄𝒄 𝑨𝒔𝒄 𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑻 × 𝒋𝒅
 𝒙𝒖 =
𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑗𝑑
 Flanged Section of RC Beam
When a series of beams support a concrete slab, it is common practice to cast the slab and beam together to
give the integral and economically effective structure. In this type of construction, individual beam may have
either T or inverted L section consisting of a vertical web and a horizontal flange.

In such sections, distribution of compressive bending stress over the width of flange is not uniform due to
shear lag phenomenon. In the design of such section, bending stress distribution is taken uniform employing
the effective of flange bf of beam. (Refer to Cl.23.1)

Cross Section of Floor Slab

bf = l0 /6 + bw + 6 Df ≤ bact for T beam
bact
bf = l0 /12 + bw + 3 Df ≤ bact for L beam
Df
Where,
Slab bw l0 – Distance between zero moments of beam
bact – Actual width of flange of beam
Df – Depth of flange of beam
Beam bw – Width of web of beam
bf – Effective width of flange of beam

bf Actual bending stress distribution

Modified bending stress diagram across the width of beam
distribution diagram across Df
the effective width of beam
bw

Design Section
of Beam
 Singly Reinforced Flanged Section of RC Beam
Case I: When N.A. lies in flange of beam ( xu ≤ Df )

bf
ec = 0.0035 σc = 0.446 fck
0.416 xu
xu C = 0.36fck bf xu
Df

D d
d – 0.416 xu
bw
Where,
T = fs Ast Df – Depth of flange.
Ast es
bf – Effective width of flange
Cross Section Strain Bending Stress bw – Width of web of beam
of Beam Diagram Diagram

𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑴. 𝑹. )

𝐶=𝑇 𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑪 × 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖
𝑜𝑟, 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓𝑥𝑢 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 𝑥𝑢 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢
𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡
 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓
𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑻 × 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢
 Singly Reinforced Flanged Section of RC Beam
Case II: i) When N.A. lies in web of beam ( xu > Df ) and Df ≤ 0.43 xu

bf
ec = 0.0035 σc = 0.446 fck 0.5D
f
C1
1 1 Df 0.416 xu
2 xu C = C 1 + C2
C2
D d d – 0.416 xu
Where,
bw Df – Depth of flange.
T = fs Ast bf – Effective width of flange
Ast es
bw – Width of web of beam
Cross Section Strain Bending Stress C1 , C2 – Compressive force offered by
of Beam Diagram Diagram area 1 and 2 of concrete

𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵. 𝑨 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑴. 𝑹. )

𝐶=𝑇 𝑫𝒇
𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑪𝟏 𝒅 − 𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖
𝑜𝑟, C1 + C2 = 𝑇
𝐷
𝑜𝑟, 0.446 fck (bf – bw) Df + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 0.446 fck (bf – bw) Df × 𝑑 − 𝑓 2
𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 0.446 fck (bf – b w) Df + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 × 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢
 𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤
𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑻 × 𝒋𝒅
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑗𝑑
 Singly Reinforced Flanged Section of RC Beam
Case II: ii) When N.A. lies in web of beam ( xu > Df ) and Df > 0.43 xu

𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑵. 𝑨
𝑪=𝑻 Where,
𝑜𝑟, C1 + C2 = 𝑇 Df – Depth of flange.
𝑜𝑟, 0.446 fck (bf – bw) yf + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 bf – Effective width of flanged of beam
𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 0.446 fck (bf – bw) yf bw – Width of web of beam
 𝑥𝑢 = C1 , C2 – Compressive force offered by area 1
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤
and 2 of concrete
When, yf = 0.65Df + 0.15 xu
yf – Modified depth of flange in which
𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 − 0.2889 (bf – bw) Df bending stress is taken equal to 0.446 fck
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 + 0.0669 fck (bf – bw) yf = 0.65Df + 0.15 xu ≤ Df (G - 2.2.1)

𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑴. 𝑹. )

𝒚𝒇
𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑪𝟏 𝒅 − 𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖
𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 0.446 fck (bf – bw) yf × 𝑑 − 𝑓 2
+ 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 × 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢

𝑴. 𝑹. = 𝑻 × 𝒋𝒅
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀. 𝑅. = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝑗𝑑
Doubly Reinforced Flanged Section of RC Beam

Asc
bf
ec = 0.0035 fc = 0.446 fck CS
d' esc d' C1
Df 0.416xu
1 2 1 xu C = C 1 + C2 + CS
C2
D d d – 0.416xu
bw
T = fs Ast
Ast es
Cross Section Strain Bending Stress
of Beam Diagram Diagram

Derive the mathematical expression of xu and M.R. of

doubly reinforced flanged section of beam, when
i. xu ≤ Df
ii. xu > Df
 Design of RC Section of Beam in Bending General Rules

Case I When cross sectional dimensions of beam are known

𝒊. 𝑰𝒇 𝑴𝒖 = 𝑴𝒖,𝒍 , 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑺𝑹 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢,𝑙
Where,
𝑥𝑢,𝑙 = 𝛼𝑑 (𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚)

𝒊𝒊. 𝑰𝒇 𝑴𝒖 < 𝑴𝒖,𝒍 , 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑺𝑹 𝑼𝑹 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢
Where,
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢 =
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
𝒊𝒊𝒊. 𝑰𝒇 𝑴𝒖 > 𝑴𝒖,𝒍 , 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒔 𝑫𝑹 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

In the case, beam section is divided in to balanced and additional (hypothetical)

sections and agreeing with these sections, area of tension steel and compression
steel required for the DRS of beam are found.

Asc
b b b
Asc
d' x u,l

D d = + d - d'

Ast 1
Ast Ast 2
Cross Section Balanced Section Additional
of Beam of Beam (Hypothetical) Section
of Beam

𝑀. 𝑅. ≥ 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙 + 𝑀𝐴𝑑𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 1 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 2
𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒,

𝑀𝑢,𝑙 − 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑀𝑢,𝑙 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢,𝑙 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢,𝑙
𝑀𝑢,𝑙 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 1 𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢,𝑙

𝑀𝐴𝑑𝑑 − 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑀𝐴𝑑𝑑 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 2 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝑀𝐴𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

𝑴𝒖,𝒍 𝑴𝒖 − 𝑴𝒖,𝒍
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = +
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖,𝒍 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′

𝑴𝒖 − 𝑴𝒖,𝒍
𝑨𝒔𝒄 =
𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝒇𝒄𝒄 𝒅 − 𝒅′
Design of RC Section of Beam in Bending General Rules

Case II When cross sectional dimensions of beam are not known

𝒊. 𝑰𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍, 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒅

𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒂 𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝑺𝑹𝑼𝑹𝑺 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉
𝒅 𝟑𝒅
𝒅 ≥ 𝒅𝒃𝒂𝒍 ; 𝒃= 𝒕𝒐 ≥ 200 mm
𝟑 𝟒
𝑴𝒖 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇 Where, 𝒙𝒖 =
𝒚 𝒅 −𝟎.𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖 𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝒃

𝒊𝒊. 𝑰𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆, 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒅

𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒂 𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝑫𝑹𝑺 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡

𝑴𝒖,𝒍 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟔 𝑴𝒖 → 𝒅, 𝒃 = ?
𝑴𝒖,𝒍 𝑴𝒖 − 𝑴𝒖,𝒍
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = +
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝒙𝒖,𝒍 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′
𝑴𝒖 − 𝑴𝒖,𝒍
𝑨𝒔𝒄 =
𝒇𝒔𝒄 − 𝒇𝒄𝒄 𝒅 − 𝒅′
 Design of RC Section
for
Shear and Torsion

Chapter : Five
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 Design of RC Section for Shear
Causes of Shear Failure
Elementary
part of beam
Bending (σb) and shear (τv) stresses
in the beam develops principle
Diagonal tensile stress σ which causes
τH Tension
diagonal tension in beam.
τv σ Diagonal tension is the main cause
σb σb of shear failure.
α τv Shear Crack

τH Effect of diagonal tension on

Stress Condition of an the elementary part of beam 1
Elementary Part of Beam 𝝈= 𝜎𝑏 ± 4𝜏𝑣 2 + 𝜎𝑏 2
2

2𝜏𝑣
tan 2𝛼 =
𝜎𝑏
𝛼 = 00 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜏𝑣 = 0
𝛼 = 450 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜎𝑏 = 0
Flexure crack
Shear crack
when α = 00
when α = 450
 Behaviour of RC Beam under Shear

I. av
II. av
III. av
IV. av
Where,
av – Shear span
av ≈ M/V

Shear Crack Bond Crack Flexure Crack

Vertical Crack

Case I – Flexure crack leads to crushing of concrete after yielding tension steel,
when av /d ≥ 6

Case II – Bond crack leads to crushing of concrete before yielding tension steel,
when av /d < 6 and av /d ≥ 2

Case III – Shear crack leads to crushing of concrete before yielding tension steel,
when av /d < 2 and av /d ≥ 0

Case IV – Vertical crack leads to crushing of concrete suddenly before yielding tension steel,
when av /d ≈ 0
 Shear stress distribution across the depth of RC Beam

b
τv = VS /I b
τv = VS /I b τv = Vu /b d

d Idealized shear stress diagram of

D d
RC Beam at limit state of strength
τv = V / b jd

Case of Case of Case of

Cross section Homogeneous RC Beam at RC Beam at limit
elastic beam working load state of strength
of beam
Shear stress distribution across the depth of beam

Nominal shear stress is taken as the intensity of design shear stress

at limit state of strength.

