POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION
CESC Overview

• About 120 year old fully Integrated

Energy Utility
– Oldest private electricity utility in
India
– Brought thermal power in India

• Generation, Transmission,

Distribution

• 567 sq.km working Area

• 3 million consumers

• Maximum Demand: 2000 MW +

• Own Generation: 1125MW

• Network: Majority UG
 T&D Network and Protection System

Import
“DTs”
Points

132 kV 6 kV

“RMUs” 400 /230 V

33 kV MV / LV
220 kV
“Substations”
CESC Gen Stns
11 kV
“Distribution
Stations”

Import
Point

“Transmission Stations” “Distribution Stations” “RMU” “DT” “Household”

M1/M2/BU/BB/LBB/UF/SPS/LO M/BU/BB/LBB/UF/SPS IDMT/FPI IDMT/Fuse Fuse / MCB

Disturbance Recorders are located at few HV consumers are provided with OFLD / HS
protection
strategic locations
Extensive use of Fibre Optic / Pilot cable in Protection
System
 Centrallised Protection & Disturbance Record
SUBSTATION TESTING DEPT.

THROUGH O.F.

FAULT INF.

SMS
TRANSMISSION LINE CESC CONTROL ROOM
Benefits
• Faster analysis & decision making process resulting faster restoration
• Flexibility of remote modification of protection settings
 Challenges of Protection Engineer

• Learning – Studying – Understanding

• Eradication of mal-operation / undesired operation of protection system
• Information flow in case of tripping – Integration with SCADA
• Automatic download of NR & DR – Common platform of different relays
• Adaptation with Network changes & Synchronising points – SPS
• People orientation – some Automation in Link Changeover for SPS
(selection from SCADA)
• Maintaining the Protection Availability & Adequacy
• Relay communication system fibre .
• Regular checking of CB / Battery / Battery EF
• Time Synchronisation of different devices
• Any abnormality in the system to be investigated, analysed and action
required for prevention.
• Requirement of Protection Management System
 Protection Management System

• Data base for keeping Relay Records

• Software based Fault level calculation

• Software based Relay Setting calculation & protection co-

ordination

• Interface point co-ordination - all stake holders

• Access of Relays DRs from a central location

• Up-keepment of Control & Protection Schematic

 New Protection Initiatives

• 2 OFLD protection in Transmission system in redundant optical

path

• Separate DC circuits for 2 protection systems

• DC E/F detection – mandatory

• SMS generation in case of Protection outages

• Integration of protection signals in SCADA system

• HS protection in 6/11kV selective feeders

 Steps Ahead

• All stakeholders to work together (Utility Interface points for

protection co-ordination)
• Sharing of knowledge between Protection Engineers of Utilities
• Information to Manufacturers on new requirements / problem
areas
• Automation Communication Protection Group to work in close
association
• Prediction of Faults – CM of assets – online
• Smart Grid
o Use of IT in protection system
o Use of Communication Multiplexer in Protection Schemes
o PMUs at strategic location
 PRESENTATION AGENDA
NEED OF PROTECTION

FAULT CHARACTERISTICS

PROTECTION PHILOSOPY & SPS

RELAY &DISTURBANCE RECORDER

GUIDELINE

CASE STUDY
 Need of Protection

• The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by

isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the
network as possible still in operation.

• protection schemes must apply with very pragmatic and pessimistic approach
to clearing system faults.
 Need of Protection

WHY PROTECTION? ASPECTS

• Purpose • Relays.
• Senses abnormality in the • Sensing devices.
network. • Measuring, comparing & logic
• Detects that part of the devices.
network which is the cause of
abnormality. • Location, circuitry & logics for
selectivity.
• To maintain stability, isolates
only the faulty part from rest of • Operating devices.
the healthy system. • Control supply & communication.
• Power system fault level
determination at protection
application point in network.
 WHY PROTECTION IS SO IMPORTANT

Functional
Characteristics Of
Protective Gear.
HUMAN SYSTEM
SAFTY Sensitivity STABILITY
Selectivity
Speed
Reliability

ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
SAFTY
 FAULT CHARACTERISTICS

Why calculation & analysis of fault current is required?

The design of machines, bus bars, isolators, circuit breakers etc. is based on the knowledge of
normal current and fault currents in the system.
The selection of protective relays and discrimination (with the relaying scheme) is
dependent on the knowledge of distribution of current & voltage in different parts of the
system due to the fault.
Faults cause drop in voltage, unbalance and loss of stability. Hence another purpose of fault
calculations is to determine the change in voltages and the transient performance of the
networks under various fault conditions.

