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Probability 3

The document outlines fundamental concepts in probability, including random experiments, sample space, and various types of events such as mutually exclusive, independent, and dependent events. It also defines complementary and impossible events, as well as introduces conditional probability with an example involving coin tossing and die throwing. Overall, it serves as a foundational guide to understanding probability theory and its terminology.

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12 views16 pages

Probability 3

The document outlines fundamental concepts in probability, including random experiments, sample space, and various types of events such as mutually exclusive, independent, and dependent events. It also defines complementary and impossible events, as well as introduces conditional probability with an example involving coin tossing and die throwing. Overall, it serves as a foundational guide to understanding probability theory and its terminology.

Uploaded by

chourasiakv03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS

• Random Experiment: This is an action where the result is uncertain, that is an experiment whose
outcome cannot be predicted with certainty. For example, the throwing of dice or a coin, or
selecting a card from a group of cards, etc.
• Sample Space: The set of all probable outcomes is termed sample space, It is denoted by S.
• Favourable outcomes: The favourable outcomes as the name signifies are the outcomes in which
an individual is interested.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS
• Event: The possible subsets of the sample space linked with a random experiment are termed as
the event of an experiment. Events are categorized based on their occurrence as follows;
• Equally likely events: Any set of events is said to be equally likely if they have an equal
possibility to occur. Consider an example: When a dice is thrown the six(occurrences of 1 to 6)
events are equally likely.
Exhaustive events: A set of events is said to be exhaustive if at least one of them
surely occurs whenever the experiment is executed. Consider the same above
example of tossing the coin, here all the events from 1 to 6 are exhaustive.
Mutually exclusive events: A set of events is said to be mutually exclusive if the
occurrence of one of the events excludes/prevents the possibility of the
occurrence of any additional event. Mutually exclusive events happen in the
identical sample space. Suppose if A and B both are mutually exclusive events in
the same sample space then P(A∩B) = 0.
Independent Events: A set of events is said to be independent if the occurrence of
an event is not influenced/ affected by the occurrence of the rest of the events.
Independent events occur in different sample spaces. Suppose if A and B both
are independent events in different sample spaces then P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B).
•Dependent Events: If the occurrence of one event influences or affects the
probability of another event then the two events are said to be dependent. Now that we
are familiar with the definitions and terms of probability let’s head towards the
concept of probability, its definition, and other related concepts.
•Complimentary event: This type of event denotes the non-happening of events. The
complement of an event P is the event, not P (or P’).
•Impossible Event: The event that cannot happen is called an impossible event. For
example, in tossing a coin it is impossible to get both head and tail at an equal time.
Conditional Probability
Key points for Conditional Probability
Example 7 Consider the experiment of tossing a coin. If the coin shows head, toss it
again but if it shows tail, then throw a die. Find the conditional probability of the event
that ‘the die shows a number greater than 4’ given that ‘there is at least one tail’.

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