Course: RRB GROUP - D Study Material

Subject: Static GK
Topic: History Static GK ( Part 2)
Table of Contents
Important events in modern history...............................................................................................2
Socio-religious movements and organisation................................................................................. 6
Religious & Political Philosophies/Ideologies................................................................................. 8
Sikh gurus........................................................................................................................................9
Some great works associated with famous persons..................................................................... 10
Indus Valley Civilization + Sites in India + Major Pioneers for Discovery...................................... 11
Major Plans by British Govt.......................................................................................................... 14
Chronology of Indian History........................................................................................................ 16
Famous Tombs or Mausoleum in India (eg. Rajghat, Vijayghat, etc)............................................ 22
FORTS IN INDIA............................................................................................................................. 24
Important books (old)...................................................................................................................26
Important battles..........................................................................................................................30
Nicknames of famous international personalities........................................................................ 32

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Department of Employment and Training History Static GK ( Part 2)
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Important events in modern history

1757 Battle of Plassey

1761 Third battle of panipat

1764 Battle of Buxar

1765 Clive was appointed as the Company’s Governor in India

1767–69 First Anglo-Mysore War

1780 Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

1780–84 Second Anglo-Mysore War

1784 Pitt’s India Act

1790–92 Third Anglo-Mysore War

1793 The Permanent Settlement of Bengal

1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the death of Tipu Sultan

1802 Treaty of Bassein

1809 Treaty of Amritsar

1829 The practise of Sati was prohibited

1830 Raja Ram Mohan Roy visited England

1833 Death of Raja Ram Mohan Roy at Bristol, England

1839 Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

1839–42 First Anglo-Afghan War

1845–46 First Anglo-Sikh War

1852 Second Anglo-Burmese War

The first railway line opened between Bombay and Thane and
1853 the first experimental telegraph line was established between
Calcutta and Diamond Harbour

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1857 The Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence

Birth of Rabindranath
1861
Tagore Indian Councils Act
Indian Civil Service Act
1869 Birth of Mahatma Gandhi

1885 Foundation of Indian National Congress

1889 Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru

1897 Birth of Subhas Chandra Bose

1903 Tibet Expedition

1905 Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon

1906 Foundation of Muslim League

1909 Minto-Morley Reforms

Delhi Darbar
1911
King George V and Queen visited India Delhi became the capital of
India

“Jan Gan Man” was sung for 1st time

1914 World War I began

Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim League and Congress

1916
Foundation of Banaras Hindu University
Home Rule League was established

1917 Champaran sathyagraha(Indigo Plantation)

1918 World War I ends

Ahamadabad mill strike (1918)

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Montague-Chelmsford Reforms were introduced

1919
Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar.

Rowlatt Act

Khilafat Movement launched

The first meeting of All-India Trade Union Congress
1920
Hunter Commission Report on the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was
published First Non-cooperation movement was launched by Gandhi

Violent incidents at Chauri Chaura

1922
Gandhi calls off the Non-cooperation movement
1923
Formation of swaraj party by M Nehru & CR das

1925 Communist Party of India was organised in Kanpur

kakori conspiracy case
Boycott of Simon Commission
1927 Broadcasting was started in India

Death of Lala Lajpat Rai Nehru Report by Motilal Nehru

1928 saunders killed by Bhagat singh & Rajguru
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by Bhagat Singh ,Chandra Shekhar
Azad , Sukhdev.

Resolution of “Poorna Swaraj” (Complete Independence) was passed at

1929
the Lahore Session of INC
Bhagat shing along with Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs at the
Legislative Assembly (8th april)
Civil Disobedience Movement was launched Dandi March by Mahatma
1930 Gandhi (186 miles) (April 6 1930)
First Round Table Conference was held in London

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Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Civil Disobedience movement was suspended
1931
Second Round Table Conference was held
Execution of Bhagat singh, Sukhdev & Rajguru
Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award (which was modified
1932
by the Poona Pact, September 24)
3rd Round table conference

1935 Government of India Act

Provincial Autonomy
1937 Congress formed
ministries

1938 All India Kisan Sabha was formed

subash chandra bose becomes INC president
World War II began (September 3)
1939
Resignation of Congress Ministries in the Provinces.
Escape of Subhas Chandra Bose from
1941 India Death of Rabindranath Tagore

The arrival of Cripps Mission in India

1942
Quit India Movement was launched (August 8)

Subhas Chandra Bose formed the Provisional Government of Free India

and Indian National Army in Singapore
1943–1944
Bengal Famine
Trial of Indian National Army at Red
1945 Fort Shimla Conference
World War II ends
British Cabinet Mission visits India
1946 Interim Government was formed at the Centre
The Muslim League decides on “Direct Action” for winning Pakistan
Division of India
1947
India and Pakistan form separate independent dominions

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Socio-religious movements and organisation

MOVEMENTS FOUNDER

Brahmo Samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Prarthana Samaj Dr Atmaram Panduran

Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Sawaswati

Theosophical Society Madame H P Blavatsky &

Col H S Olcott

Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekanand

Aligarh Movement Sir Syed Ahmed Khan & Others

Deoband Movement Muhammed Qasim Nanotavi & Rashid Ahmed

Gangoli

Missionaries of Charity Mother Teresa

Home Rule Movement Annie Besant & Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi

People’s Union for Civil Liberties and Democratic Jaya Prakash Narayan
Rights

Chinmaya Mission Swami Chinmayananda

People’s Education Society Dr B.R.Ambedkar

Vishwa Bharti Rabindranath Tagore

Abhinav Bharat Veer Savarkar

Chipko Sunderlal Bahuguna

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Narmada Bachao Medha Patkar

Servants of India Society G K Gokhale

Servants of People Society Lala Lajpat Rai

Satyasodhak Samaj Jyotiba Phule

Servants of God or Khudai Khidmatgar Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