τv = Vu /b d ≤ τc,max
Where,
τv – Nominal shear stress (Refer to Cl.40.1)
Vu – Design shear force
b – width of beam
d – Effective depth of beam
τc,max - Limiting value of nominal shear stress (Refer to Tab.20)
 Shear Resisting Capacity of RC Beam

2
3

Shear resisting force (Shear Strength) offered by RC Beam section consists of

1. Compressive force offered by concrete in compression

2. Interlocking force offered by aggregates lying in shear crack
3. Dowel force offered by tension steel

Individual contribution to the shear resisting capacity of RC section of these forces is

difficult to assess. So IS code use design shear strength ( τc ) to determine the shear
resisting capacity of RC section.
τc is found by percentage of tension steel (pt)and grade of concrete of beam (M) used in
the RC section. (Refer to Table 19).
 Shear Resisting Capacity of RC Beam

When τv is greater than τc , RC beam section will not alone be able to resist the shear
force. In the case, RC Beam shall be further reinforced by (transverse reinforcement)
shear reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement may be in the form of vertical stirrups or in the form of bent-up
bars
Vertical stirrups
b
d sv
α d

Bent-up bars
RC Beam with vertical stirrups and bent-up bars

Where,
VR – Shear resisting capacity of beam section with shear
reinforcement
Shear resisting capacity of RC Beam with
vertical stirrups and bent-up bars is as follow VC – Shear resisting capacity of beam section without shear
reinforcement
VC = τc × bd
VR = VC + VS + VB
VS – Shear resisting capacity of vertical stirrups
VS = 0.87fy Asv n = 0.87fy Asv d/sv

VB – Shear resisting capacity of bent-up bars

VB = 0.87fy Ast sin α
VB ≤ 0.5(Vu - Vc )

Vu – Design shear force

 Design of Shear Reinforcement

 If τv ≤ τc and ≤ τc,max, provide minimum shear reinforcement as per Cl.26.5.1.6

 If τv > τc and ≤ τc,max , design shear reinforcement. In the case, spacing of

vertical stirrups is found considering its leg. Vertical stirrups may be in two
or multi legged form.
When vertical stirrups with bent-up bars are used, contribution of bent-up
bars is also considered, while calculating the spacing of stirrups. Normally dia. of
stirrups adopted are 6,7,8,10,12 mm.

Spacing of Vertical Stirrups ( sv )

Vs = Vu - Vc = 0.87fy Asv d/sv
sv = 0.87fy Asv d / (Vu - Vc )
sv ≤ 300 mm or 0.75d
Where,
Asv - Sectional area of stirrups at a section of beam

 If τv > τc and ≤ τc,max , first increase depth of beam and design shear reinforcement.
 Design of RC Section for Torsion

 Torsion is considered in design, when the torsional effect in the

structural member is significant.

 In RC Structure/structural member, where torsion is required to

maintain equilibrium, structure/structural member shall be designed
for torsion in accordance with Cl. 41.3, 41.4

 Torsional reinforcement is not designed separately, instead the total

longitudinal and transverse (shear) reinforcement required for BM,
SF and T are designed for equivalent BM and equivalent SF.

 If τve ≤ τc and τc,max , beam section is for design BM without torsion

and minimum shear reinforcement is provided

 If τve > τc and ≤ τc,max , beam section is designed for design equivalent
BM and SF.
 Design of RC Beam for Torsion

Longitudinal Reinforcement
Where,
If Mu > Mt ,
τve – Equivalent nominal shear
Beam is designed for Me1 stress
If Mu < Mt , τve = Ve /bd
Beam is designed for Me1 and Me2 .
Ve – Equivalent SF
Reinforcement designed by Me2 is provided
Ve = Vu + 1.6 Tu /b
on the flexural compression face of beam.
Tu – Design torsional moment

Shear Reinforcement Me1 ,Me2 – Equivalent BM

Two legged close stirrups enclosing Me1 = Mu + Mt
the corner longitudinal bars shall have Me2 = Mt – Mu
𝑇𝑢 𝑠𝑣 𝑉𝑢 𝑠𝑣 Mt = Tu (1+D/b)/1.7
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = +
0.87𝑓𝑦 × 𝑏1 𝑑1 2.5𝑑1 × 0.87𝑓𝑦
𝜏𝑣𝑒 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑠𝑣 sv – Spacing of vertical stirrups
𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥
0.87𝑓𝑦 × 𝑏1 𝑑1
 Reinforcement Detailing in the Case of Torsion

 sv ≤ x1
≤ (x1 + y1) /4
≤ 300 mm
x1 ≤ 0.75d

 When depth of beam is greater than

b1 450 mm, then provide side face
y1 d1 D reinforcement with Ast,side = 0.1% of
web area of beam and spacing of
bars not greater than 300 mm or web
thickness of beam
b
 Place at least one longitudinal bar at
a corner of beam.

 Place longitudinal bar as close as to

the corners of the beam
 Design for Bond
and
Reinforcement
Detailing

Chapter : Six and Seven

Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 Design for Bond and Development Length

Reinforcing bars and concrete act as a composite material due to the bond between concrete and
reinforcing bars. Bond between reinforcing bars and concrete is achieved by adhesive property of
cement, frictional resistance of bars and concrete and mechanical resistance of bars.

Development Length (Refer to Cl. 26.2.1)

Embedded length of reinforcing bar in concrete for the development of

designed stress in reinforcing bars is called development length.

Ld

Where,
F fs – Design stress in steel bar
τbd Ld – Development length of bar
τbd – Bond stress at the interface
of bar and concrete
∅ - Dia. of reinforcing bar
𝐹 ≤ 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜏𝑏𝑑 𝜋∅ 𝐿𝑑
∅𝒇𝒔
∴ 𝑳𝒅 =
𝟒𝝉𝒃𝒅
∅𝒇𝒔
∴ 𝝉𝒃𝒅 =
𝟒𝑳𝒅
 Development Length of Bar in Flexure (Refer to Cl. 26.2.3.3)

Where,
M M + dM u – Flexural bond stress
C C + dC dx – Elementary length of beam
Ml – Moment resisting capacity of beam
jd Lo – Additional anchorage length
u Lo = x + Equivalent anchorage length of bent
T T + dT
= bs /2 – c. cover - 3∅ + Eq. anch. length
dx x – Distance between centre of support and
centre of bend
3∅ - Radius of bend
𝑑𝑀 = 𝑑𝑇 × 𝑗𝑑 bs – Width of support
𝑑𝑀 Equivalent anchorage
𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑇 =
𝑗𝑑 length of bend = 8∅ for 90 0 bend
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑀 1 = 16∅ for 180 0 bend
𝑜𝑟, 𝑢 × 𝜋∅ × 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟, 𝑢= ×
𝑗𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑗𝑑 𝜋∅
For designed stress in bar
𝑉 ∅𝑓𝑠
𝑢 = 𝜏𝑏𝑑 𝑜𝑟, =
𝜋∅ 𝑗𝑑 4𝐿𝑑
3∅
1 1 1 𝑀𝑙
𝐿𝑑 = 𝜋∅2 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑 × = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑 × =
4 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 x
𝑀𝑙
= + 𝐿𝑜 𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑕𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉
𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝑀𝑙
= 1.3 + 𝐿𝑜 𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 bs
𝑉
𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
 Curtailment of Reinforcing Bars

Conditions for curtailment of bars (Refer to Cl. 26.2.3)

1. Bars to be curtailed shall be extended d or 12∅ beyond the theoretical point of curtailment.
2. Shear capacity of beam section at the point of curtailment shall be maintained fulfilling any one of
the following condition.
• Vc + Vs ≥ 1.5Vu
• Vc + Vs ≥ 1.3Vu and Ast,cont beyond the point of curtailment shall resist 2Mu of the section at
the point of curtailment
• Additional stirrups are required if any one of above conditions is not met. Provide additional
stirrups in the range of 0.75d from the point of curtailment with
sv ≤ 2.5 fy Asv /b or 0.125d × area of curtailed bars/total area of bars
3. Bars provided for sagging and hogging BM shall fulfil the following conditions.

Ast,top
≥ Ld ≥ Ast,top /3

≥ Ast /3 Ast ≥ Ast /4 Ast

≥ Ld /3 ≥ Ld /3

Case of simply supported beam/slab Case of continuous beam/slab

 Splicing of Reinforcing Bars

Splicing of reinforcing bars can be done by lapping, connector or welding. Mostly splicing is done by
lapping of bars maintaining the lap length (Refer to Cl.26.2.5).

