PROTECTIVE DEVICES

EP505

By: Ezldeen S. Mansour

 Syllabus

Unit Subject Lectures

Unit 1 Introduction 2
Unit 2 Fuses 1
Unit 3 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers 1
Unit 4 High Voltage Circuit Breakers 2
Unit 5 Lightning Arrester 1
Unit 6 Batteries 2
Unit 7 Instrument Transformers 2
Unit 8 Relays 1
Unit 9 OverCurrent Relay 2
Unit 10 Distance Relay 1
Unit 11 Differential Relay 1
UNIT-1
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Energy is neither destroyed nor created
POWER SYSTEMS COMPONENTS
 Generation System (Energy Conversion)
 Fossil Fuel
 Renewable Energy
 Nuclear Energy
 Transmission System (30-66-132-220-400KV)
 Overhead Transmission System
 Underground Cables
 Substations (Protection-control- measurement -
communications)
 Distribution System(11.5-0.380kv)
 Distribution transformers
 RMUs …….
POWER PLANTS

 Thermal Power Stations

 Gas Turbine & Combined cycle

 Diesel Power Stations

 Nuclear Power Stations

 Hydroelectric Power stations

THREE GORGES DAM IN CHINA
LARGEST IN THE WORLD
(22,000MW, 26 GENERATORS)
THERMAL POWER STATION
GENERATOR PROTECTION
 A.Stator Winding Problems
 1. Winding-winding short
 2. Stator ground
ROTOR
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
PROTECTIVE RELAYS

 Protective relays are the “police force” of any

electrical system. They constantly look for
electrical faults or abnormal conditions and
stand ready to quickly isolate problem areas
from the rest of the system before too much
damage or instability occurs.
ELEMENTS OF PROTECTION CIRCUIT

Protected circuit
WHAT ARE PROTECTIVE RELAYS?

 Protective Relays monitor electrical systems via

current and/or voltage inputs to detect and isolate
electrical faults before damage can occur.
 If the relay detects a fault or abnormal system
condition, it initiates a trip signal to isolate the
fault or will signal an alarm to warn operators.
 There should be minimal disruption to non-faulted
sections of the electrical system when a relay
operates.
WHY DO WE NEED PROTECTION?

 Electrical power system operates at various voltage

levels from 415 V to 400 kV or even more.
 Electrical apparatus used may be enclosed (e.g.,
motors) or placed in open (e.g., transmission lines).
 All such equipment undergo abnormalities in their life
time due to various reasons
 It is necessary to avoid these abnormal operating
regions for safety of the equipment. Even more
important is safety of the human personnel which may
be endangered due to exposure to live parts under fault
or abnormal operating conditions.
 This job is assigned to electrical protection systems..
DEFINITIONS
 System Protection
System protection is the art and science of detecting problems
with power system components and isolating these
components.
 Protective Relays:
Relays are compact analog, digital, and numerical devices
that are connected throughout the power system to detect
intolerable or unwanted conditions within an assigned area.
 Protection Equipment:
A collection of protection devices (relays, fuses, etc.).
Excluded are devices such as CT’s, CB’s, Contactors, etc.
Protection System:
a complete arrangement of protection equipment and other
devices required to achieve a specified function based on
a protection principal.
WHAT COMPONENTS (EQUIPMENT) DO WE
PROTECT?
ABNORMAL OF THE POWER SYSTEM

 Over Voltage
 Over loads
 Unbalanced Operation
 Power Swings
 Transformer Inrush Currents
 Faults
 Short Circuits
 Short Circuits with Ground
 Open Conductors
FAULT TYPES (SHUNT)
PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

• The protection system must be

 Reliable
 Stable
 Sensitive
 Selective
 Speed
RELIABILITY

• The protection system must provide its function

when required to avoid damage to equipment,
people or property
• Reliability problems comes from
– Incorrect design
– Incorrect installation/testing
– Deterioration
STABILITY

• The protection system shall not react to non-

fault situations
• The protection system must not react to faults
in neighboring zones or high load currents.
SENSITIVITY

• Sensitivity refers to the minimal changes in

measured parameter that the system can react
to.
SELECTIVITY

• Only the effected parts of the power system

shall be disconnected.
SPEED

• Faults must be isolated as fast as possible.