Van Mahotsav K M Munshi

Bhoodan Movement Vinobha Bhave

Tattvabodhini Sabha Debendranath Tagore

Paramhansa Sabha Dadoba Pandurang

Seva Sadon Behramii M Malabari

Wahabi Movement Syed Ahmed Barelvi

Ahmadiyya Movement Mirza Ghulam Ahmed

Self Respect Movement E V Ramaswami Naicker

Young bengal movement Henry Vivin Desezio

Religious & Political Philosophies/Ideologies

Philosophy Founders / Place of Origin

Vedic Philosophy India

Zoroastrianism Ancient Iran

Confucianism Confucius

Taoism Lao Tzu

Hellenistic Philosophy Ancient Greece

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Platonism Plato

Modern Political Philosophy Machiavelli

Marxism Karl Marx

Fascism Italy

Nazism Germany

Liberalism John Locke

Amnesty International Peter Benenson

Lions Club Melvin Jones

Guides Lady Agnes Baden Powell

Scouts Baden Powell

Red Cross J H Dunant

Sikh gurus

Name of the Guru Description About the Sikh Gurus

Guru Nanak (1469 – ●​ He is the first Sikh Guru.

1539) ●​ He is the founder of Sikhism.
●​ He started the institution of Guru Ka Langar. Langar is the term in the
Sikh religion refers to the common kitchen where food is served to
everyone without any discrimination
●​ He was the contemporary of Mughal emperor - Babur
Guru Angad Dev (1539 ●​ He is the second Sikh Guru.
– 1552) ●​ Guru Angad compiled the compositions of Guru Nanak, to which he
added his own in a new script known as Gurmukhi.
●​ Gurmukhi became the sole medium for the sacred writings of the Sikhs.
●​ Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of Sikhs, is written in Gurmukhi
script.
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Guru Amar Dass (1552 ●​ He is the third Sikh Guru.
to 1574) ●​ He strengthened the Sikh movement by starting the institutions of
Manjis and Piris.
●​ Guru Amardas introduced the Anand Karaj marriage ceremony for the
Sikhs, replacing the Hindu form
●​ He was the contemporary of Mughal emperor - Akbar
Guru Ram Dass (1574 ●​ He is the fourth Sikh Guru.
– 1581) ●​ He laid the foundation of the holy city of Amritsar, which later
developed as the spiritual capital of the Sikh faith.
Guru Arjun Dev (1581 ●​ He is the fifth Sikh Guru.
– 1606) ●​ He was the son and successor of Guru Ram Dass.
●​ He built the Harmandar, which is popularly known as the Golden
Temple, and compiled and installed the Holy Book, the Guru Granth,
therein.
●​ He became the first great martyr in Sikh history when Emperor Jahangir
ordered his execution. Thus, he was hailed as Shaheedan-de-Sartaj (The
crown of martyrs)
Guru Hargobind (1606 ●​ He is the sixth Sikh Guru.
– 1644) ●​ He was the son of Guru Arjan Dev and was known as a "soldier saint”
●​ He organised a small army and became the first Guru to take up arms to
defend the faith
●​ He waged wars against Mughal rulers Jahangir and Shah Jahan
Guru Har Rai (1644 – ●​ He is the seventh Sikh Guru.
1661) ●​ he was a man of peace, he never disbanded the armed sikh warriors
who were earlier maintained by Guru Har Gobind
●​ He gave shelter to Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Mughal Ruler Shah
Jahan, who was later persecuted by Aurangazeb.

Guru Har Kishan (1661 ●​ He is the eighth Sikh Guru.

– 1664) ●​ Guru Har Krishan was the youngest of the Gurus. He was installed as
Guru at the age of five
●​ He was contemporary of Aurangazeb and summoned to Delhi by him
under framed charges of anti-Islamic blasphemy
Guru Teg Bahadur ●​ He is the ninth Sikh Guru.
(1665 – 1675) ●​ He established the town of Anandpur
●​ He opposed the forced conversion of the Hindu Kashmiri Pandits by
Mughal ruler Aurangazeb and he was consequently persecuted for this.

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Guru Govind Singh ●​ He is the tenth and last Sikh Guru.
(1675 – 1708) ●​ He became Guru after the martyrdom of his father Guru Tegh Bahadur
●​ He created the Khalsa in 1699, changing the Sikhs into a saint-soldier
order for protecting themselves.
●​ Last Sikh Guru in human form and he passed the Guruship of the Sikhs
to the Guru Granth Sahib
●​ He established the five symbols of Sikhism:

●​ Kangha (comb),
●​ Kesh (long hair),
●​ Kada (iron bracelet),
●​ Kachcha (underwear) and
●​ Kirpan (sword or dagger).

Some great works associated with famous persons

Foundation of Red Cross Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier (1863)

Foundation of Scout Baden Powell

Foundation of Red Guards Mao Zedong

Founder of Socialism Karl Marx

Father of Sanskrit Grammar Panini

Founder of Anand Van Baba Amte

Founder of Auroville Ashram (Puducherry) Aurobindo Ghosh

Founder of Shantiniketan Rabindranath Tagore

Founder of Vishwa-Bharati Rabindranath Tagore

Founder of Paramdham Ashram (Paunar) Vinoba Bhave

Founder of Bhoodan Movement Vinoba Bhave

Founder of the League of Nations Woodrow Wilson

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Founder of the Golden Temple Guru Arjan Dev

