2

PTER
CHA

NUMBER SYSTEM

Chart: Classification of Numbers

Complex Numbers

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

p p
q Form Decimal Form q Form Non-terminating
and Non-repeating
p p Decimal Form
q , where p and q q , where q ≠ 0 and
are integers and at least one of In non-terminating and
q≠ 0 p and q is not an non-repeating decimal
Examples: integer form, number of digits
5, Examples: after decimal point is
, 2 , Terminating Non-terminating
infinite but there is no
8 3 Decimal Form Repeating Decimal 5 , 0.51 , 8.02 ,
, Form 4.2 6 2.3 group of digit(s) (one or
because 3, 0 and In terminating decimal more than one digits)
form, the number of In non-terminating 3 , etc.; just after decimal point
2, 5,
3, 0 –4 digits after decimal repeating decimal 2 or leaving some digits
as and point is finite. form, number of digits after decimal point
1 1 1 because 2 and 5
respectively. Examples: 4.024, after decimal point is which repeats
infinite but just after can be written as continuously.
5.008, 0.23, etc.
decimal point or 2 and 5 Examples :
leaving some digits 1 1 501.060060006...,
Integers after decimal point a respectively. 23.1424434444...,
Examples : group of digit (s) (one 0.009191191119...,
or more than one –7.401002003...., etc.
2, 3, ..... digits) repeats conti-
nuously.
Examples:
5.4141 .....,

Negative Integers Whole Numbers, 0.061245245...., etc.

Examples : which include These irrational
zero and positive numbers can be written
integers by putting a bar or
Examples : recurring above the
0, 1, 2, 3, ... first group of digits(s)
after decimal point
which repeats further
continuously.
Examples:
Zero Positive Integers
5.4141... = 5.41,
(0) or Natural numbers
0.2383838...
Examples :
1, 2, 3, ... = 0.238, 0.061245245....
= 0.061245, etc.

1 Prime Numbers, Composite numbers

which are natural are natural numbers
numbers other than which have at least
1, divisible by 1 one diviser different
and itself only from 1 and the
Examples : number itself
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, Examples :
etc. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15, etc.

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 l Number System

CONCEPT OF NUMBER LINE (OR NUMBER LINE) p 6420132 − 6420

Thus, form of 64.20132 =
A number line is a straight line from negative infinitive (–, ∞) in left q 99900
hand side to positive infinitive (+, ∞) in right hand side as given: 6413712 534476
= =
99900 8325

 
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a ab abc
Each point on the number line represents a unique real number and In short; 0.a == , 0.ab = , 0.abc , etc. and
each real number is denoted by a unique point on the number line. 9 99 999
Symbols of some special sets are: ab − a abc − a abc − ab
0.ab = = , 0.abc = , 0.abc ,
N : the set of all natural numbers 90 990 900
Z : the set of all integers abcd − ab abcde − abc
Q : the set of all rational numbers 0.abcd = , ab ⋅ cde = , etc.
9900 990
R : the set of all real numbers
Z + : the set of positive integers p
Q + : the set of positive rational numbers, and Illustration 1: Convert 2.46102 in the form of rational
q
R + : the set of positive real numbers number.
The symbols for the special sets given above will be referred p 246102 − 2 246100
Solution: Required form = =
to throughout the text. q 99999 99999
Even Integers p
An integer divisible by 2 is called an even integer. Thus, ..., – 6, – Illustration 2: Convert 0.1673206 in the form of
q
4, – 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,...., etc. are all even integers. 2n always rational number.
represents an even number, where n is an integer. p 1673206 − 167 1673039
For example, by putting n = 5 and 8 in 2n, we get even integer Solution: Required form = =
q 9999000 9999000
2n as 10 and 16 respectively.
p
Odd Integers Illustration 3: Convert 31.026415555 ... into form of ra-
q
An integer not divisible by 2 is called an odd integer. tional number.
Thus, ..., –5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,..., etc. are all Solution: First write 31.026415555... as 31.026415
odd integers.
p 31026415 − 3102641 27923774
(2n – 1) or (2n + 1) always represents an odd number, where Now required form = =
n is an integer. q 900000 900000
For example by putting n = 0, 1 and 5 in (2n – 1), we get odd 13961887
= .
integer (2n – 1) as – 1, 1 and 9 respectively. 450000

Properties of Positive and Negative Numbers
If n is a natural number then DIVISION
(A positive number)natural number = A positive number 4 275 68 Here 4 is the divisor, 275 is the dividend,
(A negative number)even positive number = A positive number 24 68 is the quotient and 3 is the remainder.
(A negative number)odd positive number = A negative number 35 Remainder is always less than divisor.
32
CONVERSION OF RATIONAL NUMBER OF 3
THE FORM NON-TERMINATING RECURRING Thus, Divisor Dividend Quotient
DECIMAL INTO THE RATIONAL NUMBER OF abc
p
THE FORM Remainder
q Thus,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
First write the non-terminating repeating decimal number in
For example, 275 = 4 × 68 + 3
recurring form i.e., write
When quotient is a whole number and remainder is zero, then
64.20132132132..... as 64.20132 dividend is divisible by divisor.
p
Then using formula given below we find the required form
q TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY
of the given number. p I. Divisibility by 2:
Rational number in the form
q A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is any of 0, 2,

Complete number neglecting   Non- recurring part of  4, 6, 8.
 the decimal and bar over  −  the number neglecting  Ex. 58694 is divisible by 2, while 86945 is not divisible
   

repeating digitt (s)   the decimal by 2.
= 
II. Divisible by 3:
m times 9 followed by n times 0
A number is divisible by 3 only when the sum of its digits
where m = number of recurring digits in decimal part

and n = number of non-recurring digits in decimals part is divisible by 3.