Codal Provision for Splicing

Lap Length
• Lap length shall be
- Ld or 30 ∅ for bars in tension (bending case)
- 2Ld or 30 ∅ for bars in direct tension Splicing by lapping
- Ld or 24 ∅ for bars in compression
• Splicing shall not done at max. stressed section
Splicing by connector
• At the section of splicing, M.R.≥ 2Mu
• Splicing shall be staggered at ≥ 1.3 lap length
• More than 50 % of bars shall not be spliced at a section Splicing by welding

• Splices shall be enclosed by stirrups with sv ≤ 100 mm

Simple Detailing Rules In RC Structures

Concrete Cover (Refer to Table 3)

Exposure Condition Cover (mm)

• Mild 20
• Moderate 30
• Severe 45
• Very severe 50
• Extreme 75

Reinforcement requirement to RC Structure (Refer to Cl. 26.5)

Beam Side Face Reinforcement

When depth of web of beam is greater than 750 mm
Tension Reinforcement side face reinforcement shall be provided.
• Ast,min = 0.85 bd / fy • As,side ≥ 0.1 % of web area
• Ast,max = 0.04 bD
• Spacing of bars ≤ 300 mm or bw

Compression Reinforcement Shear and Torsion Reinforcement

• Asc,max = 0.04 bD • Refer to Shear and Torsion Design
Slab and Stair
Foundation
Tension Reinforcement
• Refer to foundation design
• Ast,min = 0.15 % of bD for mild steel
= 0.12 % of bD for high tensile steel

Maximum Diameter of Bars

• ∅ ≤ 1/8th of thickness of slab

Column
• Refer to column design

Spacing Requirement to Bars

• Minimum horizontal distance between two bars ≥ Diameter of bar

≥ Nominal dia. Of aggregate + 5 mm
• Minimum vertical distance between two bars ≥ Diameter of bar
≥ 2/3 of maximum size of aggregate
• Maximum horizontal distance between two bars Refer to Table 15
 DO’s and DON’Ts in Detailing
General
• Prepare drawings properly and accurately. Mark typical bars

• Prepare bar bending schedule

• Indicate proper cover to reinforcement

• Decide location of openings hole and supply adequate details for reinforcement
around openings

• Commonly available size of bars and spirals shall be used for reinforcement. For a
single structural member the number of different sizes of reinforcing bar should be
minimum

• The grade of reinforcing bars shall be clearly mentioned in the working drawing

• Bars shall be smooth curved edges at the point of bend

• Incase of bundled bars, splice of bars shall be made by splicing one bar at a time .;
such individual splices within a bundle shall be staggered
 General

• When reinforcement is left exposed for future construction, it should be adequately

protected from corrosion and weathering action

• Congestion of steel should be avoided at points, where members intersect and make
sure that all reinforcement shown can be properly placed
• Make sure that hooked and bent bars can be placed and have adequate concrete
protection

• Make sure that bent bars are not so large and heavy that they cannot be
transported
• Indicate all expansion, contraction and construction joints on framing plans and
provide details for such joints

• Where a section is not on the same sheet as the plan from which it is taken, use a
clearly defined system of cross reference for location of sections and details
• Show enlarged details at intersections of beams, beam and columns and footing
 Beam and Slab
• Where splices are provided in reinforcing bars, they shall be as far as possible away
from the sections of maximum stress and shall be staggered

• Where the depth of a beam exceeds 750 mm in case of beams without torsion and
450 mm with torsion side face reinforcement shall be provided

• In two way slab reinforcement parallel to the short span of the slab shall be placed
in the bottom layer

• All spacing shall be centre to centre of bars

• Only closed stirrups shall be used for transverse reinforcement for members subject
to torsion and for members likely to be subjected to reversal of stress

• At beam-column intersections ensure that the main beam bars avoid the main
column bars

• At beam-beam intersections, main beam bars may be so arranged that layers in

mutually perpendicular beams are at different levels

• To accommodate bottom bars, it is good practice to make secondary beams

shallower than main beams at least by 50 mm
Column

• Spacing of longitudinal bars in column shall be along the periphery of the

column as far as practicable

• A dowel shall extend into a column a distance equal to the development length
of the column bar and into footing a distance equal to development length of
the dowel

• Keep outer dimensions of column constant as far as possible for reuse in form
works

• Avoid use of two grades of vertical bars in the same element

DON’TS
General
• Reinforcement shall not extend across and expansion.

• Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36 mm

• Bars larger than 36 mm diameter shall not be bundled

• Where dowels are provided their diameter shall not exceed the diameter of
the column bars by more than 3mm

• Where bent bars are provided ,their contribution towards shear resistance
shall not be more than half that of the total shear reinforcement

• Different types of reinforcing bars such as deformed bars and plain bars and
various grades should not be used side by side as this practice would lead to
confusion at site. However, secondary reinforcement such as links, ties and
stirrups may be of mild steel throughout , even though the main steel may
be of high strength deformed bars
• Under no circumstances should the bending of bars at welds be permitted
Bar Bending Schedules
The reinforcement of structural members may be effectively shown on working
drawings in a tabular form known as a bar bending schedule. Bar bending schedule is a
compact summary of all the bars with their number of pieces, shapes, sizes, lengths
and bending details .
A schedule shall be supplemented with diagrams and sketches wherever necessary

Bar Bending Schedule should provide the following information

• Identification of structural member
• Position of bars in the member
• The bar mark
• The diameter of bar
• The number of bars of one type in structural member
• The total number of bars of each type
• Total straight length of the bars
• The shape and bending dimensions of the bar
• The details of bar chairs or support for reinforcing bars
• Remarks if any
 Bar Bending Schedules

Tot.
Bar Dia Spacing Length Weight
SN Location Shape No Length Remark
Mark (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg)
(mm)
Slab bottom
1 a1
along X
Slab bottom
2 a2
along Y
Slab Top
3 a3
along Y
Slab Top
4 a4
along X
Kerb
5 b1
Bottom
Drainage
6 b2
spout

7 Kerb side b3

8 Kerb stirrups b4
 Limit State of Serviceability:
Deflection and Cracking

Chapter : Eight
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 Limit State of Serviceability in Deflection

Factors affecting the deflection of RC Structure

1. Short Term Deflection

• Loads and their distribution
• Span of member and support condition
• Cross sectional properties and stiffness of member
• Type of material
• Amount and extent of cracking

2. Long Term Deflection

• Age of concrete at the time of loading
• Shrinkage and creep of concrete
• Condition of curing
 Control of Deflection of Flexure Member

1. Theoretical Method Where,

∆max - Maximum deflection of member
∆max ≤ ∆lim ∆max is calculated by the method
specified in Annex C
∆lim - Limiting value of deflection of
member (Refer to Cl. 23.2)

2. Empirical Method (Method of Sufficient Stiffness)

l/d ≤ αβγδλ Where,

l/d - Actual span effective depth ratio of flexure member
α - Basic span effective depth ratio (Refer to Cl. 23.2.1)

β – Modification factor for span greater than 10 m

β = Span/10
γ – Modification factor for tension steel ( Refer to Fig. 4)

δ – Modification factor for compression steel ( Refer to Fig. 5)

λ – Modification factor for shape of member ( Refer to Fig. 6)

 Control of Cracking of Flexure Member

1. Theoretical Method Where,

∆cr,max - Maximum crack width in member
∆cr,max is calculated by the method
∆cr,max ≤ ∆cr,lim
specified in Annex D

∆cr,lim - Limiting value of crack width in

member

∆cr,lim = 0.41 mm for dry environment

= 0.3 mm for normal environment
= 0.18 mm for chemically affected
environment
= 0.15 mm for wet environment

2. Simple reinforcement detailing rules

In this method, simple reinforcement rules are followed to control the crack. In
these rules, rules of cover to reinforcing bars, max. limit of steel, min. limit of steel,
spacing of bars are maintained. Refer to Reinforcement Detailing
 Design
of
RC Slab and Stairs

Chapter : Nine
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
I. Design of RC Slab

Types of RC Slab

Solid
Cantilever One Way Slab
Slab Slab
Edge
Supported Slab
Simply One Way
RC Slab Hollow
Supported Slab Slab
Slab
Flat Slab
Restrained Two Way
Slab Slab
Ribbed
Slab
 Load Distribution Theory in Slab
Grashoff - Rankine’s Theory
Simply Supported Slab Panel

C Where,
Central strip of slab panel lx , ly – Shorter and longer span of
AB in longer direction
slab panel
A B
lx wx , wy – Intensity of load on shorter
and longer strip of slab
Central strip of slab panel
CD in shorter direction w = w x + wy
D EI – Flexural stiffness of slab
yAB , yCD – Deflection of central strips
ly
AB and CD at centre

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 𝑦 𝑙𝑦

 𝐼𝑓 = 1, 𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤𝑦 = 0.5𝑤
𝑙𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 𝑦𝐴𝐵 = 𝑦𝐶𝐷 = 𝑦 When ly / lx ≤ 2, loads of slab is shared by its longer
4
and shorter directions. Consequently, slab bends in
5 𝑤𝑦 𝑙𝑦 5 𝑤𝑥 𝑙𝑥 4 longer and shorter directions. Slab is called
𝑜𝑟, =
384 𝐸𝐼 384 𝐸𝐼 Two Way Slab.
𝑜𝑟, 𝑤𝑦 𝑙𝑦 4 = 𝑤𝑥 𝑙𝑥 4
𝑙𝑥 4  𝐼𝑓
𝑙𝑦
= 2, 𝑤𝑥 = 0.94𝑤 ; 𝑤𝑦 = 0.06𝑤
𝑜𝑟, 𝑤𝑦 = 𝑤 4 4 𝑙𝑥
𝑙𝑦 + 𝑙𝑥
4
When ly / lx > 2, significant loads of slab is shared by
𝑙𝑦 its shorter direction. Consequently, slab bends only
𝑜𝑟, 𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤
𝑙𝑦 4 + 𝑙𝑥 4 in shorter direction. Slab is called One Way Slab.
 Design of One Way Slab
Design Steps

1. Find depth of slab using deflection control criteria.

Take span/d = 25 for simply supported slab
= 30 for continuous slab
D ≥ 100 mm in normal and 125 mm in earthquake resistant design

2. Determine design loads on its one meter strip and find design BM and SF at critical
sections of slab considering slab as a beam of one meter width.
For continuous one way slab, BM and SF at its critical sections can be found by using SF and BM coefficients as
given in code (Refer to Cl. 22.5)

3. One way slab is designed for BM and SF as a beam of rectangular section of one meter
width and effective depth d.
.
 Verify the depth of slab with respect to the depth of balanced section.
For SRURS, d > dbal = (Mu /Q b)1/2

 At critical sections of slab, find Ast Numbers of bars and their spacing.
Ast = Mu / 0.87 fy (d – 0.416 xu ) ≥ Ast,min = 0.12 % of bD

 Check slab for maximum SF.

