Lecture 1: Number Line and Real Numbers÷
· Alt and 0183 Multiplication
÷ Alt and 0247 Division
xⁿ Alt and 252 Exponent
x² Alt and 0178 Squared
x³ Alt and 0179 Cubed
≠
xᵗʰ 1D57, 02B0 then Alt and x
√
Alt and 8800 Not equal to
Alt and 251 Square root
⊆
∛ Alt and 8731 Cube root
⊂
Alt and 8838 Subset or equal to
∈
Alt and 8834 Proper subset
Alt and 8712 Element of
π Alt and 227 Pie
Periodic decimals Repeating decimals 0.6666666... or 0.818181... where 81
repeats
Non-periodic decimals Non-repeating decimals 3.141592653... (π) no repeating groups
√(-1) which is written as i in mathematics
Theorum in Mathematics There are many more Irrational numbers than Rational numbers
Imaginary numbers
Ratio Fraction 7/8, 2/3, etc
Natural Numbers 1,2,3,4, ... N={1,2,3,4, ...} +,- = ran out of NATURAL numbers,
needed INTEGERS
Whole Numbers 0,1,2,3,... (No negatives)
Integers -2,-1,0,1,2, ... Z={...,-2,-1,0,1,2,...} x,/ = ran out of INTEGERS, needed
RATIONAL NUMBERS
Rational numbers are ratios of Integers 3 = 3/1
Rational Numbers {p|p = m/n, m,n, are integers, n≠0 } n≠0 because Denominator of 0, can't
divide by 0
Rational numbers like fractions
Recall: Set builder notation {p= notation for elements of the set|conditions of element p}
Rational numbers - All numbers that can be placed on a number line, pos, neg, or zero
P/Q represents Rational numbers, Q≠0
Digits 0,1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Binary 0,1 1 1
10 2
11 3
100 4
Decimal form of:
Rational Numbers 3/4 = 0.75 Finite
9/11 = 0.818181... Infinite (Periodic)
2/3 = 0.6666... Infinite (Non-Periodic)
Irrational Numbers √2 in not a Rational Number √2 ≠ m/n (where m,n are Integers)
√2 = 1.414213562 ...
√2,√3,√5,√6,√7,...,∛2,∛3...
Infinite (Non-Periodic)
Irrational numbers like π and √2
Irrational numbers - Numbers that cannot be expressed as fractions
Q' represents Irrational numbers
Real Numbers
involve √(-1)
All Rational, Irrational numbers, excluding imaginary numbers which
If a number can be plotted on a standard number line it's Real
N⊂Z⊂Q⊂R
N (Natural numbers): {1,2,3,4,...}
Z (Integers) {...,-2,-1,0,1,2,...}
· All Whole numbers, positive and negative, including zero
Q (Rational numbers) {a/b | a,b ∈ Z, b ≠ 0}
· Any number that can be written as a fraction a/b where a and b are Integers, and b is not zero
· 2/3, 7/8, 9, and even 0
Q' (Irratiional numbers) {Non-repeating, non-terminating decimals like π, √2, e}
ℝ \ ℚ (Real numbers excluding rational numbers)
· Can NOT be written as a simple fraction
·
R (Real Numbers) {All numbers that can be plotted on a number line}
such as √ , π , e (e is Euler’s number ≈ 2.718281828... important in logarithms and exponential
· Includes both Rational and Irrational numbers
·
growth)
· Essentially all numbers that don't involve imaginary components
Operations
Addition Subtraction Multipication Division Exponentiation
+ - · ÷
( )ⁿ
Sum Difference Product Quotient nᵗʰ
power
Order of Operations (Left to Right)
1. Parenthesis ()
2. Exponentiations xⁿ
3. Multiplication, Division ·,÷
4. Addition, Subtraction +,-