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 Number System l

Ex. (i) Sum of digits of the number 695421 = 27, which X. Divisible by 11:

is divisible by 3. A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the

\ 695421 is divisible by 3. sum of its digits at odd places from right and the sum of

(ii) Sum of digits of the number 948653 = 35, which its digits at even places also from right is either 0 or a
number divisible by 11.

is not divisible by 3.
\ 948653 is not divisible by 3. Ex. (i) Consider the number 29435417.

(Sum of its digits at odd places from right) –
III. Divisible by 4:

(Sum of its digits at even places from right)
A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last
(7 + 4 + 3 + 9) – (1 + 5 + 4 + 2) = (23 – 12) = 11,

two digits i.e. ten’s and unit’s digit of the given number is

which is divisible by 11.
divisible by 4.
\ 29435417 is divisible by 11.
Ex. (i) 6879376 is divisible by 4, since 76 is divisible by 4.

(ii) Consider the number 57463822.

(ii) 496138 is not divisible by 4, since 38 is not

(Sum of its digits at odd places) –

divisible by 4.

(Sum of its digits at even places)
IV. Divisible by 5:

= (2 + 8 + 6 + 7) – (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = (23 – 14)
A number is divisible by 5 only when its unit digit is

= 9, which is neither 0 nor divisible by 11.

0 or 5. \ 57463822 is not divisible by 11.
Ex. Each of the numbers 76895 and 68790 is divisible by 5.
XI. Divisible by 12:

V. Divisible by 6: A number is divisible by 12, if it is simultaneously
A number is divisible by 6 if it is simultaneously divisible

divisible by both 3 and 4.

by both 2 and 3.
Illustration 4: Find the least value of * for which 7* 5462 is
Ex. 90 is divisible by 6 because it is divisible by both 2
divisible by 9.

and 3 simultaneously.
Solution: Let the required value be x. Then,
VI. Divisible by 7:
A number is divisible by 7 if and only if the difference of (7 + x + 5 + 4 + 6 + 2) = (24 + x) should be divisible by 9.
⇒ x =3

the number of its thousands and the remaining part of the

given number is divisible by 7 respectively. Illustration 5: Find the least value of * for which 4832*18 is
Ex. 473312 is divisible by 7, because the difference divisible by 11.

between 473 and 312 is 161, which is divisible by 7. Solution: Let the digit in place of * be x.
VII. Divisible by 8: (Sum of digits at odd places from right) –
A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its (Sum of digits at even places from right)

last three digits i.e. hundred’s, ten’s and unit’s digit of the = (8 + x + 3 + 4) – (1 + 2 + 8 = (4 + x),

given number is divisible by 8. which should be divisible by 11.
Ex. (i) In the number 16789352, the number formed by \ x = 7.

last 3 digits, namely 352 is divisible by 8.
PRIME NUMBERS
\ 16789352 is divisible by 8. A number other than 1 is called a prime number if it is divisible

(ii) In the number 576484, the number formed by last by only 1 and itself.

3 digits, namely 484 is not divisible by 8. All prime numbers less than 100 are:
\ 576484 is not divisible by 8. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,

VIII. Divisible by 9: 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
A number is divisible by 9 only when the sum of its digits Note that 2 is the smallest prime number. 2 is the only even
prime number.

is divisible by 9.
Smallest odd prime number is 3.
Ex. (i) Sum of digits of the number 246591 = 27, which Twin Primes: A pair of prime numbers are said to be twin

is divisible by 9. prime when they differ by 2. For example 3 and 5 are twin primes.
\ 246591 is divisible by 9. Co-primes or Relative primes: A pair of numbers are said to

(ii) Sum of digits of the number 734519 = 29, which be co-primes or relative primes to each other if they do not have

is not divisible by 9. any common factor other than 1. For example 13 and 21.
\ 734519 is not divisible by 9. Some Properties which Help in Finding Two

IX. Divisible by 10: Co-prime Numbers
A number is divisible by 10 only when its unit digit is 0. (i) Two consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime.

Ex. (i) 7849320 is divisible by 10, since its unit digit is 0. Ex. 8 and 9 are co-prime.

Also 12 and 13 are co-prime.

(ii) 678405 is not divisible by 10, since its unit digit

(ii) Two consecutive odd integers are always co-prime.

is not 0.
Ex. 7, 9; 15, 17; 21, 23; etc.

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 l Number System

(iii) Two prime numbers are always co-prime. lies between 16 and 17, because 162 = 256 and 172 = 289. Thus
Ex. 19 and 23 are co-prime. square root of the given number is not an integer. So, we take 17

Also 29 and 41 are co-prime. as an integer just greater than the square root of the given number.

(iv) A prime number and a composite number such that the Now all the prime numbers less than 17 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13.
composite number is not a multiple of the prime number are Since 271 is not divisible by any of the numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and
always co-prime. 13. Hence 361 is a prime number.
Ex. 7 and 15 are co-prime.
Illustration 6: Is 171 is a prime number ?

(v) Square of two co-prime numbers are always co-prime
numbers. Solution: Square root of 171 lies between 13 and 14, because
132 = 169 and 142 = 196. Therefore, the integer just greater than
Some Properties which Help in Finding Three
the square root of 171 is 14.
Co-prime Numbers
Now prime numbers less than 14 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13.
3 numbers are co-prime to each other means all the possible pair
Since 171 is divisible by 3, therefore 171 is not a prime number.
of numbers out of these three numbers are co-prime. For example
Illustration 7: Is 167 is a prime number ?
from three numbers 7, 8, 13 three pairs (7, 8), (7, 13) and (8, 13)
Solution: Square root of 167 lies between 12 and 13, because
are formed and each of these pair is a pair of co-prime. Hence, 7,
122 = 144 and 132 = 169. Therefore the integer just greater than
8, 13 are three co-prime numbers. the square root of 167 is 13.
Following are some properties helping in finding three Now prime numbers less than 13 are 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11.
co-prime numbers: Since 167 is not divisible by any of the prime numbers 2, 3, 5,
(i) Three consecutive odd integers are always co-prime. 7 and 11; therefore 167 is a prime number.
Ex. 9, 11, 13 are co-prime.