Founder of Khalsa Pant Guru Gobind Singh

Founder of Brahma Samaj Raja Rammohun Roy

Founder of Ram Krishna Mission Swami Vivekananda

Founder of Arya Samaj Dayananda Saraswati

Founder of India Forward Bloc Subhash Chandra Bose

Founder of Harijan Sevak Sangh Mahatma Gandhi

Founders of Indian National Army Subhas Chandra Bose, Rash Behari Bose

Founder of Truth and Reconciliation Nelson Mandela

Commission

Indus Valley Civilization + Sites in India + Major Pioneers for Discovery

Year Site Location Excavated by Major findings
●​ Piece of Pottery with Indus Script
●​ Cubical Limestone Weight
●​ Faience Slag
●​ Sandstone statues of Human
Sahiwal District, Punjab Daya Ram anatomy
1921 Harappa
in the banks of Ravi Sahni ●​ Copper Bullock cart
●​ Granaries
●​ Coffin burials (Only founded in
Harrapa)
●​ Terracotta Figurines
●​ Great bath
●​ Granary
Larkana District Of Sind
1922 Mohenjo-Daro R. D Banerjee ●​ Unicorn Seals (Most numbers of it
on the bank of Indus
in here)
●​ Bronze dancing girl statue

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●​ Seal of a man with deers,
elephants, tiger and rhinos
around- Considered to be
Pashupati Seal)
●​ Steatite statue of beard man
●​ Bronze buffalo
●​ Trade point between Harappa and
Babylon
●​ Flint Blades
●​ Stone Vessels
Baluchistan on Dast ●​ Stone Arrowheads
1928 Sutkagendor Aurel Stein
river ●​ Shell Beads
●​ Pottery
●​ Bactria-Margiana Archaeological
Complex (BMAC) associated
Copper-Bronze Disc
●​ Bangle Factory
●​ InkPot
●​ Bead makers shop
Mullan Sandha, Sind on
1931 Chanhudaro N G Majumdar ●​ The footprint of a dog chasing a
the Indus river
cat
●​ Cart with a seated driver
Note: It is the only city without a citadel
Close to Balochistan, on ●​ Antelope evidence
1935 Amri N G Majumdar
the bank of Indus river ●​ Rhinoceros’ evidence
●​ Lower fortified town
●​ Wooden drainage
●​ Copper Ox

Hanumangarh District, ●​ Evidence of earthquake

Amlanand
1953 Kalibangan Rajasthan on the bank ●​ Wooden plough
Ghose
of Ghaggar river ●​ Camel’s bone
●​ Fire alters
●​ Camel’s bones
●​ Furrowed land
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●​ Port Town
●​ Graveyard
●​ Ivory weight balance

Gujarat on Bhogva river ●​ Copper dog

1953 Lothal near the Gulf of R. Rao ●​ First manmade port
Cambay ●​ Dockyard
●​ Rice husk
●​ Fire alters
●​ Chess-playing
●​ Bones of horses
1964 Surkotada Gujarat J P Joshi ●​ Beads
●​ Stone Covered Beads
●​ Beads
●​ Barley
●​ Oval shaped settlement
Fatehabad district of
1974 Banawali R S Bisht ●​ The only city with radial streets
Haryana
●​ Toy plough
●​ The largest number of barley
grains
●​ Exclusive water management
●​ Only site to be divided into three
parts
●​ Giant water reservoir
Gujarat in Rann of ●​ Unique water harnessing system
1985 Dholavira R S Bisht
Kutchchh
●​ Dams
●​ Embankments
●​ Stadium
●​ Rock – Cut architecture

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Major Plans by British Govt

PLANS GOVERNOR GENERALS/ VICEROYS

Asiatic Society of Bengal Warren hastings with William Jones
Dual Government system to an end by Warren hastings (1772-1785)
enforcing the Regulating Act of 1773
Permanent Settlement of Bengal cornwallis (1786-1793)
Father of civil service in India
Subsidiary Alliance system wellesley (1798-1805)
abolition of Sati in 1829 William bentick with the help of Rajaram
Mohan Roy
Suppression of Thuggee William bentick (1828-35)
first Railway line(Bombay to Thane) Dalhousie (1848-1856)
Doctrine of Lapse
Universities of Madras Calcutta and Bombay
were established in 1857 Canning (1856-1862)
Indian Penal Code – 1860
Indian council act 1861
Establishment of Calcutta High Court Elgin
Bombay High Court and Madras High Court
in 1862
Indian Forest Department John lawrence (1864-1869)
First census (1872) Mayo (1869-1862)
Department of Agriculture and commerce
Vernacular Press Act and Arms Act of 1878 Lytton
First Factory Act of 1881 Rippon (1880-1884)
Local Self Government of 1882
Indian National Congress in 1885 Dufferin (1884-88)
Factory Act of 1891 Landsdowne (1888-94)
Durand Commission
Partition of Bengal Curzon (1899-1905)
Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of
1904
Swadeshi movements-1905 Minto (1905-10)
Formation of Muslim League in 1906
Transfer of imperial capital Calcutta to Delhi Hardinge (1910-16)
August Declaration of 1917
Jallian Walla Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919) Chelmford (1916 -21)
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Khilafat Movement 1919
Chauri-Chaura incident on 5th Feb 1922 Reading (1921-26)
Simon commission visited India in 1927
First Round Table Conference (1930) Irwin (1926-31)
Gandhi Irwin pact 1931
Second Round Table conference (1931) Willingdon (1931-36)
Third Round Table conference (1932)
Cripps Mission (1942)
Quit India movement (8 th August 1942) Linlithgow (1936-43)
August offer (1940)
Cabinet Mission (1946) Wavell (1943-47)
Partition of India and Independence Mountbatten (1947)

