French Revolution - Elaborative Notes
Introduction
The French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in 1799. It marked the end of absolute monarchy
and the rise of democratic ideals in France. The revolution inspired movements for freedom and
equality across the world.
Causes of the French Revolution
1. Social Inequality: Society was divided into three estates. The First (Clergy) and Second (Nobility)
Estates enjoyed privileges, while the Third Estate (commoners) bore the tax burden.
2. Economic Crisis: France faced massive debt due to wars and royal extravagance. Poor harvests
led to food shortages.
3. Political Crisis: The monarchy was absolute, and the Estates-General had not been called for 175
years.
4. Enlightenment Ideas: Thinkers like Rousseau and Voltaire promoted liberty, equality, and popular
sovereignty.
5. Influence of American Revolution: The success of the American struggle for independence
inspired the French people.
Important Events of the French Revolution
1. Meeting of the Estates-General (1789): The Third Estate broke away to form the National
Assembly.
2. Tennis Court Oath: A pledge to draft a new constitution.
3. Storming of the Bastille (14 July 1789): Symbolic start of the revolution.
4. Abolition of Feudal Privileges (August 1789)
5. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: Emphasized liberty, property, and equality.
6. Execution of King Louis XVI (1793)
7. Reign of Terror: Thousands executed under Robespierre.
8. Rise of Napoleon (1799): Marked the end of the revolution.
Important People
Louis XVI: The monarch during the revolution.
Marie Antoinette: The extravagant queen.
Robespierre: Leader of the Reign of Terror.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Ended the revolution and became Emperor.
Outcomes and Impact
In France:
- Monarchy abolished, Republic established.
- Feudalism ended, equality before law ensured.
In the World:
- Democratic ideals spread.
- Inspired future revolutions and rise of nationalism.
Conclusion
The French Revolution was a major turning point in history. It led to the fall of monarchy, promoted
democratic values, and inspired change across the world.