(ii) Three consecutive natural numbers with first one being GENERAL OR EXPANDED FORM OF 2 AND
odd are always co-primes. 3 DIGITS NUMBERS
Ex. 7, 8, 9 are co-prime.
(i) In a two digits number AB, A is the digit of tenth place and

(iii) Two consecutive natural numbers along with the next odd
B is the digit of unit place, therefore AB is written using
numbers are always co-primes. place value in expanded form as
Ex. 12, 13, 15 are co-prime. Also 17, 18, 19 are co-prime. AB = 10A + B

(iv) Three prime numbers are always co-prime.

Ex. 35 = 10 × 3 + 5
Ex. 3, 11, 13 are co-prime.

(ii) In a three digits number ABC, A is the digit of hundred

To Test Whether a Given Number is Prime place, B is the digit of tenth place and C is the digit of
Number or Not unit place, therefore ABC is written using place value in
In CAT and CAT like competitions you are required 2
expanded form as
to check whether a given number maximum upto 1 =1 ABC = 100A + 10B + C

2
400 is prime number or not. 2 =4 Ex. 247 = 100 × 2 + 10 × 4 + 7

If you want to test whether any number is a prime
2
3 =9 These expanded forms are used in forming equations

number or not, take an integer equal to the square
2
4 = 16 related to 2 and 3 digits numbers.
root of the given number but if square root is not an 2
5 = 25 Illustration 8: In a two digit prime number, if 18 is added,
integer then take an integer just larger than the ap- 2 we get another prime number with reversed digits. How many
6 = 36
proximate square root of that number. Let it be ‘x’. 2 such numbers are possible ?
7 = 49 Solution: Let a two-digit number be pq.
Test the divisibility of the given number by every 2
prime number less than ‘x’. If the given number is
8 = 64 \ 10p + q + 18 = 10q + p

2
not divisible by any prime number less than, then 9 = 81 ⇒ –9p + 9q = 18 ⇒ q – p = 2

2
the given number is prime number; otherwise it is 10 = 100 Satisfying this condition and also the condition of being a
a composite number.
2
11 = 121 prime number (pq and qp both), there are 2 numbers 13 and 79.
Square root of 361 is 19. Prime numbers less 2
12 = 144 FACTORISATION
than 19 are clearly 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 and 17. Since, 2
13 = 169 It is a process of representing a given number as a product of two
361 is not divisible by any of the numbers 2, 3, 5, 2
or more prime numbers.
14 = 196
7, 11, 13 and 17. Hence, 361 is a prime number. 2
Here each prime number which is present in the product is
15 = 225
It is advisable to learn the squared numbers 2 called a factor of the given number.
of all integers from 1 to 20, which are very 16 = 256
2 For example, 12 is expressed in the factorised form in terms
useful to find whether a given number is a prime 17 = 289
of its prime factors as 12 = 22 × 3.
2
or not. 18 = 324
Illustration 9: If N = 23 × 37, then
From the table it is clear that if any number, say
2
19 = 361
(a) What is the smallest number that you need to multiply
271 lies between 256 and 289, then its square root 2
20 = 400 with N in order to make it a perfect square ?

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 Number System l

(b) What is the smallest number that you need to divide by N (a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an) (n – 1)! i.e., (Sum of the digits) (n – 1)!
in order to make it a perfect square ? Illustration 13: Find the sum of unit digits of all different
Solution: numbers formed from digits 4, 6, 7 and 9.
(a) Any perfect square number in its factorised form has Solution: Required sum = (4 + 6 + 7 + 9) – (4 – 1)!
prime factors with even powers. So in order to make = 26 – 3! = 26 – 6 = 20.

23 × 37 a perfect square, the smallest number that we need
to multiply it with would be 2 × 3 i.e. 6. The resulting
THE LAST DIGIT FROM LEFT (i.e., UNIT
perfect square will be 24 × 38.
(b) Similarly, in order to arrive at a perfect square by DIGIT) OF ANY POWER OF A NUMBER
dividing the smallest number, we need to divide the number by The last digits (from left) of the powers of any number follow
2 × 3 i.e., 6. The resulting perfect square will be 22 × 36. a cyclic pattern i.e., they repeat after certain number of steps. If
we find out after how many steps the last digit of the powers of
NUMBER OF WAYS OF EXPRESSING A a number repeat, then we can find out the last digit of any power
of any number.
COMPOSITE NUMBER AS A PRODUCT OF
Let us look at the powers of 2:
TWO FACTORS Last digit of 21 is 2 . Last digit of 26 is 4 .
(i) Number of ways of expressing a composite number N 2
Last digit of 2 is 4 . Last digit of 27 is 8 .
which is not a perfect square as a product of two factors 3
Last digit of 2 is 8 . Last digit of 28 is 6 .
1 4
Last digit of 2 is 6 . Last digit of 29 is 2 .
= × (Number of prime factors of the N) 5
2 Last digit of 2 is 2 .

(ii) Number of ways of expressing a perfect square number Since last digit of 25 is the same as the last digit of 21, then
1 onwards the last digit will start repeating, i.e., digits of 25, 26, 27,
M as a product of two factors = [(Number of prime
2 factors of M + 1] 28 will be the same as those of 21, 22, 23, 24. Then the last digit
of 29 is again the same as the last digit of 21 and so on. Thus, we
Illustration 10: Find the number of ways of expressing 180 see that when power of 2 increases, the last digits repeat after
as a product of two factors. every 4 steps.
Solution: 180 = 22 × 32 × 51 In above pattern, we can see that whenever the power of
Number of factors = (2 + 1) (2 + 1) (1 + 1) = 18 2 is a multiple of 4, the last digit of that number will be the
18 same as the last digit of 24.
Since 180 is not a perfect square, hence there are total =9
2 Suppose we want to find out the last digit of 266, we should
ways in which 180 can be expressed as a product of two factors. look at a multiple of 4 which is just less than or equal to the power
Illustration 11: Find the number of ways expressing 36 as a 66 of 2. Since 64 is a multiple of 4, the last digit of 264 will be the
product of two factors. same as the last digit of 24.
Solution: 36 = 22 × 32 Then the last digits of 265, 266 will be the same as the last digits
Number of factors = (2 + 1) (2 + 1) = 9 of 21, 22 respectively. Hence the last digit of 266 is the same as the
Since 36 is a perfect square, hence the number of ways of last digit of 22 i.e., 4.
expressing 36 as a product of two factors Similarly, we can find out the last digit of 375 by writing down
9 +1 the pattern of the powers of 3.
= = 5 , as 36 = 1 × 36, 2 × 18, 3 × 12, 4 × 9 and 6 × 6.
2 Last digit of 31 is 3. Last digit of 34 is 1.
Last digit of 32 is 9. Last digit of 35 is 3.
SUM OF FACTORS (OR DIVISORS) OF A 3
Last digit of 3 is 7. Last digit of 36 = 9