Depending upon type of fault we can divided in to two types

1. Symmetrical Fault(3 Ph short-circuit fault)
2. Asymmetrical Fault(Phase to Ground, Phase to Phase & Phase to Phase involving
ground)
 FAULT CHARACTERISTICS

Symmetrical components of 3-phase systems:

According to the theorem, unbalanced system of three vectors (Ia, Ib, Ic or Va, Vb, Vc) can be
resolved into three balanced systems of vectors, which are:
Positive Sequence Components consisting of three phasors (Va1, Vb1, Vc1 or Ia1, Ib1, Ic1), equal
in magnitude, displaced from each other by 1200 in phase, and having the same phase
sequence as the original phasors.
Negative Sequence Components consisting of three phasors (Va2, Vb2, Vc2 or Ia2, Ib2, Ic2) equal
in magnitude, displaced from each other by 1200 in phase and having the phase sequence
opposite to that of the original phasors.
Zero Sequence Components consisting of three phasors (Va0, Vb0, Vc0 or Ia0, Ib0, Ic0), equal in
magnitude and having zero relative phase displacements i.e. having same phase.
Ia=Ia0 + Ia1 + Ia2
Ib = Ib0 + Ib1 + Ib2 - Eqn.1
Ic = Ic0 + Ic1 + Ic2

Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

Vb= Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2 - Eqn.2
Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc1
FAULT CHARACTERISTICS
 PROTECTION PHILOSOPY IN CESC

The CESC transmission system, comprising of 220, 132 & 33kV cable & overhead
network, have Unit Protection Scheme. At 220 & 132kV voltage level 2Nos main
protection and 1No back-up protection are provided.

At 33kV voltage level 1No main protection and 1No back-up protection are provided.
The 11 & 6kV network are protected by IDMT overcurrent & earth fault relays.

The Transformers (160/75/55/20/16 MVA) are protected by instantaneous transformer

differential & restricted earth fault relays along with IDMT overcurrent & earth fault
protection system.

The Generator & GTs have standard protection schemes.

All the system busbars (220/132/33/11/6kV) have phase segregated busbar protection
schemes and all CBs (220/132/33/11/6kV) have local breaker back-up protection
schemes barring few old switch boards.
 POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS IN CESC

PRIMARY EQUIPMENT FOR GENERATION PRIMARY EQUIPMENT FOR TRANSMISSION

AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

GENERATOR

CAPACITOR
TRANSFORMER CABLE /OH LINE BUS BAR
GENERATOR TRAFO. BANK

TURBINE 220KV/132KV/33KV 220 KV 220 KV 132 KV

132 KV 132 KV 33 KV
BOILER 132KV/33KV

33 KV 33 KV 11/6 KV
33KV/11KV-6KV
MOTOR
11/6 KV 11/6 KV

33KV/20KV

11KV-6KV/0.42KV
 LINE/OH PROTECTION

CABLE /OH LINE

220 KV/132 KV LINE 33 KV LINE 11/6 KV LINE

INTERCONNECTOR TRANSFORMER INTERCONNECTOR TRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT CIRCUIT CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
B/U O/C & E/F
(51ABCN)
MAIN-1: LINE MAIN-2 DISTANCE B/U O/C & E/F
DIFF.(87L) (21) (51ABCN)

MAIN: B/U O/C &

INST. O/C &E/F E/F
(50ABCN) (51ABCN)
MAIN-1 LINE MAIN-2 INST. O/C& E/F B/U O/C& E/F
DIFFRRENTIAL (87L) (50ABCN) (51ABCN)

MAIN: B/U O/C &

LINE DIFF. E/F
(87L) (51ABCN)
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER

ELECTRICAL NON ELECTRICAL

TRIP ALARM
MAIN BACK UP

PRV OTI AL
TRAFO. DIFF. (87T) B/U O/C & E/F
(51ABCN) BUCHOZ MOG
LOW VOLTAGE SIDE STAND BY E/F
REF (64 LV REF) (64S) WTI WTI AL
HIGH VOLTAGE SIDE
REF (64 HV REF) BUCHOZ
OTI AL
OVER FLUXING
(24DT)
OSR