• Speed is necessary for two main reasons

– Maintain stability of the overall power system
– Reduction of damage to equipment & property
 DESIRABLE PROTECTION ATTRIBUTES
( PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS)
 Reliability: System operate properly
 Security: Don’t trip when you shouldn’t
 Dependability: Trip when you should
 Selectivity:
Trip the minimal amount to clear the fault
or abnormal operating condition
 Speed: Usually the faster the better in terms of
minimizing equipment damage and maintaining
system integrity
 Simplicity : minimum protective equipment to
achieve the protection objectives.
 Economics: Don’t break the bank
ATTRIBUTES FORMULAS
EXAMPLE

 The performance of an overcurrent relay was monitored

over a period of one year. It was found that the
relay operated 14 times, out of which 12 were correct
trips. If the relay failed to issue trip decision on 3
occasions, compute dependability, security and
reliability of the relay.
EXAMPLE (CONT)
Number of correct trips = 12
Number of desired trips = 12 + 3 = 15

 Note that even though dependability and security are individually

above 80%, overall reliability much poor (only 70.59%).
 PRIMARY EQUIPMENT & COMPONENTS
•Transformers - to step up or step down voltage level

•Breakers - to energize equipment and interrupt fault current to

isolate faulted equipment

•Insulators - to insulate equipment from ground and other

phases

•Isolators (switches) - to create a visible and permanent isolation

of primary equipment for maintenance purposes and route
power flow over certain buses.

•Bus - to allow multiple connections (feeders) to the same

source of power (transformer).
PRIMARY EQUIPMENT & COMPONENTS
•Grounding - to operate and maintain equipment safely

•Arrester - to protect primary equipment of sudden overvoltage

(lightning strike).

•Switchgear – integrated components to switch, protect, meter

and control power flow

•Reactors - to limit fault current (series) or compensate for

charge current (shunt)

•VT and CT - to measure primary current and voltage and supply

scaled down values to P&C, metering, SCADA, etc.

•Regulators - voltage, current, VAR, phase angle, etc.

PURPOSE OF THE PROTECTION SYSTEM

• Protect Equipment
• Protect People &Property
• Separate Faulty section
from power system
• Restore normal operation
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

 Instrument transformers is a special

transformers which decreases the values of the
network voltages and Current in to a suitable
values for the measuring, control and
protection usage.
WHY WE USE INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS?
 Monitor the network voltage and current under normal,
abnormal and faulty conditions.

 Isolate measuring, control and protection circuits from the

Power circuit.

 Creates kind of standardization in the measuring and protective

devices manufacturing industry by standardizing the output
voltage and current.

 If protection and measuring circuits are implemented directly

on the HV circuit the insulation cost will be enormous.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS CONNECTION IN THE POWER SYSTEM:
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF PROTECTION
Overcurrent
 Uses current to determine magnitude of fault
 Simple
 May employ definite time or inverse time curves
 May be slow
 Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
 Inexpensive
 May use various polarizing voltages or ground current for
directionality
 Communication aided schemes make more selective
INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (IOC) &
DEFINITE TIME OVERCURRENT
INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Time Overcurrent Protection
(51, 51N, 51G)

Multiples of pick-up
TYPES OF PROTECTION
Differential
 current in = current out
 Simple

 Very fast
 Very defined clearing area

 Expensive

 Practical distance limitations

 Line differential systems overcome this using
digital communications
 DIFFERENTIAL

 Note CT polarity
dots
 This is a through-
current
representation
 Perfect waveforms,
no saturation
 DIFFERENTIAL

 Note CT
polarity dots
 This is an
internal fault
representation
 Perfect
waveforms, no
saturation
TYPES OF PROTECTION
Voltage
 Uses voltage to detect fault or abnormal condition
 May employ definite time or inverse time curves
 May also be used for undervoltage load shedding

 Simple
 May be slow
 Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination
stacks)
 Inexpensive
TYPES OF PROTECTION
Frequency
 Uses frequency of voltage to detect power
balance condition
 May employ definite time or inverse time curves
 Used for load shedding & machinery
under/overspeed protection
 Simple
 May be slow
 Selectivity at the cost of speed can be expensive
TYPES OF PROTECTION
Power
 Uses voltage and current to determine
power flow magnitude and direction
 Typically definite time
 Complex
 May be slow
 Accuracy important for many applications
 Can be expensive
TYPES OF PROTECTION
Distance (Impedance)
 Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of fault
 Set on impedance [R-X] plane
 Uses definite time
 Impedance related to distance from relay
 Complicated
 Fast
 Somewhat defined clearing area with reasonable
accuracy
 Expensive
 Communication aided schemes make more selective
 X ZL
DISTANCE (CONT)
• Relay in Zone 1 operates first
• Time between Zones is called CTI