COMPOSITE NUMBER Last digit of 37 = 7

Let N be a composite number in such a way that N = (x)a (y)b (z) Last digit of 38 = 1
c

... where x, y, z... are prime numbers. Then, the sum of factors Last digit of 39 = 3
x a +1 − 1 y b +1 − 1 z c +1 − 1

(or divisors) of N = × × ... The last digit repeats after 4 steps (like in the case of powers of 2).
x −1 y −1 z −1 Whenever the powers of 3 is a multiple of 4, the last digit of that
number will be the same as the last digit of 34.
Illustration 12: What is the sum of the divisors of 60 ?
To find the last digit of 375, we look for a multiple of 4 which is
Solution: 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
just less than or equal to the power 75 of 3. Since, 72 is multiple
 
23 − 1 32 − 1 52 − 1 of 4, the last digit of 372 will be the same as that of 34. Hence
⇒ Sum of the divisors = × × = 168 .
2 −1 3 −1 5 −1 the last digit of 375 will be the same as the last digit of 33 i.e., 7.
Last Digit (i.e., Unit Digit) of a Product
SUM OF UNIT DIGITS Last digit of the product a × b × c ... is the last digit of the product
For given n different digits a1, a2, a3, ..., an ; the sum of the digits of last digits of a, b, c, ...
at unit place of all different numbers formed is

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 l Number System

Illustration 14: Find the last digit of 2416 × 4430. we convert the product in the following manner
Solution: Writing down the powers of 2 and 4 to check the pattern 22010 = 8670 = 8 × 8 × 8... (670 times.)
of the last digits, we have The remainder when 8 is divided by 7 is 1. Hence the
We have seen that whenever the power of 2 is a multiple of 4, remainder when 8670 is divided by 7 is the remainder obtained when the
the last digit of that number will be the same as the last digit of 24. product 1 × 1 × 1... (670 times) is divided by 7. Therefore,
Now, Last digit of 41 = 4. remainder = 1.
Last digit of 42 = 6. Illustration 17: What is the remainder when 2524 is divided
Last digit of 43 = 4. by 9 ?
Last digit of 44 = 6. Solution: Again 2524 = (18 + 7)24 = (18 + 7) (18 + 7)... 24 times
Thus last digit of any power of 4 is 4 for an odd power and 6 = 18K + 724.
for an even power. The last digit of 2416 will be the same as 24 Hence, remainder when 2524 is divided by 9 is the remainder
because 416 is a multiple of 4. So the last digit of 2416 is 6. when 724 is divided by 9.
Last digit of 4430 is 6, since the power of 4 is even. Now, 724 = 73 × 73 × 73 ... (8 times) = 343 × 343 × 343 ...
Hence the last digit of 2416 × 4430 will be equal to the last digit (8 times)
of 6 × 6 = 6. Now when 343 is divided by 9 the remainder is 1
So, the remainder when dividing (343)8 by 9 means remainder
CONCEPT OF REMAINDERS when dividing (1)8 by 9. So the required remainder is 1.
(I) Suppose the numbers N1, N2, N3, ... give quotients Q1,
Q2, Q3, ... and remainder R1, R2, R3, ... when divided by a NUMBER OF ZEROES IN AN EXPRESSION
common divisor D.
LIKE a × b × c × ..., WHERE a, b, c,... ARE
Let S be the sum of N1, N2, N3,..
NATURAL NUMBERS

Therefore, S = N1 + N2 + N3 + ...
Consider an expression 8 × 15 × 20 × 30 × 40.

= (D × Q1 + R1) + (D × Q2 + R2) +
The expression can be written in the standard form as :


(D × Q3 + R3) + ...
8 × 15 × 20 × 30 × 40

= D × K + (R1 + R2 + R3...), ... (1) = (23) × (3 × 5) × (22 × 5) × (2 × 3 × 5) × (23 × 5)

where K is some number

= 29 × 32 × 54, in which base of each factor is a prime number.


Hence the remainder when S is divided by D is the A zero is formed by the product of 2 and 5 i.e. 2 × 5. Hence

remainder when (R1 + R2 + R3.....) is divided by D. number of zeroes is equal to the number of pair(s) of 2’s and 5’s formed.
(II) Suppose the numbers, N1, N2, N3,... give quotients Q1, In the above standard form of the product there are 9 twos and
Q2, Q3,... and remainders R1, R2, R3,... respectively, when 4 fives. Hence number of pairs of 2 and 5 i.e. (2 × 5) is 4. Hence,
divided by a common divisor D. there will be 4 zeroes at the end of the final product.
Therefore N1 = D × Q1 + R1, N2 = D × Q2 + R2, In the same above way, we can find the number of zeroes at
the end of any product given in the form of an expression like

N3 = D × Q3 × R3... and so on.
a × b × c × ..., where a, b, c,... are natural numbers.

Let P be the product of N1, N2, N3,...
If there is no pair of 2 and 5 i.e. 2 × 5, then there is no zero

Therefore, at the end of the product. For example, consider the expression

P = N1N2N3 ... 9 × 21 × 39 × 49.