For the slab section without shear reinforcement
τv ≤ k τc , where k is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 40.2.1.1)
 Design of One Way Slab
Design Steps

4. Check slab at limit state of serviceability in deflection and cracking.

For deflection generally span/d of slab is controlled. lx /d ≤ α β γ δ λ
For crack control generally reinforcement detailing rules are employed

5. Carryout reinforcement detailing

 Provide Ast,min as the distribution bar in the direction of longer span of slab

 Curtail surplus tension bars or bent surplus tension bars to serve negative BM at support of slab

 Check development length of reinforcing bar at support of slab. Ld ≤ 1.3 Ml / Vu + ld

 Extension of tension bar beyond the face of support ≥ Ld /3

Distribution bar (Ast,min ) ≥ Ld /3

Main designed bar (Ast )

Shorter span of slab (lx)

Reinforcement of One Way Slab

Distribution bar (Ast,min ) ≥ Ld /3

0.1 lx 0.1 lx Section at A-A

Main designed bar (Ast )

Shorter span of slab (lx)

Distribution bar (Ast,min )

Spacing ≤ 450 mm or 5d

0.1 lx

A A Plan

Main designed bar (Ast )

Spacing ≤ 300 mm or 3d
 Design of Two Way Slab
Design Steps

1. Find depth of slab using deflection control criteria if not assigned.

Take span/d = 28 for simply supported slab
= 32 for continuous slab
D ≥ 100 mm in normal and 125 mm in earthquake resistant design

2. Determine design loads on its one meter strip and find design BM by IS Code Method
( Coefficient Method )considering slab of one meter width. (Refer to Annex D-1 and D-2)

In IS Code Method, design BM in shorter and longer directions are found as follow.
Mx = αx w lx2 and My = αy w lx2

Maximum SF in Two Way Slab design is found as follow.

Vx = w lx /3 and Vy = w lx ( 2 – lx /ly ) /4

Where,
Mx , My - Maximum BM at mid span of shorter and longer span of slab
Vx , Vy - Maximum SF at support of shorter and longer span of slab
αx , αy - BM coefficient for shorter and longer span (Refer to Table 26,27)
w - Load per unit area of slab
lx , ly - Shorter and longer span of slab
3. Two way slab is designed for BM and SF as a beam of rectangular section of one
meter width and effective depth ‘d’.
.
 Verify the depth of slab with respect to the depth of balanced section.
For SRURS, d > dbal = (Mu /Q b) 1/2
 At critical sections of slab, in both directions, find Ast , numbers of bars and their spacing for
maximum BM.
For SRURS Ast = Mx or My / 0.87 fy (d – 0.416 xu ) ≥ Ast,min = 0.12 % of bD

In two way slab steel bars shall be arranged in middle and edge strips of slab. Designed steel
bars are placed in middle strip . In edge strip, minimum reinforcement is provided.
ly
Edge Strip
ly /8 3/4ly

lx /8

lx, ly – Shorter and longer span of slab

lx 3/4l Middle
x
Strip

4. Check slab section for maximum SF.

For the slab section without shear reinforcement
τv ≤ k τc , where k is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 40.2.1.1)
5. Check slab at limit state of serviceability in deflection and cracking.
For deflection, generally span/d of slab is controlled. lx /d ≤ α β γ δ λ
For crack control generally reinforcement detailing rules are employed

6. Carryout reinforcement detailing

 Provide Ast,min in the edge strips of slab.

 Check development length of reinforcing bar at support of slab. Ld ≤ 1.3 Ml / Vu + ld

 Extension of tension bar beyond the face of support ≥ Ld /3

 Curtail surplus bars or bent surplus bars .

For simply supported slab, 50 % of the tension steel bars provided at mid span shall be extended to the
support. Remaining 50 % of tension steel bars are curtailed at 0.1 lx and 0.1 ly from their respective
supports.

0.5 Ast or Ast,min ≥ Ld /3

0.1 lx 0.1 lx
Ast
≥ Ld /3
lx
Reinforcement of Two Way Slab

In two way slab steel bars shall be arranged in middle and edge strips of
slab. Designed steel bars are placed in middle strip . In edge strip,
minimum reinforcement is provided

ly
Edge Strip
ly /8 3/4ly

lx /8

Middle Strip
lx 3/4lx Plan of a two way
slab panel
 Simplified Rules for Curtailment of Reinforcing Bars in Two Way Slab

0.5 Ast1

0.25 l1 0.25 l2
0.15 l1 Ast1
Section at A-A
≥ Ld /3 l1 l2

l1
l1/8 3l1/4

l/8

0.15 l1 0.25 l1

3l/4
A A
l
Plan of bottom arrangement
reinforcing bars
 Simplified Rules for Curtailment of Reinforcing Bars in Two Way Slab
Ast2
0.5 Ast1 0.5 Ast2 0.3 l1 0.3 l2
0.1 l1 0.15 l1 0.15 l2

0.15 l1 0.5 Ast1 0.25 l1 0.25 l2

Ast1
≥ Ld /3
l1 l2 Section at A-A

l1
l1/8 3l1/4

l/8

0.1 l1 0.3 l1

3l/4
l 0.15 l1
A A
Plan of top arrangement
reinforcing bars
 Provision of Torsion Reinforcement in Slab Panel
¾ Ast in each layer
A D
lx/5

lx/5 ¾ Ast in each layer

Discontinuous Four layers
Edge of Slab Panel Continuous Reinforcement
Edge of Slab Panel
Detail at A

B 3/8 Ast
in each layer C
Four layers Where,
Ast – Cross sectional area of
designed bars at mid of
shorter span of slab

Torsion reinforcement are provided at the

corners of discontinuous edge of two way slab
to prevent the uplift of the corners of slab
II. Design of RC Stair

Types of RC Stair

Straight Stair
Longitudinally
Spanning Stair
Dog Legged Stair

RC Stair Open Well Stair

Transversely
Quarter Turn Stair
Spanning Stair

Geometrical Stair
 Behaviour of RC Stair under Loading

Longitudinally Spanning Stair

Steps

Waist slab

BM Diagram
When there are simple supported ends

BM Diagram
When there are fixed ends
Or partial fixed ends

Transversally Spanning Stair

Steps

Stair slab with beam

BM Diagram
 A Typical Reinforcement of a Longitudinally Spanning Stair

0.5Ast or Ast,min
≥ Ld

0.5Ast or Ast,min ≥ Ld /3
Ast,min
Ast

≥ Ld /3

A Typical Reinforcement of a Transversely Spanning Stair

≥ Ld

Stair slab with beam

Design Steps
(Longitudinally Spanning Stair)

1. Carry out geometrical design of staircase

- Find the size of riser and tread
- Find nos. of steps
- Find width of flight and size of landing

2. Find depth of waist slab (depth normal to the soffit of stair slab) by using
deflection control criteria.
Take
Span/d = 20 or 50 mm per 1 m span
D ≥ 100 mm in normal and 125 mm in earthquake resistant design

3. Determine design loads on the waist slab and find design BM and SF at critical
sections of waist slab considering waist slab as a horizontal one way slab.
Loads on stair
i. Dead load = self weight of slab + self weight of steps + floor finish

𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 𝑤𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + 𝑤𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 + 𝑤𝑓𝑓 b T

𝑤𝑛 𝛾𝐷 𝛾𝐷 D
 𝑤𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 𝑤𝑣 = =𝑇 = 𝑇 R D1
cos 𝜃 𝑏 1
𝑇2 +𝑅2 2
𝐷1
 𝑤𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 = 𝑏 × × 𝛾𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 × 𝑛 θ
2 wn
wv
 𝑤𝑓𝑓 = ℎ × 𝛾𝑓𝑓
 Loads on stair
ii. Live Load – Live load on stair depends on the type of occupancy of building. (Refer to IS 875)

E.S. = G + X + Y
Effective span (E.S.) of stair (Refer to Cl. 33.1) When X or Y ≥ 1,
X = 1 m and Y = 1 m
2X G 2Y

E.S. = C/c of support or bearing length of slab

4. Carry out reinforcement detailing of stair similar to one way slab (Refer to SP 34)
Ld 0.5 Ast

0.5Ast or Ast,min ≥ Ld /3
Ast,min
Ast

E.S. = C/c of support or bearing length of slab

A typical reinforcement of stair

 Design
of
RC Compression Member - Column

Chapter : Ten
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 Types of RC Compression Member

Pedestal Axially
(le /b ≤ 3) Loaded Column
Braced Short Column
Column (le /b < 12)
RC Compression Wall Uniaxially
Member (D > 4b) Loaded Column
Unbraced Long Column
Column (le /b ≥ 12)
Column
(le /b > 3) Biaxially
D ≤ 4b Loaded Column

Where,
D, b – Longer and shorter cross sectional
sizes of compression member

le – Effective length of compression

member
 Effective Length of Column

Effective Length ( le ) of Column - Distance between the zero BM of column.

Effective length can be determined by

Method 1 le = β l Refer to Tab. 28

Method 2 le = f (β1 and β2) Refer to Fig.26, 27

Where,

β – Coefficient, which depends on support and sway condition of column (Refer to Tab. 28)
l - Unsupported length of column (Refer to Cl. 25.1.3)
β1 - Coefficient, which represents the degree of fixity at top of column
β1 = Σkc /( Σkc + Σkb )
β2 - Coefficient, which represents the degree of fixity at bottom of column
β2 = Σkc /( Σkc + Σkb )
kc - Flexural stiffness of column kc = Ic / lc
kb - Flexural stiffness of column kb = Ib / lb
Ic , Ib - Moment of inertia of column and beam about their axis of bending
lc , lb - Unsupported length of column and effective span of beam
 Basic assumptions in the design of column (Refer to Cl. 39.1)

1. Maximum compressive strain in concrete of column subjected to axial compressive

force at limit state of strength is taken equal to 0.002.
2. Concrete in tension of eccentrically loaded column does not share any load.
3. Maximum compressive strain in concrete of eccentrically loaded column at limit
state of strength is taken equal to
• 0.0035, when neutral axis lies within the section of column.
• 0.0035 – 0.75 ec’, when neutral axis lies outside the section of column.