Ruling period of each Dynasty

Dynasty Ruling period First ruler Last ruler

Haryanka Dynasty 544 – 413 BC Bimbisara Nagadasak
Shisunaga Dynasty 412-344 BC Shishunaga Kalashoka
Nanda Dynasty 345 BC to 321 BC Mahapadma Dhana Nanda
Nanda
Maurya Dynasty 300 BC-184 BC Chandragupta Brihadratha
Kushan Dynasty 40-176 AD Kujula Kadphises Vasudeva II
Gupta Dynasty 320-550 AD Sri Gupta Vishnu Gupta
Vardhana or Pushyabhuti 560-647 AD Pushyabhuti Rajyavardhana
Dynasty
PALAS Dynasty 8th to the 12th Gopala Madanapala
century
Ghazni Dynasty 962-1116 AD Sabuktigin Khusrau Malik
Rashtrakutas 8th to the 10th Dantidurga Khottiga
century CE
PRATHIHARAS 6th to the 11th Nagabhata I Rajyapala
century CE
Slave Dynasty 1206-1290 AD Qutb-ud-din Kaikubad
Aibak
Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320 AD Jalaluddin Khalji Khusro Khan
Tughlaq Dynasty 1320-1414 AD Ghiyas ud-Din Nasir ud-Din
Tughluq Mahmud
Sayyid Dynasty 1414 to 1451 AD Khizr Khan Alam Shah
Lodhi Dynasty 1451-1526 AD Bahlul Khan Ibrahim Lodhi
Lodhi

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Mughal Rulers 1526-1857 Babur Bahadur Shah II
Suri Dynasty 1540-1555 AD Sher Shah Suri Adil Shah
Marahattas 1649-1818 AD Chhatrapati Baji Rao II
Shivaji
Chalukya 543-1156 Pulakeshin I Kirtivarman II
Dynasty(Badami)
Chalukya 543-1156 Tailapa II Somesvara IV
Dynasty(Western
Chalukyas)
Chola Dynasty 850- 1279 CE Vijayalaya Chola Rajendra Chola III
Bahmani Muslim 1346-1526 AD Alauddin Bahman Kalim Allah
Kingdom Shah
Vijayanagar Empire 1336-1565 AD Harihara I Ramaraya

Chronology of Indian History

Indian History can be classified into three periods:

●​ Ancient India
●​ Medieval India
●​ Modern India
Ancient India
Period: Prehistoric to AD 700
Palaeolithic Period (2 million BC – 10,000 BC)

●​ Important Palaeolithic sites are Kaladgi Basin, Bhimbetka, Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves and
Narmada Valley,
●​ Fire was discovered
Mesolithic Period (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC)

●​ Microliths were found at Brahmagiri, Narmada and Gujarat

Neolithic Period (8000 BC – 2000 BC)

●​ Wheel discovered and agriculture was started in this period

●​ major megalithic Sites are Brahmagiri and Adichanallur
Indus Valley Civilisation (BC 2700 – BC 1900)

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●​ This was established around 3300 BC. It flourished between 2700 BC and 1900 BC. It
started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC.
Chalcolithic Period (4000 BC – 1,500 BC)

●​ It is also known as the Copper Age and considered part of the Bronze Age.
Iron Age (BC 1500 – BC 200)

●​ Vedic Period and Arrival of Aryans

●​ Basic books of Hinduism, Vedas were composed in this period.
●​ Rise of Jainism and Buddhism
●​ Mahajanapadas
●​ Magadha empire– Bimbisara of Haryanka Kula
●​ Sishunaga dynasty – Kalasoka (Kakavarnin)
●​ Nanda empire – Mahapadma-Nanda, Dhana-Nanda
●​ Persians – Greek arrival: Alexander 327 BC
Mauryan Empire (324-187 BC)
●​ 322–298 BCE- Chandragupta
●​ 298–272 BCE- Bindusara
●​ 268–232 BCE – Ashoka
●​ Mauryan Kingdoms was succeeded by

●​ Sunga (181-71 BC)

●​ Kanva (71-27BC)
●​ Satavahanas (235-100BC)
●​ Indo-Greeks, Parthians (180BC-45AD)
●​ Sakas (90BC-150AD)
●​ Kushanas (78AD)
Sangam Age (300 BC – 300 AD)

●​ Chola
●​ Cheras
●​ Pandyas
Gupta Empire (300AD – 800AD)

●​ This was an ancient Indian empire

●​ Samudra Gupta of the Gupta Empire is known as Indian Napoleon

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Post-Gupta

●​ The deterioration of Imperial Guptas, Magadha and its capital, Pataliputra

●​ After the fall of the Gupta Empire, important centres of power arose:

●​ Vardhana Dynasty
●​ Mukharis
●​ Hunas
●​ Pushyabhutis
●​ Gaudas
●​ Varman
●​ Maitrakas
●​ Also, Rajputs, Senas and Chauhans succeeded later

Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857)

●​ In AD 712, Attack of Muhammed Bin Kassim

●​ Growth of Sufism
●​ Succeeded by:

●​ Muhammad Ghazni (AD 1000-27)

●​ Muhammad Ghori (AD 1175-1206)
●​ The major South Indian kingdoms during Medieval India are Vijayanagara and Bhamini.

Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD)

●​ Slave Dynasty
●​ Khilji Dynasty
●​ Tuglaq Dynasty
●​ Sayyid Dynasty
●​ Lodi Dynasty

Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857)

●​ Mughals
●​ Later Mughals
●​ Arrival of Europeans

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All Nationalist Movements from 1857-1947 in detailed format (Who started it? Reason?etc)
S.NO Movements Year Started by Reason
1.​ Revolt of 1857 (Sepoy 1857 Nana Saheb, i.​ Doctrine of Lapse by Lord
Mutiny) Tantia Tope, Dalhousie
Rani Laxmi ii.​ Religious Disabilities Act
Bai, Bahadur to modify Hindu customs
Shah Zafar, iii.​ ‘Enfield’s rifle and rumor
and Mangal spread that its cartridge
Pandey, Man
was greased with pig &
Singh, and
cow fat.
Kunwar
Singh
2.​ Foundation Of Indian 1885 Allan i.​ political platform for
National Congress Octavian Indians to express their
Hume concerns and demands in
the face of British colonial
rule

3.​ Swadeshi Movement 1905 Aurobindo i.​ The primary cause of the
Ghosh Swadeshi Movement was
the opposition to the
partition of Bengal

