Study of fluid flow
➢ Without considering basic cause of flow
Kinematics of fluid flow
➢ With consideration of basic cause that is force
Dynamics of fluid flow
In study of fluid flow, we estimate
1. Velocity at any point is a fluid flow at any time → 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡).
2. Once velocity known, then the pressure distribution.
Approaches
Approaches Finite control volume fixed in
space with the fluid moving
through it.
Finite control volume moving
with the fluid such that the same
fluid particles are always in the
same control volume.
Infinitesimal fluid element
fixed in space with the fluid
moving through it.
Infinitesimal fluid element
moving along a streamline with
the velocity V equal to the local
flow velocity at each point.
Approaches
Approaches
Space (control volume) is moving, (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
1. Lagrangian Method: This is particle concentration
approach, where motion of a every particle in the
domain is analysed individually. Therefore the time
consumption in this approach is high.
Ex: Finite element method (FEM): used for the
study of solid mechanics.
2. Eulerian Method: This method is space concentration
method that means the entire concentration is on a
particular space. All the fluid particles passing through
that space are analysed at same moment therefore the Space (control volume) is fixed, (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
time consumption in this approach is comparatively less.
Ex: Finite difference method(FDM) and Finite
Volume Method(FVM): used for fluids flow (CFD:
computational fluid dynamics)
Different types of flows
1. Steady and unsteady flows: When the properties (density, velocity, pressure, temperature,
etc.) in the fluid flow are not changing with respect to time such a flow will be known as
steady flow reverse is unsteady flow.
𝑅 ⇒ 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑑𝑅
Steady State: ቤ =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑑𝑅
Unsteady State: ቤ ≠0
𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
Different types of flows
1. Steady and unsteady flows: 𝑅 ⇒ 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
Different types of flows
2. Uniform flows and non-uniform flows: If the properties are not changing w.r.t space at a
particular time than such a flow is known as uniform flow.
𝑅 ⇒ 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑑𝑅
Uniform flows: ቤ =0
𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑅
ቤ ≠0
Non-uniform flows: 𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Different types of flows
3. Irrotational flows and rotational flows: In a flow if particles are not rotating w.r.t. their
own centre of masses than such a flow is known as irrotational flow. Along with the flow if
the particles are also rotating w.r.t. their own centre of masses, such a flow is known as
rotational flow.
Velocity Velocity
Irrotational flows Rotational flows
Different types of flows
4. Incompressible and compressible flows: In a flow if density is not changing w.r.t. pressure
such a flow is known as incompressible flow.
𝜕𝜌 Compressible flow
ቤ =0
𝜕𝑃
Incompressible: 𝑀𝑎 < 0.3
Compressible: 𝑀𝑎 ≥ 0.3
Different types of flows
5. Laminar and Turbulent flows: If all fluid particles lies in a same horizontal plane are having
their velocity component in same direction, then these particles will form the layer and
the particle from the adjacent layer will not intermix. Such a well-organized flow of fluid
particles in the laminated form of the layer is known as laminar flow. This flow is also
known as streamlined flow.
If all fluid particles lies in a same horizontal plane are having their velocity component in
different directions, then these particles in the adjacent layer will intermix. Because of
the huge intermixing there will be huge energy loss in the flow. Such a chaotic flow of the
fluid particles is known as turbulent flows.
Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Aim: Obtain flow characteristics in a domain
Velocity 𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
Pressure P= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
Density P= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
What we know?
1. Mass is conserved
2. Momentum is conserved
Mass is conserved: 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡)
Mass store
Equation: 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ Mass input
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
Mass out
𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
To use this eq`n, we
have to consider the
components of velocity
in a, y, and z direction. Control volume
𝑚:
ሶ is mass flow rate in kg/s
Mass is conserved Equation: 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ
For x-direction: z (k)
𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
→ → → → → → dx
→ → → → →
→ → → → → → → → → →
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→ →
→ →
→
→
→ →
→
→ 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → → → → → →
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → → → → → → → → →
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
dz
→
→
→
→ →
→ →
→ →
→ →
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
→
X (i)
→ → → → → → →
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → → → → → → → → →
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → → dy → → → →
→ → → → → → → → →
Y (j)
Velocity field : 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤 𝑘
Mass is conserved Equation: 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ
For x-direction:
z (k)
Taylor series: 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝑓 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
= 𝑓 𝑥0 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 2 𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 3 X (i)
+ + +⋯
2! 3!