OLTC PRV
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

DTH: MBCH: 7UT:

ELECTRO MECHANICAL STATIC NUMERICAL
LINE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

HORM4: MBCI: 7SD:

ELECTRO MECHANICAL STATIC NUMERICAL
 B/U O/C & E/F RELAY

CDG: RACID: 7SJ:

ELECTRO MECHANICAL STATIC NUMERICAL
 DISTANCE RELAY

7SL93: PYTC : 7SA:

ELECTRO MECHANICAL STATIC NUMERICAL
 EVOLUTION OF RELAY

FUNCTIONS ELECTRO MENICAL STATIC NUMERICAL

Basic Protection Only one One or Two Multiple

Metering/Display Nil Limited Possible

Control Nil Nil Available

Time Synchronisation Nil Nil Possible

Self Monitoring Nil Only Power supply Available

Remote Nil Nil Possible over different

Communication Protocols and media.
Event Recording Nil Nil Available

Disturbance Recording Nil Only Current value Available

Fault Location Nil Nil Available with option

 ADVANTAGES OF NUMERICAL
RELAYS

Control Metering Communications

 Local and remote  Three-phase currents  Communication

control capability of an IED is
 Neutral current
one of the most
 Bay level interlocking  Three-phase voltages important aspects of
of the controlled  Residual voltage modern electrical and
devices protection systems.
 Frequency
 Status information
 Active power  IED has the capability
 Information of alarm
 Reactive power of extensive
channels communications
 Power factor
directly to a SCADA
 HMI panel on device.  Energy system.
 Harmonics
 Transient disturbance
recorder
 Features of N. Relays used
IN CESC
 Self Supervision :-
• To ensure availability of Protection.
 Protection :-
• Use of multiple protections in a single unit.
• Reduction of panel size.
• Reduction of Total cost account for Protection.
 Time synchronisation:-
• Easy analysis of system disturbance.
 Disturbance Recording :-
• Quick Restoration/Isolation.
• Reduction of Outage Time.
 Remote Communication:-
• Reduction of Outage Time.
 Fault Location:-
• Faster identification of faulty zone.
• Quick Restoration/Isolation.
 SPECIAL PRORECTION SCHEME

SYSTEM ISLANDING SPS

CESC transmission system is connected to the outside network via WBSETCL and PGCIL
network. CESC system can be synchronized at 6 nos. locations (depending on system
requirement).

At 5 locations the synchronizing voltage is 132kV and at 1 location the same is 220kV.
However for ease of operation and maintenance, CESC keeps the synchronizing point
at 1 location.

Normally the system remains synchronized at 132kV level at EM Substation OR at
Southern Receiving Station with 3 parallel WBSETCL circuits in either location.

Any fault/disturbances occurring outside CESC network at 132/220kV level, the
splitting scheme gets activated immediately and depending on the fault
criticality/system condition, the CESC system gets isolated from the grid by tripping
selected circuit breakers through operation of split relay.
 SPECIAL PRORECTION SCHEME

SYSTEM ISLANDING SPS

DIR.O/C LOW VALUE

C WITH TIME DELAY
A
N
I U/V<83% D O
DIR. E/F LOW VALUE R
WITH TIME DELAY
R
DIR.O/C HIGH
C VALUE WITH TIME
DELAY
U DIR. E/F HIGH OR
VALUE WITH TIME
DELAY
A
N
O
I U/V<70% D

ANY PHASE U/V<83% WITH

R
T TIME DELAY 2 SEC
A
N
N PT FUSE HEALTHY
D

O
U/F=47.8 HZ,TIME DELAY-0.5 SEC
- O/F=52.3 HZ,TIME DELAY-0.5 SEC
O SPLIT
R TRIP
1
CIRCUIT NO 2(SAME AS CKT 1)

CIRCUIT NO 3(SAME AS CKT 1)

 SPECIAL PRORECTION SCHEME

UNIT LOCK OUT SPS

CESC has Generating Stations at 3 locations. In case of tripping of Generator Units OR

all evacuation lines, SPS gets activated and send trip signal to strategic circuit breakers
for proportionate load shed.

This prevents excess withdrawal from grid and thereby protecting the grid from under
frequency & cascade tripping.