= (D × Q1 + R1) (D × Q2 + R2) (D × Q3 + R3)... The given expression in standard form,

= D × K + (R1R2R3...), ... (2) 9 × 21 × 39 × 49 = (32) × (3 × 7) × (3 × 13) × (72)

where K is some number = 34 × 73 × 13


In the above equation, since only the product (R1R2R3...) is There is no pair of 2 and 5 in the standard form of expression

free of D, therefore the remainder when P is divided by D is given as product, therefore there will be no zero at the end of the
the remainder when the product (R1R2R3...) is divided by D. final product.
Illustration 15: What is the remainder when the product 1991 Illustration 18: Find the number of zeroes in the product
× 1992 × 2000 is divided by 7 ? 11 × 22 × 33 × 44 × 55 × 66 × ........... × 4949
Solution: The remainder when 1991, 1992 and 2000 are divided Solution: Clearly the fives will be less than the twos. Hence, we
need to count only the fives.
by 7 are 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
Now, 55 × 1010 × 1515 × 2020 × 2525 × 3030 × 3535 × 4040 × 4545
Hence the final remainder is the remainder when the product
= (5)5 × (5 × 2)10 × (5 × 3)15 × (5 × 4)20 × (5 × 5)25 ×
3 × 4 × 5 = 60 is divided by 7. Therefore, remainder = 4.
(5 × 6)30 × (5 × 7)35 × (5 × 8)40 × (5 × 9)45
Illustration 16: What is the remainder when 22010 is divided

It gives us 5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + 25 × 25 + 30 + 35 + 40 + 45
by 7 ?
fives i.e., 825 fives
Solution: 22010 is a product (2 × 2 × 2...(2010 times)). Since, 2 is Thus the product has 825 zeroes.
a number less than 7, we try to convert the product into product
of numbers higher than 7. Notice that 8 = 2 × 2 × 2. Therefore,

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 Number System l

BASE SYSTEM Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication in the

The number system in which we carry out all calculation is deci- Same Bases
mal (base 10) system. It is called decimal system because there Illustration 20: Add the numbers (4235)7 and (2354)7.
are 10 digits 0 to 9. Solution: The numbers are written as
There are other number systems also depending on the 4 2 3 5
number of digits contained in the base system. Some of the most
common systems are Binary system, Octal system, and 2 3 5 4
Hexadecimal system. A number system containing two digits 0
and 1 is called binary (base 2) system. Number system containing The addition of 5 and 4 (first digit from right of both numbers)
eight digits 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 7 is called Octal (base 8) system. is 9 which being more than 7 would be written as 9 = 7 × 1 + 2.
Hexadecimal (base 16) system has 16 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, .., 9, A, Here 1 is the quotient and 2 is the remainder when 9 is divided
B, C, D, E, F; where A has a value 10, B has a value 11 and so on. by 7. The remainder 2 is placed at the first place from right of the
Let a number abcde be written in base p, where a, b, c, d and answer and the quotient 1 gets carried over to the second place
e are single digits less than p. The value of the number abcde from the right.
in base 10 = e × p0 + d × p1 + c × p2 + b × p3 + a × p4 At the second place from the right 3 + 5 + 1 (carry) = 9 = 7 × 1 + 2
For example, The number 7368 can be written as +1 +1
4 2 3 5
8 + 6 × 10 + 3 × (10)2 + 7 × (10)3 = 7368 in decimal (base 10) 2 3 5 4
number system. 6 6 2 2
The number 7368 in base 9 is written in decimal number system as
The remainder 2 is placed at the second place from right of the
8 × 90 + 6 × 9 + 3 × 92 + 7 × 93 = 5408 answer and the quotient 1 carry over to the third place from right.
There are mainly two types of operations associated with In the same way, we can find the other digits of the answer.
conversion of bases: First conversion from any base to base ten Illustration 21: (52)7 + 468 = (?)10
and second conversion from base 10 to any base. (a) (75)10 (b) (50)10
(i) Conversion From Any Base to Base Ten (c) (39)39 (d) (28)10

The number (pqrstu)a (i.e., the number pqrstu on base a) is Solution: (a) (52)7 = (5 × 7 + 2 × 70)10 = (37)10
1

converted to base 10 by finding the value of the number. Also, (46)8 = (4 × 81 + 6 × 80)10 = (38)10
(pqrstu)a = u + ta + sa2 + ra3 + qa4 + pa5.

Sum = (37)10 + (38)10 = (75)10
Here subscript ‘a’ in (pqrst)a denotes the base of the number

Illustration 22: (11)2 + (22)3 + (33)4 + (44)5 + (55)6 + (66)7 +
pqrstu.
(77)8 + (88)9 = (?)10
Illustration 19: Convert (21344)5 to base 10.
(a) 396 (b) 276
Solution:
(21344)5= 4 × 50 + 4 × 51 + 3 × 52 + 1 × 53 + 2 × 54 (c) 250 (d) 342
= 4 + 4 × 5 + 3 × 25 + 1 × 125 + 2 × 625 = 1474. Solution: (b) (11)2 = (1 × 21 + 1 × 20)10 = (3)10

(22)3 = (2 × 31 + 2 × 30)10 = (8)10
(ii) Conversion From Base 10 to Any Base (33)4 = (3 × 41 + 3 × 40)10 = (15)10
A number written in base 10 can be converted to any base ‘a’ by (44)5 = (4 × 51 + 4 × 50)10 = (24)10
first dividing the number by ‘a’ and then successively dividing the (55)6 = (5 × 61 + 5 × 60)10 = (35)10
quotients by ‘a’. The remainders, written in reverse order, give (66)7 = (6 × 71 + 6 × 70)10 = (48)10
the equivalent number in base ‘a’. (77)8 = (7 × 81 + 7 × 80)10 = (63)10
For example the number 238 in base 3 is found as (88)9 = (8 × 91 + 8 × 90)10 = (80)10
3 238 Sum = (3)10 + (8)10 + (15)10 + (24)10

79 1 + (35)10 + (48)10 + (63)10 + (80)10

26 1 = (276)10

8 2 Remainders Illustration 23: Subtract (247)8 from (345)8.
2 2 Solution:
The remainders in reverse order is 22211. (i) 5 is less than 7. So borrow 1 from the previous digit 4.
Hence, 22211 is the required number in base 3. Since, we are working in octal system, so 5 become
5 + 8 = 13. Subtract 7 from 13, you will get 6.
Note: Value of a single digit number to all bases are the same.