Y (j)
𝑓(𝑥0 ) 𝑓(𝑥)
0
𝑥0 𝛿𝑥 = (𝑥0 − 𝑥) 𝑥
Mass is conserved Equation: 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ
For x-direction:
z (k)
From Taylor series: 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝜕 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝛿𝑥 2 𝜕 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝛿𝑥 3 X (i)
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ + 𝛿𝑥 + 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2! 𝜕𝑥 3 3!
+⋯
Y (j)
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
0
𝑥0 𝛿𝑥 = (𝑥0 − 𝑥) 𝑥
Mass is conserved Equation: 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ
For x-direction:
z (k)
From Taylor series: 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝜕 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝛿𝑥 2 𝜕 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝛿𝑥 3 X (i)
= 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ + 𝛿𝑥 + 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2! 𝜕𝑥 3 3!
+⋯
Y (j)
After neglecting higher order terms
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ
𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ + 𝛿𝑥
𝜕𝑥
Mass is conserved
For x-direction:
z (k)
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ
dz 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ + 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ
𝜕𝑥 dy
X (i)
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ
− 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ Y (j)
𝜕𝑥
ሶ = 𝝆𝒇 𝒅𝑽 = 𝝆 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒖
𝒎𝒊𝒏
Mass is conserved
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ z (k)
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ dz 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ + 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ
𝜕𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
dy
X (i)
LHS for x-direction:
𝜕𝝆 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒖
− 𝛿𝑥 Y (j)
𝜕𝑥
by considering 𝛿𝑥 ≈ 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝝆𝒖
− 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑥
Mass is conserved
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ z (k)
Similarly y, and z direction components dz 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝜕𝝆𝒗 𝜕𝝆𝒘 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
of LHS are: − 𝑑𝑉 and − 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
dy
X (i)
Adding all the components and equating
it with RHS: Y (j)
𝜕𝝆𝒖 𝜕𝝆𝒗 𝜕𝝆𝒘 𝝏𝝆 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒙
− 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑑𝑉 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝝆 𝜕𝝆𝒖 𝜕𝝆𝒗 𝜕𝝆𝒘
−
𝜕𝝆𝒖
−
𝜕𝝆𝒗
−
𝜕𝝆𝒘
=
𝝏𝝆 + + + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Mass is conserved
𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡 ሶ z (k)
Continuity equation:
dz 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝝏𝝆 𝜕𝝆𝒖 𝜕𝝆𝒗 𝜕𝝆𝒘
+ + + =0 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
𝝏𝒕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 dy
X (i)
➢ Most general continuity of mass
conservation equation, since we have not
taken any assumptions, apart from Y (j)
continuum.
➢ This is the only equation which indicates
whether the flow is possible or not.
Mass is conserved
𝝏𝝆 𝜕𝝆𝒖 𝜕𝝆𝒗 𝜕𝝆𝒘 z (k)
+ + + =0
𝝏𝒕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
dz 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
Assumptions: 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
𝑑𝑅 𝜕𝝆𝒖 𝜕𝝆𝒗 𝜕𝝆𝒘
1. Steady state: =0⇒ + + =0 dy
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 X (i)
2. Steady state and incompressible[𝜌 =
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡]:
𝜕𝒖
+
𝜕𝒗
+
𝜕𝒘
= 0 ⇒ ∇. 𝑉 = 0 Y (j)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝒖 𝜕𝒗
1. Two dimensional: ⇒ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Mass conservation or continuity equation (one dimensional flow)
Assumption: Steady state and incompressible
𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ − 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ = 𝑚𝑠𝑡
ሶ =0
𝜕𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
=0
𝜕𝑥 x
A = cross-sectional Area
r = radius of pipe
𝜕𝜌𝐴 𝑢 x = direction of flow
=0 u = mean velocity in x-direction
𝜕𝑥
Integration will give
𝜌𝐴𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
⇒ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 − 𝐷
Mass conservation or continuity equation (one dimensional flow)
Assumption: Steady state and incompressible 1
2 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
𝐴𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ
x
Application of continuity A = cross-sectional Area
equation: r = radius of pipe
x = direction of flow
𝐴1 𝑢1 = 𝐴2 𝑢2 u = mean velocity in x-direction
Streamline 𝑉direction
It is an imaginary lines drawn in a flow field such
that tangent drawn at any point on this line
directly represents the direction of velocity
vector of the fluid particle at that point.
