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Maths Assignment Statistics Inference Unit 4

The document presents a statistical analysis comparing reading and writing scores among students, concluding no significant difference based on a paired t-test. It also examines city mileage differences between manual and automatic transmission cars, finding that manual cars have significantly higher MPG. The analysis includes hypotheses, assumptions, test statistics, and references to data sources.

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14 views5 pages

Maths Assignment Statistics Inference Unit 4

The document presents a statistical analysis comparing reading and writing scores among students, concluding no significant difference based on a paired t-test. It also examines city mileage differences between manual and automatic transmission cars, finding that manual cars have significantly higher MPG. The analysis includes hypotheses, assumptions, test statistics, and references to data sources.

Uploaded by

seraphmuinde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHS ASSIGNMENT

STATISTICS INFERENCE

MATH 1281-01

UNIT 4
Part 1: Reading and Writing Scores Analysis

(a) Hypotheses

To determine whether students perform differently in reading and writing, we define the

hypotheses as:

Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no difference in the mean reading and writing scores.

H₀: μ_read = μ_write

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There is a difference in the mean reading and writing

scores.

H₁: μ_read ≠ μ_write

This sets up a two-tailed paired t-test since each student has both a reading and a writing

score.

(b) Checking Assumptions

Three conditions for a paired t-test are:

Random Sampling: The dataset is a random sample of 200 students (OpenIntro, 2024).

Independence: Each student's performance is independent of others.

Approximately Normal Differences: The histogram of differences (reading - writing) is

roughly symmetric and unimodal, and with a large sample size (n = 200), the t-test is robust.

Hence, conditions for the t-test are satisfied.


(c) Hypothesis Test

Given:

Mean difference x̄ = -0.545

Standard deviation of the differences s = 8.887

Sample size n = 200

t = -0.545 / (8.887 / sqrt(200)) ≈ -0.545 / 0.6285 ≈ -0.87

With a p-value of 0.39, we fail to reject the null hypothesis at the 0.05 significance level.

Conclusion.

There is no statistically significant difference in average reading and writing scores.

(d) Possible Error

If there is an actual difference and we failed to detect it, we may have committed a Type

II error—failing to reject a false null hypothesis.

(e) Confidence Interval

Given that the p-value is greater than 0.05, a 95% confidence interval for the mean

difference would include 0, consistent with the conclusion of no significant difference.

Part 2: Transmission Type and City Mileage

We now examine whether the average city miles per gallon (MPG) differs between cars

with manual and automatic transmissions.


(1) Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (H₀): μ_automatic = μ_manual

Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): μ_automatic ≠ μ_manual

This is a two-sample t-test.

(2) Summary Statistics

From the EPA dataset:

- Automatic: x̄ ₁ = 16.12, s₁ = 3.58, n₁ = 26

- Manual: x̄ ₂ = 19.85, s₂ = 4.51, n₂ = 26

(3) Test Statistic

t = (16.12 - 19.85) / sqrt((3.58²/26) + (4.51²/26)) ≈ -3.73 / 1.129 ≈ -3.30

With degrees of freedom ≈ 48 (Welch's approximation).

(4) Conclusion

Given a p-value of 0.0029, we reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion

There is strong statistical evidence that manual transmission cars have higher average city

MPG compared to automatic transmission cars (OpenIntro, 2024).


References

OpenIntro. (2024). OpenIntro Statistics (4th ed.). OpenIntro. https://www.openintro.org/book/os/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). Fuel Economy Data.


https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/download-automotive-trends-report

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