4.​ Muslim League 1906 Aga Khan i.​ The primary cause for the
Founded formation of the Muslim
League was to safeguard
the political rights and
interests of Muslims in
the Indian subcontinent
under British rule
ii.​ The Muslims were
concerned about their
minority status and
wanted to ensure that
their voice and concerns
were adequately
represented in the
political landscape

5.​ Gadar Party 1913 Lala Har i.​ The Gadar Party was
Movement Dayal formed with the
overarching goal of
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liberating India from
British colonial rule
ii.​ The term "Gadar" means
revolt or rebellion, and
the party aimed to foment
a revolution against
British imperialism

6.​ Home Rule Movement 1916-1 Bal i.​ Home Rule Movement
918 Gangadhar was a response to the
Tilak(Pune) demand for political
reforms and
Annie Besant self-governance in India
(Chennai) ii.​ It gained momentum
during World War I when
the British government
was seeking support for
the war effort

7.​ Champaran 1917 Mahatma i.​ The primary cause of the

Satyagraha Gandhi Champaran Satyagraha
was the exploitation of
indigo farmers by British
indigo planters
ii.​ Indigo cultivation was
associated with
oppressive practices
where farmers were
forced to grow indigo on a
portion of their land and
surrender a substantial
part of their crops as rent
to the British planters

8.​ Kheda Satyagraha 1917 Mahatma i.​ The primary cause of the
Gandhi Kheda Satyagraha was the
imposition of the tax on
the farmers of Kheda by
the British colonial
administration during a
time of crop failure and
famine
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ii.​ The British authorities
insisted on collecting the
land revenue in full,
despite the fact that the
local farmers were facing
severe economic
hardships due to the
failure of crops

9.​ Ahmedabad Mill 1918 Mahatma i.​ The primary cause of the
Strike Gandhi Ahmedabad Mill Strike
was the demand for
better working conditions,
fair wages, and labor
rights by the textile mill
workers in Ahmedabad.
ii.​ The workers were facing
oppressive conditions,
including long working
hours, low wages, and
poor working
environments

10.​ Rowlatt Satyagraha 1919 Mahatma i.​ The Rowlatt Satyagraha

Gandhi was a response to the
Rowlatt Act, which was
passed by the British
colonial authorities in
1919
ii.​ The Rowlatt Act, also
known as the Anarchical
and Revolutionary Crimes
Act, gave the British
government sweeping
powers to arrest and
detain individuals without
trial and to suppress
political dissent

11.​ Khilafat 1920 Ali Brothers i.​ The Khilafat Movement

(Mohammad was initiated to protest
against the harsh
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Ali and treatment meted out to
Shaukat Ali) the Ottoman Caliphate by
the Allied powers after
World War I
ii.​ The Khilafat leaders,
including the Ali Brothers,
sought to safeguard the
religious and political
rights of Muslims by
supporting the Ottoman
Caliphate

12.​ Non-Cooperation 1920 Mahatma i.​ The Non-Cooperation

Movement Gandhi Movement, led by
Mahatma Gandhi, aimed
to protest against British
rule in India by refusing to
cooperate with
government institutions,
including schools,
colleges, and legislative
councils

13.​ Civil Disobedience 1930 Mahatma i.​ The primary cause of the
Movement Gandhi Civil Disobedience
Movement was the
oppressive salt tax and
monopoly imposed by the
British colonial
government

14.​ Individual Satyagraha 1940 Mahatma i.​ Individual Satyagraha was

Gandhi launched in 1940 in
response to the British
government's
involvement in World War
II and its decision to
involve India without
consulting Indian leaders
ii.​ The primary cause of
Individual Satyagraha was
to protest against the
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British government's
arbitrary actions, demand
civil liberties, and secure
India's independence

15.​ Quit India Movement 1942 Mahatma i.​ The Quit India Movement
Gandhi was initiated in response
to the failure of the Cripps
Mission, which had been
sent by the British
government to India in
1942 to negotiate terms
for India's support in
World War II in exchange
for self-governance after
the war
ii.​ The proposals made by
the mission were deemed
unsatisfactory by Indian
political leaders as they
did not guarantee
immediate and complete
independence.

​ ​

Famous Tombs or Mausoleum in India (eg. Rajghat, Vijayghat, etc)

Name Location

Humayun’s Tomb Delhi

Akbar’s Tomb Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Tomb of Adham Khan Delhi

GolGumbaz Bijapur, Karnataka

MahabatMaqbara Junagadh, Gujarat

BibikaMaqbara Aurangabad, Maharashtra

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QutbShahi Tombs Hyderabad, Telangana

Tomb of Safdarjung Delhi

Sheikh Chilli’s Tomb Haryana

Tomb of Mariam uzZamani Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh

Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram, Bihar

Isa Khans Tomb Delhi

AlluriSitaramaRaju Tomb Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

Tomb of Sher Afghan West Bengal

TajMahal Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Gumbaz Srirangapatna, Karnataka

Ahmed Shah’s Tomb Ahmedabad, Gujarat

HaziraMaqbara Vadodara, Gujarat

Tomb of Tansen Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh

Lal Khan Tomb Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Tomb of Ibrahim Khan Sur Mahendragarh, Haryana

Lodi Gardens Tomb New Delhi

Tombs of Battashewala Complex Delhi

Buland Darwaza Fatehpur sikri

Shanti van Delhi (jawahar lal nehru)

Shakthi sthal Delhi (indira gandhi)

Vivekananda rock Kanyakumari

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Bahauddin Makbara Junagadh, Gujarat

Mauoleum of Chand Bibi Ahmadnagar

Mausoleum of Mohammed Shah Lodhi Gardens, New Delhi.

Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, Tughlaqabad.

Sikandar Lodhi's Mausoleum Lodhi Gardens, New Delhi.

Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Mausoleum Agra

Raj Ghat (Mahatma Gandhi) delhi

Vijay Ghat(Lal Bahadur Shastri) Delhi

Kisan Ghat(Chaudhary Charan Singh) Delhi

Veer Bhumi(Rajiv Gandhi) Delhi

Abhay Ghat(Morarji Desai) Ahmedabad

Mahaprayan Ghat(Dr Rajendra Prasad) Patna

PV Ghat(PV Narasimha Rao) Buddha Poornima Park, Hyderabad

Chaitya Bhoomi(BR Ambedkar) Dadar, Mumbai

Smriti Sthal(IK Gujral) Delhi

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FORTS IN INDIA

STATES FORT RULERS PLACE

New Delhi Red fort Shah Jahan New Delhi
Himachal Pradesh Kangara Fort Maharaja Susharma Kangara
Chandra
Karnataka Sriranga-patnam Fort Timmanna Nayaka Sriranga-patnam
West Bengal Fort William John Goldsboroug Kolkata
Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Fort Raja Suraj Sen Pal Gwalior
Panhala Fort Bhoja II Kolhapur
Maharashtra Sindhudurg Fort Shivaji I Sindhudurg
Daulatabad Fort Bhillama V Aurangabad
Ranthambore Fort Maharaja Sawai Jai Sawai Madhopur
Singh
Rajasthan Meharangarh Fort Rao Jodha Jodhpur
Kumbhalgarh Fort Rana Kumbha Rajsamand
Amber Fort Raja Man Singh Amber
Junagarh Fort Raja Rai Singh Bikaner
Chittorgarh Fort Chitrangada Mori Chittorgarh
Jaisalmer Fort Maharawal Jaisal Singh Jaisalmer
Tamil Nadu Gingee Fort Saenji Ananda Kone Villupuram
Fort St. George British East India Chennai
Company
Telangana Golconda Fort Quli Qutub Shah Hyderabad
Warangal Fort Ganapati Deva Warangal
Uttar Pradesh Agra fort Akbar Agra
Assam Ahom Raja’s Palace Ahom dynasty Garhgaon
Anand Bagh Palace Lakshmeshwar Singh Darbhanga
Bihar Navlakha Palace Rameshwar Singh Rajnagar
Nargona Palace Raja Darbhanga Darbhanga
Kawardha Palace Dharamraj Singh Kawardha
Chhattisgarh Bastar Palace Bastar rulers Jagdalpur
Gujarat Laxmi Vilas Palace Maharaja Sayajirao Vadodara
Gaekwad III
Amar Mahal Palace Raja Amar Singh Jammu
Jammu & Kashmir Mubarak Mandi Palace Dhruv Dev Jammu
Ladakh Leh Palace Sengge Namgyal Leh, Namgyal Hill
Jagan Mohan Palace Krishna Raja Wodeyar Mysore
Karnataka III

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Mysore Palace (Amba Maharaja Krishnaraja Mysore
Vilas Palace) Wodeyar IV
ShakthanThampuran Rama Varma Saktan Thrissur
Kerala Palace Thampuran
Kowdiar Palace Maharajah Sree Trivandrum
Chithira Thirunal
Balarama Varma
Bolgatty Palace Dutch Kochi
Madhya Pradesh Jai Vilas Palace Maharaja Jayajirao Gwalior
Scindia
Jahaz Mahal Gyasuddin Khilji Mandu
Aga Khan Palace Muhammed Shah Aga Pune
Khan III
Maharashtra Lal Mahal (Red Palace) Shahaji Bhosale Pune
Shalini Palace ----------- Kolhapur
Farah Bagh Palace Nizam Shah Ahmednagar
Naukhanda Palace Malik Ambar Aurangabad
Manipur Kangla Palace Khagemba Imphal
Odisha Brundaban Palace Krushna Chandra (Gajapati Palace)
Gajapati Paralakhemundi,
Gajapati District
Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ranjit Singh Amritstar
Palace
Amber Palace (Amer Raja Man Singh Jaipur
Town)
City Palace (Chandra Sawai Jai Singh II Jaipur
Mahal and Mubarak
Mahal palaces)
Hawa Mahal Sawai Pratap Singh Jaipur
Jal Mahal (in Mansagar Jai Singh II of Amber Jaipur
Lake)
Rajasthan Rambagh Palace Maharaja Sawai Man Jaipur
Singh II
Monsoon Palace (Sajjan Maharana Sajjan Singh Udaipur
Garh Palace)
Lake Palace Maharana Jagat Singh II Udaipur
Shiv Niwas Palace (Lake Maharana Fateh Singh Udaipur
Pichola)
Island Palace (Jag Maharana Amar Singh Udaipur
Mandir)
Lalgarh Palace Maharaja Ganga Singh Bikaner
Umaid Bhawan Palace Maharaja Umaid Singh Jodhpur

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Tamil Nadu Padmanabhapuram Iravi Varma Kulasekhara Kanyakumari
Palace Perumal
Thirumalai Nayakkar King Thirumalai Nayak Madurai
Palace
Chowmahalla Palace Nizams of Hyderabad Hyderabad
Telangana Falaknuma Palace Nawab Vikar-ul-Umra Hyderabad
Tripura Neer Mahal (Water Maharaja Bir Bikram Lake Rudrasagar
Palace) Kishore Melaghar
Ujjayanta Palace Maharaja Radha Agartala
Kishore Manikya
Kunjaban Palace Maharaja Birendra Agartala
Kishore Manikya
Uttar Pradesh Anand Bhawan Motilal Nehru Prayagraj (Allahabad)
Hazarduari Palace Nawab Nazim Hazarduari,
Humayun Jah Murshidabad
West Bengal Marble Palace Raja Rajendra Mullick Kolkata
Cooch Behar Palace Cooch Behar Cooch Behar
(Victor Jubilee Palace)
​