0.0035 – 0.75ec ‘
0.0035

0.0035

0.002
0.002

Neutral Axis

ec ‘
Axially Loaded Case Neutral Axis
Eccentrically Loaded Case
Column Section
Strain Diagram
 Design of Short Column Pu

AS
1. Axially Loaded Case
b
When le /b < 12, e ≤ 0.05D or emin ≤ 0.05D, column is defined as axially loaded
D
short column. In the case, column is designed by using equilibrium equations

Where,

Pu - Design axial load

𝑉=0
fc , fs – Stress in concrete and steel bar
𝑃𝑅 ≥ 𝑃𝑢 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠 Ac , As - Cross sectional area of concrete and
= 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.75𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 steel of column

p = As /bd × 100
Considering accidental eccentricity
Ag - Gross cross sectional area of column
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝑨𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒚 𝑨𝒔
or le - Effective length of column
𝒑𝑨𝒈 𝒑𝑨𝒈
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝑨𝒈 − + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝒇𝒚 emin - Minimum/accidental eccentricity of load
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 emin = l /500 +D/30 or 20 mm (Refer to Cl.25.1)

e – Actual eccentricity of load

 Design of Short Column Pu

2. Uniaxially Loaded Case

AS
When le /b < 12, ex or ey > 0.05D or 0.05b or ex,min or ey,min > 0.05D or 0.05b,
column is defined as uniaxially loaded short column. In the case, column is D

designed by using interaction diagram of Pu and Mu

b

Interaction Diagram
For every axial load, there is a maximum value of BM, which can act safely on the column. There may be
infinite safe combinations of axial load and BM. These combinations can be found either by using equilibrium
equations or by using interaction diagram. Use of equilibrium equations needs many trials. So interaction
diagrams are preferred in the design of uniaxially loaded column.

Interaction diagrams are those diagrams, which give safe combinations of axial load and BM for the particular
value of p/fck . These diagrams are drawn against Pu /fck bd and Mu /fck bd2.

Pu /fck bd Compression
failure p/fck

Balanced
Safe failure
Zone Tension
failure
Mu /fck bd2
Interaction Diagram
(Refer to Chart 27- 62, SP 16)
 Pu
Design of Short Column
3. Biaxially Loaded Case
AS
When le /b < 12, ex and ey > 0.05D and 0.05b Or ex,min and ey,min > 0.05D and 0.05b
D
column is defined as biaxially loaded short column. In the case, column is designed by
using interaction equation of Pu ,Mux and Muy of interaction surface diagram. b

Interaction Surface Diagram

For the particular value of Pu , there are the maximum values of Mux and Muy , which can act safely on the column.
There may be infinite safe combinations of Pu, Mux and Muy. These combinations can be found either by using
equilibrium equations or by using interaction surface diagram. Use of equilibrium equations needs many trials. So
in the design of biaxially loaded column, interaction equation representing the interaction surface diagram is
preferred.
For safe combinations of Pu , Mux and Muy
following interaction equation shall be satisfied.
Pu p/fck 𝜶𝒏 𝜶𝒏
𝑴𝒖𝒙 𝑴𝒖𝒚
Interaction
+ ≤𝟏
Diagram
P’u 𝑴𝒖𝒙,𝒍 𝑴𝒖𝒚,𝒍
M’ux,l
Interaction
Surface Diagram Where,
M’uy,l Mux and Muy - BM about x - x and y - y axes of column
Mux
Mux,l and Muy,l - Uniaxial moment capacities about
x - x and y - y axes of column
Muy
αn = 0.667 + 1.667 Pu /Puz ≥ 1 and ≤ 2
Puz = 0.446𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.75𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
 Design of Long Column ( Refer to Cl.39.7 )
When le /b ≥ 12, unsupported length of column < 60b or < 100b2/D when one end of
column is restrained (Cl.25.3), column is defined as long/slender column.
In the case, column is designed similarly as short column considering secondary BM
developed due to P - ∆ effect.

In long column, lateral deflection (∆) of column is significant. Lateral deflection creates
P - ∆ Effect due to which larger secondary (additional) bending moment is developed
in column. This secondary bending moment shall be considered in the design of long
column. Thus, design bending moment is the summation of primary and secondary
moments and will be
Pu
Mu
𝑴𝒖,𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑴𝒖 + 𝑷𝒖 ∆ = 𝑴𝒖 + 𝑴𝒂

Where,
𝑀𝑢 − 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 le ∆ D
𝑀𝑎 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 (𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙) 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 b
2
𝑃𝑢 𝐷 𝑙𝑒
𝑀𝑎 = ×𝑘
2000 𝐷
𝑃𝑢𝑧 −𝑃𝑢
𝑘 − 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ≤1 (𝐶𝑕𝑎𝑟𝑡 65, 𝑆𝑃 16)
𝑃𝑢𝑧 −𝑃𝑏
𝑃𝑏 − 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 60, 𝑆𝑃 16)
 Design of Braced Column ( Refer to Cl.39.7.1, Note )
In braced column, effect of bracing is considered calculating design BM. In the case, design
BM is calculated by

i) Mu = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1 In single curvature of bending for short column design
ii) Mu = 0.6 Mu2 - 0.4 Mu1 ≥ 0.4 Mu2 In double curvature of bending for short column design
iii) Mu = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1 + Ma ≥ Mu2 In single curvature of bending for long column design
iv) Mu = 0.6 Mu2 - 0.4 Mu1 + Ma ≥ Mu2 In double curvature of bending for long column design

After calculating design BM, braced column is designed similarly as unbraced short column.
Mu1 Mu2

Where,

Mu - Design bending moment

Mu1, Mu2 – Minimum and maximum

BM in a segment of column
Ma – Additional BM due to
slenderness of column Mu2 Mu1
BM Dia. In BM Dia. In
single curvature of bending double curvature of bending
 Design of Column in Shear
When τv > τc’ in column section, lateral ties (horizontal stirrups) are designed.
Pu
Where, Hu
τv - Nominal shear stress
τv = Vu /bD
sv
D
τc’ - Corrected shear strength of RC section
τ c‘ = δ × τ c b
δ – Correction factor for τc considered in axial compression
δ = 1 + 3Pu /Ag fck ≤ 1.5 (Cl. 40.2.2)
τc - Design shear strength of concrete ( Table 19 )

Design of horizontal stirrups is similar to the design of vertical stirrups of beam.

Spacing of Horizontal Stirrups ( sv )

sv = 0.87fy Asv d / Vu,net sv ≤ 300 mm or 0.75d
Where,
Vu,net = Hu - Vc
Vc = τc‘ bD
Hu – Design shear force in column section
 Reinforcement Detailing of Column
(Refer to Cl. 26.5.3) Pu

As
Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars
φt
 As,min = 0.8 % of Ag φl
 As,max = 4 % of Ag (Preferred)
sv
 As,max = 6 % of Ag D

 Min. nos. of longitudinal bars = 4 for square/rect. column

= 6 for circular column b
 Φl,min = 12 mm
 Spacing of longitudinal bars ≤ 300 mm Additional Ties (Normal design)
 When spacing between longitudinal bars
is 75 mm or less additional ties are not
Transverse Reinforcing Bar (Lateral Tie) provided.
 Sv ≤ 16 Φl
 When spacing between longitudinal bars
≤ Least lateral dimension of column is greater than 75 mm and spacing of
≤ 300 mm horizontal stirrups is ≤ 48 Φt , open
additional ties are provided.
 Φt ≥ 6 mm (Preferred dia. - 7 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm)
≥ ¼ Φl  When spacing between longitudinal bars
is greater than 75 mm and spacing of
horizontal stirrups is > 48 Φt , close
additional ties are provided.
 Column Reinforcement
Confining reinforcement [Refer to Cl. 7/8, IS 13920]
of column at lo from both l0
face of beam
Cross section
of column
Confining reinforcement l0
at the joint of column ≥hc/4
and beam
As per splice
hc
requirement

Length of Anchorage
6Øv or
Confining reinforcement ≥ 65 mm Cross tie when
at the joint of column size ≥ 300mm
• Lateral dimension of
and beam the member
l0 ≥ • 1/6th of the hc
• 450 mm
Size of column
≥ 300mm
Or ≥ 20 times the diameter of
longitudinal bar of beam for
intermediate column
l0
≥ 15 times the diameter of
longitudinal bar of beam for
exterior column
Arrangement of Lateral Ties in Column
 Design
of
RC Foundation

Chapter : Eleven
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 RC Foundation Shallow
Foundation

Part of RC Structure, which supports RC Foundation

whole structure and transmits total Deep
loads to soil is RC Foundation. Foundation

Spread Footing Pile Foundation

Shallow Deep
Isolated Footing
Foundation Foundation
Well/Caisson Foundation
Combined Footing

Mat Foundation

2
 Isolated Footing
Isolated Footing – Discretely provided footing for a column

Types of Isolated Footing

Footing with Uniform Depth

Eccentrically Loaded Footing Footing at Boundary Line

Footing with Varying Depth

Rectangular Footing Square Footing

Footing with Pedestal and

Varying Depth
Design of Isolated and Spread Footing Behaviour of isolated
footing under loads