3 4 5
For example,
54 = 57 = 58 = 510
6

7
 l Number System

(ii) Since, we have borrowed 1, the 4 in the first row has now Solution: N will be the HCF of (400 – 22), (536 – 23) and
become 3, which is less than the digit (4), just below it in (646 – 25). Hence, N will be the HCF of 378, 513 and 621. Hence, N = 27.
the second row, So borrow 1 from 3 of first row. So, the 4 Illustration 26: The HCF of two numbers is 12 and their
in first row is now becomes 3 + 8 = 11. Subtracting 4 of product is 31104. How many such numbers are possible.
second row from 11, we get 7. Hence,
Solution: Let the numbers be 12x and 12y, where x and y are
3 4 5
co-prime to each other.
Therefore, 12x × 12y = 31104 → xy = 216.
0 7 6 Now we need to find co-prime pairs whose product is 216.
216 = 23 × 33. Therefore, the co-prime pairs will be (1, 216)
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES and (8, 27). Therefore, (12, 12 × 216) and (8 × 12, 27 × 12) are
two possible numbers.
If one number ‘a’ completely divides a second number ‘b’ then
1st number ‘a’ is said to be a factor of the 2nd number ‘b’. For (ii) Division Method
example 3 completely divides 15, so 3 is a factor of 15; while
To find the HCF of two numbers by division method, we divide
4 does not divide 15 completely, so 4 is not a factor of 15.
the larger number by the smaller number. Then we divide the
Factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30
smaller number by the first remainder, then first remainder by the
Factors of 40 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20 and 40.
second remainder.. and so on, till the remainder becomes 0. The
If a number ‘a’ is exactly divisible by a number ‘b’ then the
last divisor is the required HCF.
1st number ‘a’ is said to be a multiple of 2nd number ‘b’. For
example, 35 is exactly divisible by 7, so 35 is a multiple of 7. Illustration 27: Find the HCF of 288 and 1080 by the
Multiple of a number ‘b’ can be written down as ‘nb’ where n is division method.
a natural number. So multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ... Solution:
288 1080 3
HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF) OR 864
GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR (GCD) 216 288 1
216
The highest (i.e. largest) number that divides two or more given
72 216 3
numbers is called the highest common factor (HCF) of those 216
numbers.
0
Consider two numbers 12 and 15.
Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. The last divisor 72 is the HCF of 288 and 1080.
Factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30.
We have some common factors out of these factors of 12 and Shortcut for Finding HCF or GCD
30, which are 1, 2, 3, 6. Out of these common factors, 6 is the To find the HCF of any number of given numbers, first find the
highest common factor. So, 6 is called the Highest Common Fac- difference between two nearest given numbers. Then find all
tor (HCF) of 12 and 30. factors (or divisors) of this difference. Highest factor which divides
Methods to Find The HCF or GCD all the given numbers is the HCF.
There are two methods to find HCF of the given numbers Illustration 28: Find the HCF of 12, 20 and 32.
(i) Prime Factorization Method Solution: Difference of nearest two numbers 12 and 20
When a number is written as the product of prime numbers, then = 20 – 12 = 8
it is called the prime factorization of that number. For example, All factors (or divisor) of 8 are 1, 2, 4 and 8.
72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 23 × 32. Here, 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 or 23 × 1, 2 and 4 divides each of the three given numbers 12, 20 and
32 is called prime factorization of 72. 32. Out of 1, 2 and 4; 4 is the highest number. Hence, HCF = 4.
To find the HCF of given numbers by this methods, we perform
the prime factorization of all the numbers and then check for the
common prime factors. For every prime factor common to all the
LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
numbers, we choose the least index of that prime factor among the The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is
given numbers. The HCF is the product of all such prime factors the lowest number which is divisible by all the given numbers.
with their respective least indices. Consider two numbers 12 and 15.
Illustration 24: Find the HCF of 36x3y2 and 24x4y. Multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132,...
Solution 36x3y2 = 22.32.x3.y2, 24x4y = 23.3.x4.y. The least index of While the multiples of 15 are 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120,
2, 3, x and y in the numbers are 2, 1, 3 and 1 respectively. Hence 135, 150,.....
the HCF = 22.3.x3.y = 12x3y. Out of these series of multiples, we have some common
multiples like 60, 120, 180, ..., etc. Out of these common multiples,
Illustration 25: The numbers 400, 536 and 646; when divided
60 is the lowest, so 60 is called the Lowest Common Multiple
by a number N, give the remainders of 22, 23 and 25 respec-
(LCM) of 12 and 15.
tively. Find the greatest such number N.
8
 Number System l

Methods to Find The LCM Hence in 1 hr all three lights will change simultaneously
3600/360 times = 10 times
There are two methods to find the LCM.
So in 1 hr only red and green lights will change 30 – 10 = 20
(i) Prime Factorization Method times simultaneously.
After performing the prime factorization of all the given numbers,
we find the highest index of all the prime numbers among the given Shortcut For Finding LCM
numbers. The LCM is the product of all these prime numbers with Using idea of co-prime, you can find the LCM by the following
their respective highest indices because LCM must be divisible shortcut method:
by all of the given numbers. LCM of 9, 10, 15 and 36 can be written directly as 9 × 10 × 2.
Illustration 29: Find the LCM of 72, 288 and 1080. The logical thinking that behind it is as follows:
Solution: 72 = 23 × 32 Step 1: If you can see a set of 2 or more co-prime numbers in
the set of numbers of which you are finding the LCM, write them
 
288 = 25 × 32
down by multiply them.