➢ Streamlines in a domain are infinite in
number, but they never intersect with each
other. Streamlines
Equation of streamline 𝑦
𝑉 : Shows only direction not magnitude 𝑉
𝑑𝑟 : Vector along streamline
𝑑𝑟
𝑟Ԧ
𝑉 = 𝑢 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘;
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘; 𝑧 𝑥
Streamline 𝑦
Equation of streamline 𝑉
Streamlines
𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘;
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘; 𝑟Ԧ
What we know here? 𝑧 𝑥
Angle between both vector is zero.
𝑑𝑟 × 𝑉 = 0; (Cross product, 𝜃 = 0; sin 𝜃 = 0)
𝑖Ƹ 𝑖Ƹ 𝑖Ƹ
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
⇒ 𝑖Ƹ 𝑤𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑑𝑧 − 𝑗Ƹ 𝑤𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢𝑑𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢𝑑𝑦 = 0
Streamline 𝑦
Equation of streamline 𝑉
Streamlines
𝑖Ƹ 𝑤𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑑𝑧 − 𝑗Ƹ 𝑤𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢𝑑𝑧 + 𝑘 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑟
𝑟Ԧ
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= ; = ; = ;
𝑣 𝑤 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 𝑣 𝑧 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 Equation of streamline
➢ Zero velocity perpendicular to streamlines, hence no flow of fluid across
any streamline.
Streamline
Q. A 2-D steady-state flow, given by 𝑉 = 3𝑥𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑦𝑗.Ƹ Find the equation of streamline which is
passing through (1,1).
Streamline
Q. A 2-D steady-state flow, given by 𝑉 = 3𝑥𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑦𝑗.Ƹ Find the equation of streamline which is
passing through (1,1).
Streamline
Q. A 2-D steady-state flow, given by 𝑉 = 3𝑥𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑦𝑗.Ƹ Find the equation of streamline which is
passing through (1,1).
Path line
It is actual motion traced by the fluid particle
Streak line
This line represents the position of different fluid particle. It is locus of
the different fluid particle which passing through the same point
Path line
Streak line
➢If flow is steady state all the three lines (Stream, Path and Streak) are same.
Note on the applications of each in the real world
1. Streamlines
• Aerodynamics and Vehicle Design: Streamlines are used to analyze fluid flow around a rigid body (cars, airplanes, ships).
This analysis helps reduce drag and improve efficiency and stability.
• Wind Tunnel Testing: In wind tunnel experiments, streamlines are visualized to study the aerodynamic properties of
objects. This is crucial for developing high-performance sports equipment, buildings, and bridges to ensure they can
withstand wind loads.
• Weather Forecasting: Streamlines are used to visualize the flow of air masses in the atmosphere, helping meteorologists
understand and predict weather patterns, such as the formation of storms or the spread of pollutants.
2. Streak Lines
• Pollution Tracking: Streak lines track the movement of pollutants in air or water. This is critical for environmental
monitoring and in designing strategies for pollution control.
• Mixing Processes: In chemical and process engineering, streak lines can illustrate how materials mix in reactors or other
mixing devices. This helps in optimizing mixing for uniform product quality.
• Medical Diagnostics and Research: In medical research, streak lines can visualize blood flow in arteries and veins,
assisting in diagnosing and studying cardiovascular diseases.
3. Path Lines
• Blood Flow Analysis: Path lines are used in medical imaging techniques to analyze blood flow patterns in the human
body, helping diagnose and treat circulatory system disorders.
• Oceanography: Path lines help study ocean currents, including tracking the movement of water masses, pollutants, or
marine life over time. This information is essential for understanding climate change, marine ecosystems, and navigation.
• Atmospheric Science: Path lines can illustrate the trajectory of air parcels in the atmosphere, aiding in the study of air
pollution dispersion, the formation of weather systems, and climate modeling.
Acceleration of fluid particle
In 3-D space 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 ;
𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 ;
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 ;
Δ𝑉 Δ𝑉 𝑑𝑉
Acceleration 𝑎Ԧ = ; if Δt → 0 lim =
Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡→0 Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑎Ԧ = d𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑡 𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽
𝑎Ԧ = + + + 𝑎Ԧ = 𝒖+ 𝒗+ 𝒘+
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
Acceleration of fluid particle
In 3-D space 𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘
𝑑𝑉 𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ = 𝒖+ 𝒗+ 𝒘+
𝑑𝑡 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
Convective Acceleration 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝑎𝑥 = 𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
Temporal/local Acceleration
𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗
𝑎𝑦 = 𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘
𝑎𝑧 = 𝒖 +𝒗 +𝒘 + 𝑎 = (𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑎𝑧2 )
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒕
Acceleration of fluid particle: physical meaning
1. Flow through uniform diameter straight pipe
𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
Assumption: 1-D flow.
