Synchronous Motors
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Table of Contents
1. 1. Definition, Theorems, and Principles
2. 2. Construction of Synchronous Motor
3. 3. Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor
4. 4. Power and Torque Development
5. 5. Power Losses and Efficiency
6. 6. Applications of Synchronous Motors
SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
1. Definition, Theorems, and Principles
A synchronous motor is an alternating current (AC) motor that operates at a
constant speed, called the synchronous speed, regardless of the mechanical
load. Unlike induction motors, the synchronous motor’s rotor turns in
synchronism with the stator's rotating magnetic field. This distinctive feature
makes it ideal for applications where a constant speed is essential.
Key Theorems and Principles:
- Synchronous Speed (Ns): Ns = 120f / P, where f is the supply frequency and P
is the number of poles.
- Magnetic Locking: The rotor magnetic field locks onto the stator's rotating field,
enabling synchronous operation.
- Non-Self-Starting: Synchronous motors require auxiliary means such as
damper windings or starting motors.
2. Construction of Synchronous Motor
A synchronous motor typically consists of:
- Stator: Contains three-phase windings, producing a rotating magnetic field.
- Rotor: Energized by direct current (DC) to form a constant magnetic field;
available in salient pole or cylindrical rotor types.
- Slip Rings and Brushes: Supply DC excitation to the rotor.
- Damper Windings: Embedded in pole faces to provide starting torque.
Example Problems and Solutions (10):
(To be added in the final document.)
3. Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor
The motor's electrical behavior is represented by an equivalent circuit model
comprising:
- Armature Resistance (Ra): Resistance of the stator windings.
- Synchronous Reactance (Xs): Sum of leakage reactance and armature
reaction.
- Induced Electromotive Force (E): Internal voltage generated by rotor field.
- Terminal Voltage (V): External voltage supplied to the stator.
Fundamental Equation:
V = E + Ia(Ra + jXs)
Example Problems and Solutions (10):
(To be included in the final version.)
4. Power and Torque Development
Electrical Power Output:
P = (3 × V × E / Xs) × sin(δ), where δ = torque angle.
Mechanical Torque:
T = P / (2πN / 60), with N representing rotor speed in revolutions per minute
(RPM).
These equations explain how input electrical energy is converted to mechanical
power.
Example Problems and Solutions (20):
(To be added in the finalized content.)
5. Power Losses and Efficiency
Synchronous motor losses fall into three categories:
- Copper Losses (I²R): Arising from resistance in the windings.
- Iron Losses: Comprising hysteresis and eddy current losses in the stator core.
- Mechanical Losses: Caused by friction and windage.
Efficiency Formula:
Efficiency (%) = (Output Power / Input Power) × 100
Mitigating these losses improves motor performance and reduces operational
costs.
Example Problems and Solutions (20):
(To be included in the final draft.)
6. Applications of Synchronous Motors
Common applications include:
- Power Factor Correction: Employed in substations and large industrial plants.
- Constant-Speed Drives: Used in manufacturing processes like textile and paper
mills.
- Air Compressors: Found in refrigeration and compressed air systems.
- Water Pumps and Industrial Fans: Deployed in municipal utilities and large
facilities.
- Mining Equipment: Such as crushers and grinders for material processing.
Illustrated Examples with Images:
(To be added in the final PDF document.)
