Chapter 9

Gas Power Cycle

Content
• Power Cycle
• Carnot Cycle
• Air Standard Cycle
• Reciprocating engine
• Otto Cycle
• Diesel Cycle
• Stirling and Ericsson Cycle
• Brayton Cycle
• Jet Propulsion Cycle
Power Cycle
 Ideal Cycles

Thermal efficiency of heat engines

Wnet wnet
th = or th =
Qin q in

ideal cycle  totally reversible cycle

Carnot cycle = totally eversible cycle
Modeling through Idealization
Idealization and Property Diagram of Ideal Cycles
Carnot Cycle
 Operation of Carnot Cycle P-v and T-s diagrams of a Carnot cycle.

A steady-flow Carnot engine. A reciprocating Carnot engine.

TL
th,Carnot = 1 −
TH
Derivation of the Efficiency of the Carnot Cycle

qin = TH ( s2 − s1 )
qout = TL ( s3 − s4 ) = TL ( s2 − s1 )

s2 = s3 and s4 = s1

wnet qout TL ( s2 − s1 ) TL
 th = = 1− = 1− = 1−
q in qin TH ( s2 − s1 ) TH
Air Standard Cycle
Air-standard Assumptions

The combustion process is replaced by

a heat-addition process in ideal cycles.
 Overview of Reciprocating Engines
Vmax VBDC
r= = Compression ratio
Vmin VTDC
Nomenclature for reciprocating Displacement and clearance
engines. volumes of a reciprocating engine.
Mean Effective Pressure of Reciprocating Engine

WNet = MEP × Displacement volume

Wnet wnet
MEP = = ( kPa )
Vmax − Vmin v max − v min
Otto Cycle
Gasoline Engine and Otto Cycle
T-s Diagram of Otto Cycle

1-2 Isentropic compression

2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
dT dv
ds = Cv + ;
T v
ln T = s / Cv
T = e s / Cv
 Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle
wnet qout
 th,Otto = = 1−
qin qin
qin = u3 − u2 = cv (T3 − T2 ) qout = u4 − u1 = cv (T4 − T1 )

T4 − T1 T1 (T4 / T1 − 1)
 th,Otto = 1 − = 1−
T3 − T2 T2 (T3 / T2 − 1)
k −1 k −1
T1  v 2   v3  T4 T4 T3
=  =  = =
T2  v1   v4  T3 T1 T2

T1 1 1
 th,Otto = 1 − = 1 − k −1  th,Otto = 1 −
T2  v1  r k −1
 
 v2 
Thermal Efficiency of Gasoline Engines
1
 th,Otto = 1 −
r k −1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoignition_temperature
Diesel Cycle
Ideal Cycle for Compression-ignition Engines

In diesel engines, the spark plug is

replaced by a fuel injector, and only
air is compressed during the
compression process.
 P-v and T-s Diagrams for Diesel Cycle

1-2 isentropic compression

2-3 constant-volume heat addition
3-4 isentropic expansion
Otto cycle P-v diagram 4-1 constant-volume heat rejection.
 Derivation of Thermal Efficiency of Diesel Cycle
qin − wb,out = u3 − u2 → qin = P2 (v3 − v 2 ) + ( u3 − u2 ) qout = u4 − u1 = cv (T4 − T1 )
= h3 − h2 = c p (T3 − T2 )

wnet qout T4 − T1 T1 (T4 T1 − 1)

 th,Diesel = = 1− = 1− = 1− PV
3 3 PV
= 2 2 where P3 = P2
qin qin k (T3 − T2 ) kT2 (T3 T2 − 1) T3 T2
T3 V3
= = rc
T2 V2 Cutoff ratio
PV PV
4 4
= 1 1 where V4 = V1
T4 T1
T4 P4
= PV
1 1
k
= PV
2 2
k
and PV
4 4
k
= PV
3 3
k
T1 P1
Thermal Efficiency of Diesel Cycle

1 T1 (T4 / T1 − 1)
 th , Diesel = 1 −
k T2 (T3 / T2 − 1)
1 T1 rck − 1
= 1−
k T2 (rc − 1)
1 rck − 1
= 1−
r k −1 k (rc − 1)

1  rc − 1 
k

 th,Diesel = 1 − k −1  
r  k ( rc − 1)  th,Otto  th,Diesel
  for the same compression ratio
Stirling and Ericsson Cycle
 Thermal Efficiency of Stirling and Ericsson Cycles
TL
th,Stirling = th,Ericsson =  th,Carnot = 1−
TH