1080 = 23 × 33 × 5 In the above situation, since we see that 9 and 10 are co-

Hence, LCM = 25 × 33 × 51 = 4320 prime to each other, we start off writing the LCM by writing
9 × 10 as the first step.
(ii) Division Method Step 2: For each of the other numbers, consider what prime
To find the LCM of 5, 72, 196 and 240, we use the division method factor(s) of it is/are not present in the LCM (if factorised into
in the following way: primes) taken in step 1. In case you see some prime factors of
each of the other given numbers separately are not present in the
Check whether any prime number that divides at least two of
LCM (if factorised into primes) taken in step 1, such prime factors
all the given numbers. If there is no such prime number, then the
will be multiplied in the LCM taken in step 1.
product of all these numbers is the required LCM, otherwise find
Prime factorisation of 9 × 10 = 3 × 3 × 2 × 5
the smallest prime number that divides at least two of the given
numbers. Here, we see that smallest prime number that divides Prime factorisation of 15 = 3 × 5
at least two given numbers is 2. Prime factorisation of 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Divide those numbers out of the given numbers by 2 which are Here we see that both prime factors of 15 are present in the
divisible by 2 and write the quotient below it. The given number(s) prime factorisation of 9 × 10 but one prime factor 2 of 36 is not
that are not divisible by 2 write as it is below it and repeat this present in the LCM taken in step 1. So to find the LCM of 9, 10,
15 and 36; we multiply the LCM taken in step 1 by 2.
step till you do not find at least two numbers that are not divisible
by any prime number. Thus required LCM = 9 × 10 × 2 = 180
Rule For Finding HCF and LCM of Fractions
2 5, 72, 196, 240
(I) HCF of two or more fractions
2 5, 36, 98, 120
HCF of numerator of all fractions
2 5, 18, 49, 60 =
LCM of denominator of all fractions

3 5, 9, 49, 30
(II) LCM of two or more fractions
5 5, 3, 49, 10
LCM of numerator of all fractions
1, 3, 49, 2 =
HCF of denominator of all fractions

After that find the product of all divisors and the quotient left 4 6 3
at the end of the division. This product is the required LCM. Illustration 31: Find the HCF and LCM of , , .
5 11 5
Hence, LCM of the given numbers = product of all divisors
HCF of 4, 6, 3 1
and the quotient left at the end. Solution: HCF = =
LCM of 5, 11, 5 55
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 3 × 49 × 2 = 35280
LCM of 4, 6, 3 12
Illustration 30: On a traffic signal, traffic light changes its LCM = = = 12
colour after every 24, 30 and 36 seconds in green, red and HCF of 5, 11, 5 1
orange light. How many times in an hour only green and red
For any two numbers, HCF × LCM = product of the two
light will change simultaneously.
numbers
Solution: LCM. of 24 and 30 = 120 This formula is applicable only for two numbers.
So in 1 hr both green and red light will change simultaneously For example, HCF of 288 and 1080 is 72 and LCM of these
3600/120 times = 30 times two numbers is 4320.
LCM of 24, 30 and 36 is 360 We can see that 72 × 4320 = 311040 = 288 × 1080.

9
 l Number System

GREATEST INTEGRAL VALUE Therefore, from  1  to  3  , the value will be 1, from

If x be a real number, then [x] indicates greatest integer equal or
 4  to  8  the value will be 2, from  9  to  15  the
less than x.
If the given number is an integer, then the greatest integer gives value will be 3 and so on.
the number itself, otherwise it gives the first integer towards the Therefore, the total value
left of the number x on the number line. = 1 × 3 + 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + 4 × 9 + 5 × 11 + 6 × 13 + 7 × 2

For example [4] = 4, [3.4] = 3, [6.8] = 6, [–2.3] = –3, [–5.6] = 3 + 10 + 21 + 36 + 55 + 78 + 14 = 217.

= –6 and so on. Illustration 33: What is the value of x for which x[x] = 32 ?
Note that –3 is less than –2.3 and –6 is less than –5.6, etc. Solution: If the value of x is 5, x[x] = 25, and if the value of x is
6, then x[x] = 36
Illustration 32: What is the value of
Therefore, the value of x lies between 5 and 6.
 1  +  2  +  3  + ... +  49  +  50 
If x lies between 5 and 6, then [x] = 5.

where [x] denotes greatest integer function? 28 32
⇒ x = = = 6.4 .
Solution: 12 =1, 22 = 4, 32 = 9, 42 = 16, 52 = 25, 62 = 36, [x] 5
72 = 49, 82 = 64