Important books (old)

Books Authors
Mudrarakshasa Vishakhadatta
Rajtarangini Kalhana
Kathasaritsagar Shaivite Somadeva
Kamasutra Vatsayana
Prashnottarmalika Amoghavarsha
Svapnavasavadattam Bhasa
Buddha Charita Asvaghosa
Natyashastra Bharata Muni
Abhigyan Shakuntala
Vikramorvashi Kalidasa
Raghuvansan
meghdoot
Amarkosa Amarasimha
Panchsidhantika Varharmihara
Brihat Samhita
Surya Sidhanta Aryabhatta
Aryabhatta
Panch tantra Vishnu Sharma
Nitisara Kamandaka

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Aihole Prasasti Ravi Kriti
Indica Megasthanese
Arthasastra Kautilya (chanakya)
Charaka Samhita Charaka
Lilawati Bhaskara II
Harshacharita
Kadambari Bāṇabhaṭṭa
Nagananda

Gathasaptashati Hala
Astadhyayi Panini
Mahabhasya Patanjali
Naishadhacharitra Sri Harsha
Ratnavali
Mrichhakatika Shudraka
Gitagovinda Jayadeva
Navratna Virsena
Madhava Nidana Madhava
Panch-Siddhantika Varamihira
Brihat Samhita
Sushruta Samhita Sushruta
Thirukural Thiruvalluvar
Silapathikaram Ilango Adigal
Manimegalai
Uttara- Harivamsam Nachana Somana
Dharmanathpurana Bahubali Pandita
Vikramarjuna Vijaya Pampa(father of Kannada)
Ayina-I-Sikandari Ameer Khusrau
Fasana- e-Azad Ratan Nath Sarshar
Padmavat Malik Muhammad Jayasi
Prithviraj Raso Chand Bardai
Sur Sagar Surdas
Adi puraṇa Jinasena

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Books of freedom era
BOOKS AUTHOR
Hind Swaraj, The Story of My Experiments with Mahatma Gandhi
Truth, Gokhale: My Political Guru.
Why I am an Atheist Bhagat Singh
Gitanjali Rabindranath Tagore
The Golden Threshold, The Bird of Time, The Sarojini Naidu
Feather of the Dawn
India Divided, At the Feet of Mahatma Gandhi, Rajendra Prasad
Satyagraha in Champaran
The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World Jawaharlal Nehru
History, Letters from a Father to his Daughter.
Unhappy India Lala Lajpat Rai
Annihilation of Caste, The Buddha and his BR Ambedkar
Dhamma, Pakistan or the Partition of India,
Riddles in Hinduism, Who were the Shudras?
India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Al Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Love and Death, Essays on the Geeta, The Life Aurobindo
Divine
Anandamath, Kapalkundala, Mrinalini, Devi Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Chaudharani
Gora, The Post Office, Chokher Bali, Kabuliwala, Rabindranath Tagore
My Reminiscences, The Crescent Moon, Home
and The World, Hungry Stones, Chandalika,
Visarjan
England's Debt to India, Arya Samaj, The United Lala Lajpat Rai
States of America: A Hindu's Impression and a
Study, The Problems of National Education in
India
Gita Rahasya/Karmayog Shashtra, The Orion: Or Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Researches into the Antiquity of the Vedas, The
Arctic Home in the Vedas
The Indian War of Independence, Hindu Pad Sawarkar
Padashahi, Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?
Satyarth Prakash, The Value of Values Dayanand Saraswati
An Indian Pilgrim Subhash Chandra Bose
The Ancient Wisdom, My Path to Atheism Annie Besant
Hints for Self Culture, Glimpses of World Lala Har Dayal
Religions
Economic History of India, The Civilization of RC Dutt
India

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Religious and Social Reform: A collection of MG Ranade
Essays and Speeches, Essays on Indian Economics
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India Dadabhai Naoroji
A Nation in Making Surendranath Banerjee
Bandi Jeevan Sachindra Nath Sanyal
Neel Darpan Deenbandhu Mitra
Arun Bahni Santi Ghose
Pather Dabi Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
India Today Rajani Palme Dutt
The Renaissance in India CF Andrews
Guilty Men of India's Partition Ram Manohar Lohia
India Unrest Valentine Chirol (not a freedom fighter)

Leaders of great revolt and their suppressors

Beginning Date British

Centre Ending Date Indian Leader
Suppressor

Bahadur Shah II
11 May 1857
Delhi 20 Sep 1857 “Zafar” and John Nicholson
Bakht Khan
(Commanding
General)

Nana Sahib
6 December
Kanpur 4 June 1857 and his loyal Colin Campbell
1857
commander
/ Tantia Tope
Begum Hazrat
21 March
Lucknow 4 June 1857 Mahal Colin Campbell
1858

Jhansi 4 June 1857 18 June Rani Laxmi Bai Hugh Rose

1858
Allahabad 5 June 1857 March 1858 Liaquat Ali Colonel Neil
Kunwar
William Taylor
Jagdishpur Dece Singh and
August 1857 and Vincent
(Bihar) mber Amar Singh
Eyre
1858

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Important books on 1857 revolt

Books Year Author

The First Indian War of Independence 1857–59 1859 Karl Marx

Causes of Indian Revolt 1873 Sayed Ahmad Khan

The India War of Independence 1909 V. D. Savarkar

The Sepoy Mutiny and the rebellion of 1857 1957 R. C. Mazumdar

Civil Rebellion in Indian Mutinies 1957 S. B. Chowdhury

Rebellion, 1857: A Symposium 1957 P. C. Joshi

1857 1957 S. N. Sen

Important battles

Years Battle Result

326 B.C. Battle of Hydaspes Porus loses to Alexander

262 B.C. Kalinga War Ashoka wins but adopts Buddhism

Mohammed-bin-Qasim invades
711 A.D. Invasion of Sind
from the west

Prithviraj Chauhan defeats

1191 A.D. First Battle of Tarain
Mohammed Ghori

1192 A.D. Second Battle of Tarain Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan

1194 A.D. Battle of Chandawar Ghori defeated Jaichand of Kannauj

1526 A.D. First Battle of Panipat Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi

1527 A.D. Battle of Khanwa Babur defeated Rana Sanga

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1529 A.D. Battle of Ghaghara Babur defeated the Afghans