Isolated Footing Tends to bend like a

cantilever slab in both
P direction

Column

Isolated Footing

Two Way Shear

Tends to slide along
the shear plane

One Way Shear

Design of Isolated and Spread Footing

Behaviour of spread
Spread Footing footing under loads
P
M
Tends to bend like a
cantilever slab
Wall

Spread Footing

Tends to slide along the

shear plane

One Way Shear

 Design of Isolated and Spread Footing
Design Steps

1. Determine size of footing.

A = ( P + Wf )/q = 1.1 P /q
Aprov ≥ A Aprov = L × B

2. Determine soil upward pressure on footing.

pu = Pu /Aprov for footing subjected to axial load

pu = Pu /Aprov ± My x/Iy ± Mx y/Ix for footing subjected to Pu and BM

3. Determine maximum BM, SF at the critical sections of footing.

b Critical section
d for one way shear
b/4 Critical section for max. BM in the
case of column or concrete wall
l d/2 L
Critical section for max. BM in the
case of masonry wall
d b
Critical section
pu B for two way shear
B
BM at the critical section of footing (Mu)
= pu × (B - b)2/8 for concrete wall, when L = 1 m
= pu × (B - 0.5b)2/8 for masonry wall, when L = 1 m
= pu × (B - b)2/8 for column, when L = 1 m

One way shear at the critical section of footing (Vu)

= pu × [(B - b)/2 – d] for column and wall when L = 1 m

Two way shear at the critical section of footing (Vu)

= pu × [ LB - (l + d)(b + d)] for column, when L = 1 m

4. Design the section of footing

a. Determine the thickness of footing

 Thickness of footing required to resist the design BM in SRURS is found by
d > dbal = (Mu /Q b)1/2
 Thickness of footing required to resist the one way shear is found by
τv ≤ k τc , where k is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 40.2.1.1)

 Thickness of footing required to resist the two way shear is found by

τv ≤ ks τc , where ks is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 31.6.3.1)
ks = ( 0.5 + βc ) ≤ 1 ; τc =0.25 ( fck )1/2
βc = B/L

Thickness of footing (D) ≥ 150 mm (Refer to Cl. 34.1.2)

4. Design the section of footing

b. Find the reinforcement (Ast) required for footing.

In isolated footing Ast is found in both direction of footing and in spread footing, Ast is found in the direction normal
to the wall

Ast = Mx or My / 0.87 fy (d – 0.416 xu ) ≥ Ast,min

Distribution of steel bars in footing (Refer to Cl. 34.3)

In spread footing, designed bars are distributed in equal spacing in the direction normal to the wall
In square isolated footing, designed bars are distributed in equal spacing in their respective direction.
In rectangular footing, designed bars for longer direction are distributed in equal spacing and for shorter direction
designed bars are distributed in central and outer bands as follow. L

In central band of width B, At,cent = 2Ast /(β +1) Where, β = L/B

B
In outer band of width B - L , At,out = Ast – At,cent ≥ Ast,min

B (B – L)/2

Shear reinforcement is designed, if footing is not safe for one way.

5. Check bearing stress in footing at the bearing level of column ( Refer to Cl. 34.4 )

Bearing stress in concrete of footing ≤ Permissible bearing stress in concrete

Pu / (l × b) ≤ 0.45fck (A1/A2) 0.5

 6. Carry out detailing of reinforcement

 Provide distribution bars of Ast,min in the direction parallel to the length of spread footing.
 Provide 360 mm2 per meter length in each direction on each face of footing, when the
thickness of footing exceeds 1 m.
 Check development length of reinforcing bars (Refer to Cl. 34.2.4.3) as shown in figure.

Where,

kτc – Shear strength of footing in one way shear

ksτc – Shear strength of footing in two way
shear
Wf – Weight of footing
≥ 150 mm Ld ≥ 300 mm Aprov – Provided area of footing

Ld L,B – Length and breadth of footing

pu – Upward soil pressure
Min. 3 – 8 mm @ 300 mm c/c q – Allowable bearing capacity of soil
Ix, Iy – Moment of inertia of footing about its
centroidal axes x-x and y-y
l, b – Longer and shorter sides of column
Reinforcement of
B
Isolated Footing

D>1m

Elevation

Bottom arrangement of reinforcing bars

(For square and rectangular footing)
Reinforcement of
Isolated Footing

Isolated footing with

shear reinforcement

Top arrangement of reinforcing bars

(For square and rectangular footing)
Shear reinforcement
 Non Prismatic
Isolated Footing Longitudinal bar
Starter bar of column

Lateral tie
Confining ties of column
of column
Min. 3 nos Sectional Elevation
of Footing
Designed bars ≥ Ld ≥ 300 mm
of footing ≥ 150 mm

Section at A-A

A A
Plan
of Footing
 Reinforcement of
Spread Foundation

Elevation

Bottom arrangement of
reinforcing bars
Reinforcement of
Spread Footing

Foundation with
shear reinforcement

Top arrangement of
reinforcing bars

Shear reinforcement
 Combined Footing
Combined Footing – A footing provided for two or more than two columns in a row
Types of Combined Footing
P1 P2

M M

Combined footing with slab and beam

If P1 ˂ P2

If P1 > P2

Footing combined by strap beam

Combined footing with slab
Behaviour of Combined Footing

Bending in
longitudinal direction Bending in
transverse direction

d + side of
column

SF Dia

d + side of
BM Dia column

Footing acts as a longitudinal

beam in longitudinal direction BM Dia

Footing acts as a cantilever

slab in transverse direction
 Design of Combined Footing

Design Steps

1. Determine size of footing. P1 P2

A = ( P + Wf )/q = 1.1 (P1 + P2) /q l1 l1

Aprov ≥ A Aprov = L × B s
D
L = 2 (m + n) = 2 [m + P2 S/ (P1 + P2)] m n L /2
B = 1.1 (P1 + P2) /(q L)

L
2. Determine soil upward pressure on
footing.
l1 l1
Soil upward pressure in longer
b1 b1 B
direction of footing
= 1.5 (P1 + P2 + Wf ) /L

Soil upward pressure in shorter

direction of footing
= 1.5 P1 /B
or
= 1.5 P2 /B
3. Analyse footing for their responses. Draw BM and SF diagram in longer and shorter
direction of footing due to applied load and soil upward pressure and find maximum
BM, SF at the critical sections of footing.
1.5 P2 / b1
or
L 1.5 P1 / b1

l1 l1
V6
b1 P1 b1 P2 B M4
V5

BM SF
1.5 P2 / B Dia. Dia.
1.5 P1 / l1 1.5 P2 / l1 or
1.5 P1 / B

1.5 (P1 + P2 ) /L

M2

BM dia.
M1 M3

V1 V3
SF dia.
V4
V2
4. Design the section of footing

a. Determine the thickness of footing

 Thickness of footing required to resist the design BM in SRURS is found by
d > dbal = (Mu /Q b)1/2
 Thickness of footing required to resist the one way shear is found by
τv ≤ k τc , where k is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 40.2.1.1)

 Thickness of footing required to resist the two way shear is found by

τv ≤ ks τc , where ks is depth factor (Refer to Cl. 31.6.3.1)
ks = ( 0.5 + βc ) ≤ 1 ; τc =0.25 ( fck )1/2
βc = B/L

Thickness of footing (D) ≥ 150 mm (Refer to Cl. 34.1.2)

b. Find the reinforcement (Ast) required for footing.

Determine Ast at all critical sections of footing in both direction of footing. Find Ast1 for M1, Ast2 for M2, Ast3 for M3
and Ast4 for M4 .

Ast = Mu / 0.87 fy (d – 0.416 xu ) ≥ Ast,min In SRURS

Designed bars are arranged and distributed as in continuous beam in longer direction and as a
cantilever beam in shorter direction.
Shear reinforcement is designed, if footing is not safe for one way
5. Carry out detailing of reinforcement

 Arrange designed bottom bars in central strip of l1 + 1.5 d and Ast,min in outer strips in the
shorter direction of footing.
 Arrange designed bars as in continuous beam in longer direction. Besides the design bars,
provide Ast,min .
 Provide 360 mm2 per meter length in each direction on each face of footing, when the
thickness of footing exceeds 1 m.
 Check development length of reinforcing bars in necessary places as shown figure.

≥ Ast,min ≥ Ld Ast2 ≥ Ld

≥ Ld ≥ Ld
Ast1 Ast3
≥ Ast,min
Arrangement of Reinforcing Bars

l1 + +1.5 d l1 + +1.5 d

B Bottom arrangement
of bars

Top arrangement of
bars
 Combined footing with slab

Footing combined by strap beam

 Raft/Mat Foundation
Raft Foundation – A footing provided for all columns of RC structures

Types of Mat Foundation

Section at A-A / B-B Section at A’-A’ / B’B’

B B’

A A A’ A’

B B’
Mat Foundation with RC Slab Mat Foundation with RC Slab and Beam
 Design of Mat Foundation
(Concept)
Structural behaviour of Mat Foundation depends on the rigidity of soil structure system.

According to the assumption made on the rigidity of soil structure system, there are two
methods of design of Mat Foundation.

1. Rigid Foundation Design Method

In this method, foundation is assumed to be rigid and pressure distribution on soil is
either uniform or linearly varying.
In the design, foundation is divided in to the strips and each strip is treated as combined
footing on rigid supports.

2. Flexible Foundation Design Method

In this method, foundation is analysed and designed considering the foundation as a
beam on elastic supports.
In the design, foundation is divided in to the strips and each strip is treated as combined
footing on flexible supports.

Method 1

Method 2
 Behaviour of raft
foundation under loads
Deformed shape of
slab of footing

Section at A-A

BM Dia.