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝑎𝑥 = 𝒖 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕 1 2
x
Cross sectional area is constant,
therefore velocity is also constant 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
w.r.t. space. 𝐴1 = 𝐴2
⇒ 𝑉1 = 𝑉2
➢ Convective acceleration =0
𝑑𝑢
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡
Acceleration of fluid particle: physical meaning
1. Flow through uniform diameter straight pipe
Assumption: 1-D flow.
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝑎𝑥 = 𝒖 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕
Cross sectional area is constant,
therefore velocity is also constant
w.r.t. space.
➢ Convective acceleration =0
𝑑𝑢
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 =
𝑑𝑡
Acceleration of fluid particle: physical meaning
1. Flow through uniform diameter straight pipe
Assumption: 1-D flow.
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝑎𝑥 = 𝒖 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕
Cross sectional area is constant,
therefore velocity is also constant
w.r.t. space.
➢ Convective acceleration =0 By making ℎ1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑢
𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 = =0
𝑑𝑡
Acceleration of fluid particle: physical meaning
1. Flow through non-uniform diameter straight pipe 1
2 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑥
ሶ
Assumption: 1-D flow.
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝑎𝑥 = 𝒖 +
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕 𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝑥
ሶ 1 2 3
x
Cross sectional area is varying, A = cross-sectional Area
therefore velocity is also constant w.r.t. 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 r = radius of pipe
x = direction of flow
space. u = mean velocity in x-direction
➢ Convective acceleration ≠ 0
➢ If ℎ = 𝑓 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐. ≠ 0
➢ If ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐. = 0
Velocity is varying with space ‘x’.
Acceleration of fluid particle: physical meaning (Radial or
Normal Acc.)
1. Flow through curved pipe
Coordinate system here is (𝑟, 𝜃)
Assumption: 1-D flow in 𝜃- direction. (Tangential
Acc.)
𝝏𝒖𝒓 𝒖𝜽 𝝏𝒖𝒓 𝒖𝟐𝜽 𝝏𝒖𝒓
𝑎𝑟 = 𝒖𝒓 + − +
𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝒓 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝒖𝜃 𝒖𝜽 𝝏𝒖𝜃 𝒖𝒓 𝒖𝜃 𝝏𝒖𝜽
𝑎𝜃 = 𝒖𝒓 + − + A = cross-sectional Area
𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝒓 𝝏𝒕
u = mean velocity in x-direction
➢ If ℎ = 𝑓 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐. ≠ 0 ≠ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐. 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
➢ If ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐. = 0 ⇒ 𝒓= 𝜽 = 𝟎
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
➢ Convective normal acc. ≠ 0
𝐼𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)
➢ Convective tangential acc. ≠ 0
➢ Convective normal acc. ≠ 0
𝐼𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷 ≠ 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃)
➢ Convective tangential acc. = 0
Q. For given pipe dimensional flow rate 𝑄𝑜 𝑚3 /𝑠. Find acceleration at the exit of pipe?
Q. For given pipe dimensional flow rate 𝑄𝑜 𝑚3 /𝑠. Find acceleration at the exit of pipe?
Rotational component in the flow
Rotational component in the flow
𝜕𝑢 𝑥′
𝑢+ 𝑑𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛼
𝑢. 𝑑𝑡
Rotational component in the flow 𝑢+
𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑥′
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝛼
𝑢. 𝑑𝑡
Rotational component in the flow
𝑦′
𝑑𝛽
𝜕𝑣
𝑣+ 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑥
v. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
Rotational component in the flow
Angular velocity of fluid particle w.r.t. its own centre of mass
Convention: Anti-clockwise is positive
𝝏𝜶 𝝏𝜷
+ rotation and clockwise is negative rotation
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝝎𝒛 =
𝟐
𝟏 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
𝝎𝒛 = − ⇒ Angular velocity about z axis.
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Rotational component in the flow
Angular velocity about z axis.
𝟏 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝜔𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝝎𝒛 = − ⇒ 𝜔𝑧 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
➢Rotation is only due to viscosity (shear stress) because only viscosity can
cause difference in velocity. In case of Ideal fluid always irrotational.