We have used optical fibre based Numerical relays and CESC owned high speed optical
based redundant communication system (SDH/PDH) for transferring trip signals from
Generating Stating to evacuating stations.
 SPECIAL PRORECTION SCHEME

LOGICS DIAGRAM UNIT LOCK OUT SPS

UNDER CURRENT IN
EVACUATION CKT- I

UNDER CURRENT IN
EVACUATION CKT- II
AND
UNDER CURRENT IN
EVACUATION CKT- III
Via SDH/PDH
UNDER CURRENT IN OFC network
LOCK OUT
EVACUATION CKT- IV
SEND RELAY

OR To trip strategic
CBs

Via OF based
Numerical
86U OF GENERATOR Relay

86G OF GENERATOR
OR
86T OF GENERATOR
 SPS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

CESC Distribution Station typically comprises of 33kV GIS, 20MVA - 33/11.5-6.25kV

Transformers and 11kV & 6kV air insulated switch boards.

The SPS is implemented to prevent the tripping of transformer 33kV side, in case of
operation of busbar protection at 6 or 11kV switch board and if the fault is not
involved in the circuit side of the 6 or 11kV incomer switch panel.

This scheme has resulted increased availability of transformers. We have utilized

features of Numerical relays to achieve the SPS logic.
 SPS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
TIPICAL DIAGRAM IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
 SPS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
LOGICS DIAGRAM SPS IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
DISTURBANCE RECORDER

 Disturbance Analysis.

 Quick Isolation.

 Quick Restoration.

 Power profile study.

 Fault Location.
 Guidelines related to Protection system

CEA GUIDELINE

As per CEA Regulations, 2006, all Transco, DISCOM, & Utilities should provide standard
protection systems having the reliability, selectivity, speed and sensitivity to isolate the
faulty equipment and protect all components from any type of faults, within the
specified fault clearance time and shall provide protection coordination as specified by
the Regional Power Committee.

Explanation.- For the purpose of this regulation “fault clearance time” means the
maximum fault clearance times are as specified in the Table below

Sl.no Nominal System Voltage (kV rms) Maximum Time( in msec.)

1 765 and 400 100

2 220 and 132 160
 DRAFT WBERC GUIDELINE

Fault Clearance Times:

• The primary protection system shall be such that the fault clearance time of all
equipments/lines connected to the InSTS whether of Users or of STU / Transmission
Licensee, shall not be more than:

1. 100 milli seconds (ms) for 800 kV & 400 kV

2. 160 milli seconds (ms) for 220 kV & 132 kV
3. 400 milli seconds (/2nd Zone) for 132kV and above.
4. 200 milli seconds for 33 kV.

• Back-up protection shall be provided for system at 132 kV and above required
isolation/protection in the event of failure of the primary protection systems to isolate
the faulty element within the above fault clearance time requirements. The protection
system shall comply with the provisions mentioned under CEA (technical Standards for
connectivity to the Grid) Regulations, 2007.
 CASE STUDY-I

EVENT

At 132 kV Jadavpur S/S during ON LOAD

CHANGEOVER when EMSS ckt was made ON and
Majerhat ckt was made OFF, the said Majerhat
132kV ckt tripped through Back-Up E/F relay.
 CASE STUDY-I

EM S/S JADAVPUR S/S MAJERHAT S/S

AT t=0 ms EMSS
CB MADE ON
AT t=3s 114 ms MAJERHAT
– JADAVPUR CKT TRIPPED

AT t=2s 582 ms MAJERHAT

CB MADE OFF
 CASE STUDY-I

FINDINGS

Y-ph CB pole of Majerhat ckt was not opened when it was made OFF
at Jadavpur S/S. As a result E/F current came into the picture and the
said ckt tripped though Back-Up E/F relay operation.
CASE STUDY-I
CASE STUDY-I
CASE STUDY-I
CASE STUDY-I
 CASE STUDY-II

EVENT

Y-B ph short ckt fault occurred in 220 kV BBGS-EMSS ckt-1. Line differential
relay at EMSS end operated immediately but I/T was not received at BBGS
end. Moreover slight delayed tripping occurred at BBGS end through its
line differential relay.
 CASE STUDY-II

AT EMSS
 CASE STUDY-II

AT EMSS
CASE STUDY-II

AT BBGS
CASE STUDY-II

AT BBGS
 CASE STUDY-II

FINDINGS

Receiving optical fiber had high loss for the line differential relay at
BBGS end. Thus it was not continuously receiving the signal from
other end relay. Hence delayed tripping occurred.
THANK YOU