SF Dia.

Part of Footing (strip) along

longitudinal and transverse direction
Section at B-B
acts like a longitudinal beam as in
combined footing.
Reinforcement of Mat Footing

RC Column
B A

Longitudinal Section at A’- A’ Footing

B A and B’-B’ of Mat Footing

RC Column RC Column

Section at A-A Section at B-B

Mat Foundation with RC Slab
Mat Foundation with RC Slab and Beam
 Introduction to

Earthquake Resistant Design

of Structures

Chapter : Twelve
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
I. Earthquake - Introduction

Earth Structures
and Tectonic Plates

Earth Structures

• Inner Core
• Outer Core
• Mantle
• Crust
Major Tectonic Plates

The surface of earth consists of

seven major tectonic plates .
• North American Plate
• South American Plate
• African Plate
• Indo-Australian Plate
• Eurasian Plate
• Pacific Plate
• Nazca Plate

Nepal lies on Indo-Australian Plate

Movement of Tectonic Plate

Causes of Movements

Convection currents
developed due to the high
temperature (25000c) and
pressure gradients (4
million atmospheres)
between the curst and the
core are the causes of the
movement of tectonic
plate.
 Movement of
Tectonic Plate

Direction of Movements
Movement of tectonic plates may
be in different directions and of
different speeds. Some times, the
plate in the front is slower then
the plate behind it comes and
collide, some time two plate
move away from one another and
some time two plate move side by
side along the direction or in
opposite directions.
 Movement of
Indo-Australian Plate

Nepal, India lies at the

north western end of the
Indo-Australian plate.
This plate is colliding
against the huge Eurasian
plate and going under
the Eurasian plate
Earthquake and Its Causes

E a r t h q u a ke
Earthquake and Its Causes

• During the movement of tectonic plate large elastic

strain energy is stored along the boundaries/fault of
tectonic plates.

• Sudden slip at the fault of tectonic plates releases

stored elastic strain energy and causes earthquake.

• Most of the earthquakes occur along the boundaries

of the tectonic plate.

• Earthquake travels as seismic waves in all directions

through the earth’s layers
Elastic Rebound Theory
Spreading of Seismic Wave
Seismic Waves Earthquake builds different seismic waves
on the earth’s surface , which carry energy
released by the tectonic faults.
Seismic waves are of two types
• Body waves
• Surface waves
• Seismic Waves spread at various instants of time, have
different amplitudes and carry different levels of energy
• The motion of the ground can be described in terms of
displacement, velocity or acceleration.
• The variation of ground acceleration with time i.e.
accelerogram is commonly used to describe the motion
of the ground.
Typical Accelerogram
Consequence of Earthquake

Formation of mountains, hills, rifts

 Destruction of
Manmade Structures
Snow Slide
Land Slide
Eruption of Volcano
Outburst of Glacial Lake
Tsunami
 Assessment of Earthquake
Size and severity of earthquake is assessed by its Magnitude and Intensity.

• Magnitude is an indicator of the size of an earthquake and it is

Magnitude determined by the amount of strain energy released by the fault rupture.
• Magnitude of an earthquake is normally measured by Richter Scale
 • Intensity is an indicator of the severity of shaking generated at a given
location.
Intensity • During the same earthquake, different locations experience different
level of intensity.
• Intensity of an earthquake is normally measured by Modified Mercalli
Intensity scale

Intensity of Light
Modified Mercalli Scale
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
Maximum acceleration experienced by the ground
during shaking is PGA. It is used to quantify the
severity of the ground shaking and is expressed in the
proportion of ‘g’.

Peak ground acceleration for different intensities of shaking

Intensity V VI VII VIII IX X

PGA in the
proportion 0.03 - 0.04 0.06 - 0.07 0.1 - 0.15 0.25 - 0.3 0.5 - 0.55 > 0.60
of ‘g’

Structure are not designed for magnitude of

earthquake but it is designed for particular intensity
of shaking of ground.
 • Seismic Zone Map shows severity of shaking
Seismic Zone Map of ground of different places during
earthquake .
• Most of the places of Nepal lies on fourth and
fifth zone as defined by IS 1893 - 2016
 • Seismic Zone Map gives zone factor of different
places to determine the severity of shaking.

• Zone factor is used to determine the effective

peak ground acceleration required in the design
of structures

Refer to Table 3, IS 1893

Seismic Zone II III IV V

Seismic
Low Moderate Severe Very severe
Intensity

Zone Factor 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

II. Earthquake Resistant Design

Effect of Earthquake on the Structures

Inertia
Inertia Forces in Structure force

In earthquake, base of the

structure moves with
ground, the remaining parts Inertia force
of the structure have
tendency to stay in its
original position.
The tendency of
structure to continue to
remain in the original
position is inertia and it
always exerts inertia
forces in the structure.

Inertia forces are

earthquake forces and
generated at level of the
mass of the structure.
 Force due to Earthquake
Method of Computation of Force due to Earthquake (Refer to Cl. 6.4.3)
• Equivalent Static Method (Elastic Seismic Acceleration Method)
In this method static analysis is carried out and earthquake forces and
responses of structure are determined for acceleration corresponding
to the fundamental mode of vibration.

• Dynamic Analysis Method

In this method dynamic analysis is carried out to determine forces due
to earthquake and responses of structure either for first and higher
modes of vibration or at each instant of time.
In equivalent static method

Feq = Ah × W [Refer to Cl. 6.4.2, IS 1893]

Where,
Ah = Z/2 × I/R × Sa /g

W – Seismic weight
 Behaviour of R C Frame
Structure during Earthquake

Earthquake forces in
RC frame structure
are transferred by
the floor slab to the
walls or columns, to
the foundations and
finally to the soil
systems.
 Rigid Diaphragm Action
During earthquake, earthquake induced forces compel the slab with
beams to move in horizontal direction.

This action distributes earthquake forces to columns and walls and make
the system to bear earthquake forces. Distribution of earthquake forces
will be uniform only when there is no out of plane bending of slab.

Action of slab without out of plane bending is rigid diaphragm action of

slab.

Out of Plane Bending of Slab

Infill Wall Action

When column receive earthquake forces at floor levels,

they try to move in the horizontal direction. But
masonry walls tend to resist this movement. Due to
their heavy weight and thickness, walls also attract
quite large earthquake forces.
 Twisting of Building
Regularity in geometry and mass
If building has irregular geometry of building prevents twisting of
and unbalanced distribution of building and lessen the effect of
mass, earthquake forces tend to earthquake .
twist the building, which induces
more forces in the building.
 Behaviour of building during earthquakes,
critically depends on its size, shape, layout and mass .

Size of structure Shape and horizontal

layout of structure
Shape and vertical layout of structure
[Refer to Cl. 7.1, IS 1893]
Reversal Action of
Earthquake Force

Earthquake shaking
reverses tension and
compression in structural
members.

Reversal action of
earthquake forces arises
necessity of the design of
reinforcement on both
faces of the structural
members
Reversal Action
 Short Column Effect
Column with shorter
length in comparison
with other columns at
same level of floor, makes
it stiffer. So it attracts
more seismic forces and
increases possibility of
failure of column.
Pounding of Building
Beam-Column Joint Bending

• During an earthquake, the beam column joint are subjected

to bending. The action of bending causes, the top bars in
the beam-column joint are pulled in one direction and the
bottom ones in the opposite direction.

• If the column is not wide enough or if the strength of the

concrete in the joint is low, the bars tend to slip inside the
joint region, and beams loose their capacity to carry load.

• Further, under the action of the above pull-push forces at

the top and bottom ends, joints undergo geometric
distortion - one diagonal length of the joint elongates and
the other compresses. If the column cross-sectional size is
insufficient, in the joint develops diagonal cracks or
concrete crushes.
 Beam-Column Joint Bending Diagonal Crack in
Concrete Core

Ground Shaking

Diagonal Tension

Concrete core

Beam Column Joint

Common Failure Patterns in Building due to Earthquake
Earthquake Resistant Design

Should we design the structure earthquake proof ?

or

Should we design the structure to resist that rare

earthquake shaking , which may come only once in 100
years or more?
or
Should we do away with the design of structure for
earthquake effects ?

In all these conditions, structure would be

either too costly or very unsafe.
 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

• Under minor but frequent shaking,

the main members of the structure
that carry vertical and horizontal
forces should not be damaged.

• Under moderate but occasional

shaking, the main members may
sustain repairable damage, while
the other parts of the structure may
be damaged such that they may
even have to be replaced after the
earthquake.

• Under strong but rare shaking, the

main members may sustain severe
damage, but the structure should
not be collapsed
Philosophy of design guides engineers to build the structure such
that
- Structure resists the effects of ground shaking,
although they may get damaged severely but would
not collapse loosing life of the people

- Structure turn out to be economical

These can be achieved only after increasing the capacity of structure to deform
without collapse and designing structure with reasonable safety and economy.

Design of structure to respond earthquake and other

loads achieving reasonable safety and economy in
structure is Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure.
 Earthquake Resistant Design of Building Structures
Strong Column Weak Beam
[Refer to Cl. 7.2, IS 13920]

For a building to remain safe during

earthquake shaking , columns should be ∑Mcolumn = 1.4 ∑Mbeam
stronger than beams and foundations. It
prevents global failure of building

Global failure Local failure

Weak beam Weak column

strong column strong beam Weak column Weak beam
strong beam strong column
Ductile Design and Detailing
Beam-Column Joint Details
• Use large column size to prevent diagonal cracking and crushing
of concrete and slippage of longitudinal bars in the joint region
to ensure good earthquake performance of RC frame buildings.