Rotational component in the flow
In 3 − 𝐷 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
1
𝜔 = ∇×𝑉
2
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤
1 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
= 𝑖 − −𝒋 − +𝒌 −
2 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝜔𝑥 𝜔𝑦 𝜔𝑧
Rotational component in the flow
In 3 − 𝐷 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
1 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
= 𝑖 − −𝒋 − +𝒌 −
2 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝜔𝑥 𝜔𝑦 𝜔𝑧
1. If 𝜔𝑥 = 𝜔𝑦 = 𝜔𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
2. If any one of them is not equal to zero rotational.
Rotational component in the flow: Vorticity
1. The double of angular velocity is known as vorticity. Vorticity: 𝟐𝝎 = (𝜵 × 𝑽)
2. Basically it is relative angular velocity between pair of two particles.
# Circulation 𝜞
It is define as the line integral of velocity vector taken along closed loop.
𝛤 = ර 𝑉. 𝑑𝑟
Rotational component in the flow: Circulation 𝜞
𝛤 = ර 𝑉. 𝑑𝑟
Rotational component in the flow: Circulation 𝜞
𝛤 = ර 𝑉. 𝑑𝑟
Velocity potential function (Potential function) 𝝓
This function is defined as a function of space and time in such a way that the
negative derivative of this function w.r.t. space directly gives velocity in that
direction.
𝑉 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘 = −∇ . 𝜙 𝜙 = 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑢 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘 = − 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘 . 𝜙
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘 = − 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑢=− 𝑣=− 𝑤=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Velocity potential function (Potential function) 𝝓
Boundation on potential function 𝝓:
2-D incompressible flows: 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑢=− 𝑣=−
+ =0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝜙 𝜕 𝜕𝜙
− + − =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝜙 𝜕2𝜙
2
+ 2
=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜵𝟐 𝝓 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Velocity potential function (Potential function) 𝝓
Boundation on potential function 𝝓:
2-D incompressible flows:
𝜵𝟐 𝝓 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝜙 should satisfy 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑦
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Physical significance of 𝝓
𝟏 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏𝝓 𝝏 𝝏𝝓
𝝎𝒛 = − = − − −
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝝓 𝝏𝟐 𝝓
= − + =𝟎 ⇒ Irrotational
𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
➢ 𝝓 only exists in irrotational flows (or regions where viscosity effects are
negligible)
Velocity potential function (Potential function) 𝝓
Equation of equipotential line (𝝓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕):
It is the line joining the points having same potential function values in an irrotational flow.
In 2-D flows:-
𝑑𝜙 = 0
𝜙 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
d𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
−𝑢 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑢
= − ⇒ Slope of equipotential line
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
Stream function 𝜓
• Exist only for 2-D not in 3-D
• In general this function is defined in 2-D flow as a function of space and time in such a way
that continuity equation is satisfied and flow is possible.
𝝏𝝍 𝝏𝝍
= −𝒖 ; =𝒗
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
Continuity equation
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕𝜓 𝜕 𝜕𝜓
− + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓
+ =0
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
Stream function 𝜓
• Exist only for 2-D not in 3-D. 𝝏𝝍 𝝏𝝍
• 𝜓 exist in rotational as well as irrotational flow.
= −𝒖 ; =𝒗
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝟏 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏 𝝏𝝍 𝝏 𝝏𝝍
𝝎𝒛 = − = − −
𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
𝟏
= 𝛁𝟐 𝝍
𝟐
1. If 𝜓 satisfy Laplace equation, 𝛁𝟐 𝝍 = 𝟎, then 𝜔𝑧 = 0 ⇒ Irrotational flow.
2. If 𝜓 does not satisfy Laplace equation, 𝛁𝟐 𝝍 ≠ 𝟎, then 𝜔𝑧 ≠ 0 ⇒ Rotational flow.
Stream function 𝜓
Equation of equi-stream line (𝝍 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕):
It is the line joining the points having same stream function values in an irrotational flow. In
2-D flows:-
𝑑𝜓 = 0
𝜓 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
d𝜓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑣
= ⇒ Slope of equi-streamline
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
Stream function 𝜓
In irrotational 2-D flows both 𝜙 and 𝜓 exist.
𝑑𝑦 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣
ቤ =− ቤ =
𝑑𝑥 𝜙=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝜓=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ቤ × ቤ = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝜙=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝜓=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
It means in irrotational flows equipotential lines and stream lines
always orthogonal to each other
Stream function 𝜓
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
ቤ × ቤ = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝜙=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝜓=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Stream function 𝜓
In irrotational 2-D flows both 𝜙 and 𝜓 exist.
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜓
𝑢=− =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜓
𝑣=− =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Cauchy-Rieman equation (irrotational flow)
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜙
= =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Stream function 𝜓
Physical significance of stream function is, it
calculate discharge (𝑄𝑚3 /𝑠) easily
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
d𝜓 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜓
d𝜓 = 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑢𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
2
න −d𝜓 = 𝑢𝑑𝑦
1