1539 A.D. Battle of Chausa Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayun

1540 A.D. Battle of Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayun

Kannauj (or
Bilgram)

Years Battle Result

Bairam Khan (representing Akbar)

1556 A.D. Second Battle of Panipat
defeats Hemu

Vijaynagar Empire (represented by

Sadasiva) loses against an alliance
1565 A.D. Battle of Talikota/Bannihatti
formed by Ahmednagar, Bijapur,
Golkonda and Bidar

1576 A.D. Battle of Haldighati Akbar defeats Maharana Pratap

Peace treaty signed between Jahangir

1615 A.D. Mewar submitted to
and Rana Amar Singh of Mewar
Mughals
1658 A.D. Battle of (Dharmatt) Aurangzeb defeated Dara Shikoh
Samugarh
Raja Jai Singh defeats Shivaji. Treaty
1665 A.D. Siege of Purandar
of Purandar signed

1707 A.D. Battle of Khed Shahu defeated Tarabai

1737 A.D. Battle of Bhopal Baji Rao defeated Mohammed Shah

1739 A.D. Battle of Karnal Nadir Shah defeated Mohammed Shah

French defeated British.

1746–48 A.D. First Carnatic War
Treaty of Aix-la Chappelle
concluded

British defeated French.

1749–54 A.D. Second Carnatic War
Treaty of Pondicherry

1758–1763 British under Sir Eyre Coote

Third Carnatic War
A.D. defeated French. Treaty of Paris
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Robert Clive defeats Siraj-ud-Daulah,

1757 A.D. Battle of Plassey
the Nawab of Bengal

1761 A.D. Third Battle of Panipat Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Marathas

Hector Munro defeated combined

armies of Nawab Mir Qasim of
1764 A.D. Battle of Buxar
Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah of
Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah
Alam.

1767–69 A.D. First Anglo Mysore War Hyder Ali defeated English forces

1775–82 A.D. First Anglo Maratha War British defeated

1770 A.D. Battle of Udgir Marathas defeated the Nizam

1780–84 A.D. Second Anglo Mysore War Hyder Ali dies. Treaty of Mangalore
signed
Tipu Sultan defeated. Treaty of
Srirangapatnam signed.
1790–92 A.D. Third Anglo Mysore War
1799 A.D. Fourth Anglo Mysore War Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed

1803–06 A.D. Second Anglo Maratha War Marathas lose to the British

1817–18 A.D. Third Anglo Maratha War Marathas lose to the British again

1824–26 A.D. First Anglo Burmese War British wins over the Burmese

1839–42 A.D. First Anglo-Afghan War British defeat Afghan ruler Dost
Mohammad
1845–46 A.D. First Anglo-Sikh War Treaty of Lahore

1878–80 A.D. Second Afghan War British captured Kabul and Kandahar.
Treaty of Gandamak

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Nicknames of famous international personalities

Nickname Personality

Bapu, Father of the Nation M. K. Gandhi

Grand Old Man of India, Unofficial

Dadabhai Naoroji
Ambassador of India

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore

Mahamana Madan Mohan Malviya

Frontier Gandhi, Badshah Khan Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Bismarck of India, Iron Man of India Vallabhbhai Patel

Lion of Punjab (Punjab Kesari) Lala Lajpat Rai

Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das

Deenbandhu C. F. Andrews

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

Rajaji C. Rajagopalachari

Man of Peace Lal Bahadur Shastri

Nightingale of India Sarojini Naidu

Anna C. N. Annadurai

Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan

Rajarshi Purushottam Das Tandon

Panditji, Chacha Jawaharlal Nehru

Morning Star of Indian Renaissance Raja Ram Mohan Roy

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Ajatshatru Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Sher-e-Kashmir Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah

Nickname Personality

Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak,

Lal, Bal, Pal
Bipin Chandra Pal

Bird Man of India Salim Ali

Water Man of India Rajendra Singh

Punjab Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai

Bengal Kesari Ashutosh Mukherji

Bihar Kesari Dr. Sri Krishna Singh

Andhra Kesari T. Prakasam

Father of Indian Cinema Dada Saheb Phalke

Grand father of Indian Films Dhundiraj Govind Phalke

Magician of Hockey Dhyan Chand

Haryana Hurricane Kapil Dev

Flying Sikh Milkha Singh

Payyoli Express P. T. Usha

Little Master Sunil Gavaskar

Tiger M. A. K. Pataudi

Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi

Shakespeare of India Mahakavi Kalidas

Parrot of India Amir Khusrau

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Napoleon of India Samudragupta

Vatapi Kondan Narsasimhavarman I

Gangai Kondan
Rajendra Chola I
Kadaram Kondan

Zinda Pir Aurangazeb

Nickname Personality

G.B.S George Bernard Shaw

Lady with the Lamp Florence Nightingale

Little Corporal, Man of Destiny Napoleon Bonaparte

Fuehrer Adolf Hitler

King Maker Earl of Warwick

Uncle Ho Ho Chi Minh

Bard of Avon William Shakespeare

Li-Kwan Pearl Buck

Father of English Poetry Geoffrey Chaucer

Grand Old Man of Britain, The People’s William E. Gladstone

William
Maiden Queen Queen Elizabeth I

Maid of Orleans Joan of Arc

Man of Blood and Iron Otto Van Bismarck

II Duce Benito Mussolini

Desert Fox General Ervin Rommel

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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