T2 ZB

ZA
T1

21 21

A B
Source
DISTANCE (CONT)
 PROTECTION ZONES
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)
Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone
Unit Generator-Tx zone Line zone
Transformer zone Motor zone
Transformer zone

~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor
PRIMARY AND BACK UP PROTECTION

A- Primary protection
 Primary protection
operation should be as
fast as possible, preferably
instantaneous, for stability
and power quality reasons.
 PRIMARY AND BACK UP PROTECTION

B- back up protection
•used in case of primary protection
failure
•, backup protection needs time
delay. The primary protection needs
to be given an opportunity to operate
before using the decision of a backup
operation.
DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION

1.0 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 1.0

for fault F1
Relay s pick up :
Primary : 3 & 4
Back Up : 1 & 6 (time delay)
Relays not operate : 2 &5
DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION

1.0 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.2 1.0

1 2

for fault F2
Relay s pick up :
Primary : 5 & 6
Back Up : 3 after that 1 (time delay)
Relays not operate : 2& 4
CLASSIFICATIONS OF RELAYS

 Relays may be classified according to the

technology used:
 a. electromechanical Pre 1970s

 b. static 1970s

 c. digital 1980s

 d. numerical Present ->

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS

 Electromechanical relays can

be classified into several
different types as follows:
 a-attracted armature

 b. moving coil

 c. Induction

 d. Thermal
STATIC RELAYS

 -The term ‘static’ implies that the relay has

no moving parts.
 -Their design is based on the use of
analogue electronic devices instead of
coils and magnets to create the relay
characteristic.
 -Early versions used discrete devices such
as transistors and diodes in conjunction
with resistors,capacitors, inductors,
 - Advance versions enabled the use of
linear and digital integrated circuits in later
versions for signal processing and
implementation of logic functions.
DIGITAL RELAYS
 -Digital protection relays introduced
a step change in technology.
 Microprocessors and
microcontrollers replaced analogue
circuits used in static relays to
implement relay functions.
 Compared to static relays, digital
relays introduce A/D conversion of
all measured analogue quantities
and use a microprocessor to
implement the protection algorithm.
 -The microprocessor may use some
kind of counting technique, or use
the Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) to implement the algorithm.
NUMERICAL RELAYS
 Typically, they use a specialised
digital signal processor (DSP) as
the computational hardware,
together with the associated
software tools.
 - The input analogue signals are
converted into a digital
representation and processed
according to the appropriate
mathematical algorithm.
 - Processing is carried out using a
specialised microprocessor that is
optimised for signal processing
applications, known as a digital
signal processor
A GOOD DAY IN SYSTEM PROTECTION……

 CTs and VTs bring electrical info to relays

 Relays sense current and voltage and declare fault

 Relays send signals through control circuits to

circuit breakers
 Circuit breaker(s) correctly trip
A BAD DAY IN SYSTEM PROTECTION……

 CTs or VTs are shorted, opened.

 Relays do not declare fault due to setting errors,
faulty relay, CT saturation.
 Control wires cut or batteries dead so no signal is
sent from relay to circuit breaker.
 Circuit breakers do not have power, burnt trip coil or
otherwise fail to trip.
PROTECTION PERFORMANCE STATISTICS

 Correct and desired: 92.2%

 Correct but undesired: 5.3%

 Incorrect: 2.1%

 Fail to trip: 0.4%

 REVIEW QUESTIONS
Q1- Define the following expressions:
•Protective Relays
•Protection Equipment
•Protection System
•Protection Scheme
•Zone of protection
Q2- What is the Attributes of protection system?
Q3- Distinguish between dependability and security of a relay?
Q4- The performance of a distance relay was monitored over a period of 2 years. It was
found that it operated 15 times,
12 were desired trips due to faults in its zone (correct). It was found that relay failed to issue
trip decision on 2 occasions.
Compute dependability and security for the relay?
Q5- Write down Primary Equipment & Components of protection system (one word)?
Q6- Why we use Instrument Transformers?
Q7- What are the difference between the overcurrent & distance and differential protection?
(Give al least 3 points )
Q8- Describe various generations of relays?
Q9- Briefly explain the types of system grounding?
 THE END

QUESTIONS?