The execution of the Stirling cycle. The execution of the Ericsson cycle.
Regeneration of Waste Heat
T-s and P-v diagrams of Carnot, Stirling, and Ericsson cycles
Brayton Cycle
 Ideal Cycle for Gas Turbine Engine
An open-cycle gas-turbine engine. A closed-cycle gas-turbine engine.
T-s and P-v Diagrams of Brayton Cycle
 Thermal Efficiency of Brayton Cycle
wnet qout
 th,Brayton = = 1−
qin qin

qin = h3 − h2 = cp (T3 − T2 ) qout = h4 − h1 = cp (T4 − T1 )

c p (T4 − T1 ) T1 (T4 T1 − 1) T1
 th,Brayton = 1 − = 1− = 1−
c p (T3 − T2 ) T2 (T3 T2 − 1) T2

( k −1) k ( k −1) k
T2  P2   P3  T3 T2 T3 T4 T3
=  =  = → = → =
T1  P1   P4  T4 T1 T4 T1 T2
1 P2
th,Brayton = 1 − ( k −1) k
Pressure ratio rp =
rp P1
More Efficient Brayton Cycle

280 0.60

260 0.55

240 0.50
0.45
220
0.40

w net kJ/kg

th,Brayton
200 T1 = 22C
0.35
180 P1 = 95 kPa
T3 = 1100 K 0.30
160 t = c = 100% 0.25
140 0.20
rp,max
120 0.15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Pratio

k  2( k −1) 
rp = (Tmax Tmin )
 Development of Gas Turbines
wnet = wturb − wcomp
= C p (T3 − T4 ) − C p (T2 − T1 )
= C p T3 (1 − T4 / T3 ) − C p T1 (T2 / T1 − 1)
1 ( k −1)/ k
= C p T3 (1 − ( k −1)/ k
) − C p T1 (rp − 1)
rp
k /( k −1)
T  dwnet
rp = 1 and rp =  3  =0
 T1  drp
1
This is easier to do if we let X = rp (k-1)/k wnet = Cp T3 (1 − ) − Cp T1 ( X − 1)
X
dwnet
= Cp T3[0 − ( −1) X −2 ] − Cp T1[1 − 0] = 0 Solving for X
dX
k  2( k −1) 
rp = (Tmax Tmin )
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from
Idealized Ones

ws h2 s − h1
c = 
wa h2 a − h1

wa h3 − h4 a
T = 
ws h3 − h4 s
Regenerative Brayton Cycle

A gas-turbine engine with T-s diagram of a Brayton cycle

regenerator. with regeneration.
 Thermal Efficiency Increase by Regeneration

qregan,act = h5 − h2 qregan,max = h5' − h2 = h4 − h2 T-s diagram of a Brayton cycle

with regeneration.
qregan,act h5 − h2
 = = Effectiveness of
regenerator
qregan,max h4 − h2
T5 − T2 Effectiveness under cold-
 air standard assumptions
T4 − T2
qout
 th , regen = 1−
qin
h6 − h1
= 1−
h3 − h5 Effectiveness is unity
Limiting Condition of Regeneration
Thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle with and
without regeneration.
Other Ways to Improve Brayton Cycle Performance

P2 P4 P6 P8
= and =
P1 P3 P7 P9
The Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheati
ng, and Regeneration
Jet Propulsion Cycle
 Turbojet Engine

Basic components of a turbojet engine and the T-s diagram for the ideal turbojet cycle.
 Ideal Jet-propulsion Cycles
Thrust (propulsive force)

   
F =  mV  −  mV  = m (Vexit − Vinlet ) ( N)
 exit  inlet
Propulsive power Propulsive power is the thrust actin
g on the aircraft through a distance
W P = FVaircraft = m (Vexit − Vinlet )Vaircraft
per unit time.
( kW )
Propulsive efficiency

Propulsive power W P
P = =
Energyinput rate Q
in
More Efficient Jet Engines
A turbofan engine.
Modern Turbofan Engine for Aircraft
 Various engine types
Turbofan, Propjet, Ramjet, Sacramjet, Rocket

A turboprop engine.

A ramjet engine.
Summary

• Basic considerations in the analysis of power cycles

• The Carnot cycle and its value in engineering
• Air-standard assumptions
• An overview of reciprocating engines
• Otto cycle: The ideal cycle for spark-ignition engines
• Diesel cycle: The ideal cycle for compression-ignition engines
• Stirling and Ericsson cycles
• Brayton cycle: The ideal cycle for gas-turbine engines
• The Brayton cycle with regeneration
• The Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration
• Ideal jet-propulsion cycles