• In addition, closely spaced closed-loop steel ties are required

around column bars to hold together the concrete in the joint
region and to resist shear forces.

• In exterior joints, where beams terminate at columns,

longitudinal beam bars need to be anchored into the column to
ensure proper gripping of bar in joint.

• In interior joints, the beam bars (both top and bottom) need to
go through the joint without any cut in the joint region.

• Special considerations are needed in the design of shear

reinforcement of beam and column around the beam-column
joint
 Beam Reinforcement
[Refer to Cl. 6, IS 13920]

50 mm max
As ≤ pmax = 0.025
≥ pmin = 0.24√(fck )/fy)
Ld + 10Ø

2d 2d

Sv ≤ d/2 Sv ≤ d/4 or 8Ø
Sv ≤ d/4 or 8Ø

b ≥ Ld ; Sv ≤ 150 mm

Length of Anchorage
6Øv or d D B ≥ 200 mm
≥ 65 mm
b/D ≥ 0.3 Lap Splice in Beam

Beam Cross Section

Shear Reinforcement for Beam
[Refer to Cl. 6.3, IS 13920]

Shear force to be resisted by the vertical stirrups shall be the maximum of

• Design SF
• SF due to formation of plastic hinges at both ends of the beam plus the factored
gravity load on the span

Vu,a Vu,b
Sway to right

Vu,a Vu,b
Sway to left

1.2(D+L)

A B
LAB
 Column Reinforcement
Confining reinforcement [Refer to Cl. 7/8, IS 13920]
of column at lo from both l0
face of beam

Confining reinforcement l0
at the joint of column ≥hc/4 Cross section
and beam of column
As per splice
hc
requirement

Confining reinforcement
at the joint of column
• Lateral dimension of
and beam the member
Length of Anchorage
l0 ≥ • 1/6th of the hc 6Øv or
• 450 mm
≥ 65 mm Cross tie when
size ≥ 300mm

Size of column ≥ 300mm

l0 Or ≥ 20 times the diameter
of longitudinal bar of beam
 Shear Reinforcement for Column
[Refer to Cl. 7.5, IS 13920]

Shear force to be resisted by the lateral tie shall be the maximum of

• Design SF
• SF due to formation of plastic hinges at both ends of the
beam
 Special Confining
Column and Footing Joint Reinforcement
≥300 mm

Isolated Footing

Configuration and Profile of Structure

Balanced distribution of stiffness and mass of the structure gives
good configuration of structure, which always promotes good
seismic resistant behaviour.

If we commence with a good configuration and reasonable framing system,

even a poor engineer cannot harm its ultimate performance too much.
Henry Degenkolb, Earthquake Engineer
 Considerations in Ductile Design of RC Structures

In ductile design, special attention should be given for

 Anchorages of longitudinal and shear reinforcement
 Confinement of concrete at the joint of column and beam and column and
footing
 Shear reinforcement provided just above /below the column and just right
/left of beam from beam column joint
 Splices of reinforcement
 Sizes of beams, columns and slab
 Amount of steel reinforcement
 Lateral tie of column
 Geometry and mass distribution in horizontal and vertical plane of structure
 Code for Earthquake Resistant Design
IS 1893 - 2016 Part I
Indian standard criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures
BIS Headquarter
IS 4326 - 1993
Indian standard code of practice for earthquake
resistant design and construction of buildings

IS 13827 - 1993
Indian standard guidelines for improving
earthquake resistance of earthen buildings

IS 13828 -1993
Indian standard guidelines for improving
earthquake resistance of low strength masonry
buildings
IS 13920 - 2016
Indian standard code of practice for ductile
detailing of RC structures subjected to seismic
forces
 Introduction
to
Working Stress Design Method

Chapter : Two
Design of reinforced concrete structure
Basic Assumptions/Principle of WSDM

In WSDM, it is assumed that

 The structure behaves elastically throughout the

service period under working loads.
 The deformations of structure/structural member due
to applied load is small and load - deformation
relationship is linear.

In this method, structures are analysed for worst

combination of service loads and the sizes of structural
members are proportioned for the permissible stresses of
materials.
Working Load and Permissible Stress in Concrete and Steel Bar

Working/Service load
Load expected to act on the structure during its service life is working/service load.
Working load is determined according to its characteristic value. Characteristic value
of load is based on the statistical data and has 95% probability of not being
exceeded during the life time of the structure.
Loads calculated on the basis of IS 875 and IS 1893 are considered as working loads

Permissible stress/Working stress [Refer to B - 2]

Maximum stress that is permitted to be experienced in the structural member/
structure under service/working load is permissible stress.
The permissible stress of material are some fraction of the failure stress of the
material in which material is expected to behave elastically.
For RC design, permissible stresses of concrete and steel bars are taken as
specified in IS 456 : 2000.
 Behaviour of Beam under Loading

 When beam is subjected to transverse load, it bends causing compression at the top and
tension at the bottom of beam.

 When load is small, bending stresses in the fibres of beam are within permissible limits/elastic
limits.

 As the load increases, tensile bending stress in concrete reaches to its cracking strength causing
cracks in tension side of beam. At the stage, concrete in tension share very little load.

 Increase in load may cause the top compression fibre of concrete to yield prior to yielding of
tension bars and leads to compression (brittle)failure. It occurs, when beam is over-reinforced.

 Increase in load may cause the tension bars to yield prior to yielding of concrete fibre in
compression and leads to tension (ductile)failure. It occurs, when beam is under–reinforced.

 It may be possible that the beam may fail due to yielding of steel and crushing of concrete
simultaneously. It occurs in balanced section of beam.
 Cross section Bending stress
of beam diagram
Bending stress distribution across
σcb the depth of beam under Loading
x

D d

Neutral
Axis σtb
D – Overall depth of beam
σcb = σcbc d – Effective depth of beam
x = xbal x – Depth of neutral axis
Balanced xbal – Depth of balanced section
Section σcb – Bending stress in concrete in
compression
σs = σst σtb – Bending stress in concrete in tension
σcbc – Permissible bending stress in concrete
σcb < σcbc in compression
x < xbal σs – Tensile stress in steel bar
Under-reinforced
Section σst – Permissible tensile stress in steel bar

σs = σst

σcb = σcbc

x > xbal
Over-reinforced
Section

σs < σst
 Types of RC Beam
RC beam may be of rectangular or flanged section and these sections may be of singly or doubly reinforced .

Rectangular Section Flanged Section

Singly
Reinforced Section Tension Steel

Compression Steel

Doubly
Reinforced Section Tension Steel
Design of singly reinforced rectangular beam

Basic assumptions in the design of beam [Refer to B - 1.3]

1. Section of beam remains plain after bending

2. Concrete section in tension of beam does not share any load

3. Stress – strain relationship of steel and concrete is linear under

working loads

4. Modular ratio (m) in RC beam is

- 280/3σcbc in tension case

- 1.5 × 280/3σcbc in compression case

 Design of singly reinforced rectangular beam
b b σcb
ec
x /3
C
x
Neutral Axis
D d
d – x /3

m Ast T
es σs / m
Ast
Cross section Strain Equivalent concrete Bending Stress
of beam Diagram section of beam Diagram

For equilibrium of beam section

𝐶=𝑇 Where,
𝜎 𝜎𝑠 C – Compressive force offered by concrete
𝑜𝑟, 𝑏𝑥 × 𝑐𝑏 2 = × 𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡 T – Tensile force offered by tension steel
𝑚
𝜎 𝑑−𝑥 ec – Strain in extreme compression fibre of concrete
𝑜𝑟, 𝑏𝑥 × 𝑐𝑏 2 = 𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏 𝐴𝑠𝑡 es – Strain in tension steel
𝑥
𝐴𝑠𝑡 Ast – Sectional area of tension steel
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑑 ; 𝑝 = k – Neutral axis depth factor
𝑏𝑑 p – Portion of area of tension steel
𝟏
𝒌= 𝒎𝟐 𝒑𝟐 + 𝟐𝒎𝒑 𝟐
− 𝒎𝒑
𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (M.R.)
𝜎
𝑀. 𝑅. = 𝑀 = 𝐶 × 𝑑 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑏𝑥 × 𝑐𝑏 2 × 𝑑 − 𝑥 3
𝑏
= 𝜎𝑐𝑏 𝑘𝑑 2 1 − 𝑘 3
2
Similarly
𝑀. 𝑅. = 𝑀 = 𝑇 × 𝑑 − 𝑥 3 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 𝜎𝑠 × 𝑑 1 − 𝑘 3

𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍

𝑀
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
𝜎𝑠 𝑑 1 − 𝑘 3

From bending stress diagram of balanced section of beam, we found

𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝜎𝑠𝑡
=
𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑑 𝑚 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑑

280
→ 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 =
280 + 3𝜎𝑠𝑡

When, 𝑘 = 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝑘 > 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝑘 < 𝑘𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
 Information/Instructions for Online Exam

of Design of RC Structures

1. Google platform will be used to conduct online exam.

2. Questions for online exam will be sent to individual student via group mail
domain prior to exam.
3. Question will be in pdf format.
4. Exam will start and end strictly in specified time.
5. After the exam, extra 45 minutes will be given to send the answer sheet.

6. It is suggested to students to read questions carefully and give only the

answers, which have been asked for.

7. There are two sets of questions on the basis of students’ R.N. Choose your
set as specified in question paper and give answer.

8. Answers should be in hand written form.

9. Send answer sheet in pdf format to nabin.sharma@pcampus.edu.np

10. Clearly mention R.N. and name in answer sheet.

11. For any query, student can use chat box of Google Meet

12. During the whole period of exam, students should be appeared in video of
Google Meet.

13. During the whole period of exam, students should stop audio.