10
 Number System l

Practice Exercise
Level - I
1. The greatest number which will divide 116, 221, 356 13. The number 311311311311311311311 is
leaving the same remainder in each case is (a) divisible by 3 but not by 11
(a) 15 (b) 5 (b) divisible by 11 but not by 3
(c) 10 (d) 20 (c) divisible by both 3 and 11
2. What number has to be added to 345670 in order to (d) neither divisible by 3 nor by 11
make it divisible by 6? 14. A difference between two numbers is 1365, when larger
(a) 2 (b) 4 number is divided by the smaller one, the quotient is 6 and
the remainder is 15. What is the smaller number?
(c) 5 (d) 6
(a) 240 (b) 360
3. The least number which when divided by 35 leaves a
(c) 270 (d) 295
remainder 25, when divided by 45 leaves the remainder 35
15. If the number 517 * 324 is completely divisible by 3, then
and when divided by 55 leaves 45 is
the smallest whole number in place of * will be:
(a) 3465 (b) 3645 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 3655 (d) 3455 (c) 2 (d) None of these
4. If n is any even number, then n (n2 + 20) is always divisible 16. If the product 4864 × 9 P 2 is divisible by 12, the value
by of P is
(a) 15 (b) 20 (a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 24 (d) 32 (c) 6 (d) None of these
5. When 2256 is divided by 17 the remainder would be 17. The largest 4-digit number exactly divisible by 88 is
(a) 1 (b) 16 (a) 9944 (b) 9768
(c) 14 (d) None of these (c) 9988 (d) 8888
18. (xn – an) is completely divisible by (x + a), when
6. The last digit of 2137 753 is
(a) n is any natural number
(a) 9 (b) 7
(b) n is an even natural number
(c) 3 (d) 1 (c) n is an odd natural number
7. Find the least square number which is divisible by 3, 5, 6, (d) n is prime
and 9.
(a) 900 (b) 90 19. When 0.47 is converted into a fraction the result is
(c) 8100 (d) 81 46 46
8. In order that the number 1 y 3 y 6 be divisible by 11, the (a) (b)
90 99
digit y should be
(a) 1 (b) 2 47 47
(c) (d)
(c) 5 (d) 6 90 99
9. If n is an even natural number, then the largest natural 20. Which of the following statements are true:
number by which n (n + 1) (n + 2) is divisible is 29
(i) The rational number lies to the left of zero on the
(a) 6 (b) 8 23
(c) 12 (d) 24 number line.
10. Which number should be added to 459045 to make it exactly -12
(ii) The rational number lies to the right of zero on
divisible by 27 ? -17
(a) 3 (b) 9 the number line.
(c) 0 (d) None of these -12 -7
(iii) The ratinal numbers and are on the opposite
11. Find the last digit of the sum 1981 + 49k, K Î N. 5 17
side of zero on the number line.
(a) 4 (b) 9
(c) 3 (d) Cannot be determined - 21 7
(v) The rational numbers and are on the
12. The sum of prime numbers that are greater than 60, but less 5 - 31
than 70 is opposite side of zero on the number line.
(a) 128 (b) 191 (a) Only (i) (b) (i) & (ii)
(c) Only (iii) (d) (i), (ii) & (iv)
(c) 197 (d) 260

11
 l Number System

21. I have a certain number of beads which lie between 600 4n

and 900. If 2 beads are taken away the remainder can be 31. The last digit of 33 + 1 , is
equally divided among 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 12 boys. The number (a) 0 (b) 4
of beads I have (c) 8 (d) 2
(a) 729 (b) 842 32. The last digit in (25 _)32 and (25 _)33 both is 6. The missing
(c) 576 (d) 961 digit is :
22. Find the digit at the unit’s place of (a) 4 (b) 8
(377)59 × (793)87 × (578)129 × (99)99 (c) 6 (d) 5
(a) 1 (b) 2 33. Which digits should come in place of * and $ if the number
(c) 7 (d) 9 62684*$ is divisible by both 8 and 5?
23. Four different electronic devices make a beep after every (a) 4, 0 (b) 0, 4
1 (c) 0, 0 (d) 4, 4
30 minutes, 1 hour, 1 hour and 1 hour 45 minutes 34. At a college football game, 4/5 of the seats in the lower
2
respectively. All the devices beeped together at 12 noon. deck of the stadium were sold. If 1/4 of all the seating in the
They will again beep together at: stadium is located in the lower deck, and if 2/3 of all the
(a) 12 midnight (b) 3 a.m. seats in the stadium were sold, then what fraction of the
(c) 6 a.m. (d) 9 a.m. unsold seats in the stadium was in the lower deck ?
24. If N is the sum of first 13,986 prime numbers, then N is (a) 3/20 (b) 1/6
always divisible by (c) 1/5 (d) 1/3
(a) 6 (b) 4 35. The integers 1, 2, ...., 40 are written on a blackboard. The
(c) 8 (d) None of these following operation is then repeated 39 times; In each
25. If two numbers when divided by a certain divisor give repetition, any two numbers, say a and b, currently on the
remainder 35 and 30 respectively and when their sum is blackboard are erased and a new number a + b – 1 is written.
divided by the same divisor, the remainder is 20, then the What will be the number left on the board at the end?
divisor is (a) 820 (b) 821
(a) 40 (b) 45 (c) 781 (d) 819
(c) 50 (d) 55 36. If 653xy is divisible by 80 then the value of x + y is
26. Find the least number which when divided by 12, leaves a (a) 2 (b) 3
remainder 7, when divided by 15, leaves a remainder 10 (c) 4 (d) 6
and when divided by 16, leaves a remainder 11 37. How many numbers are there between 200 and 800 which
(a) 115 (b) 235 are divisible by both 5 and 7?
(c) 247 (d) 475 (a) 35 (b) 16
27. How many even integers n, where 100 £ n £ 200, are (c) 17 (d) can’t be determined
divisible neither by seven nor by nine ? 38. How many numbers are there in the set S = {200, 201, 202,
(a) 40 (b) 37 ...,800} which are divisible by neither of 5 or 7?
(c) 39 (d) 38 (a) 411 (b) 412
28. A number is interesting if on adding the sum of the digits of (c) 410 (d) None of these
the number and the product of the digits of the number, the 39. When a number divided by 9235, we get the quotient 888
result is equal to the number. What fraction of numbers and the remainder 222, such a least possible number is
between 10 and 100 (both 10 and 100 included) is (a) 820090 (b) 8200920
interesting? (c) 8200680 (d) None of these
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.11 40. A number which when divided by 32 leaves a remainder
(c) 0.16 (d) 0.22 of 29. If this number is divided by 8 the remainder will be
29. In a cricket match, Team A scored 232 runs without losing (a) 0 (b) 1
a wicket. The score consisted to byes, wides and runs scored (c) 5 (d) 3
by two opening batsmen : Ram and Shyam. The runs scored (0.1 )2 é1 - 9(0.16) 2 ù = ?
41. ë û
by the two batsman are 26 times wides. There are 8 more
byes than wides. If the ratio of the runs scored by Ram and 1 1
Shyam is 6 : 7, then the runs scored by Ram is (a) - (b)
162 108
(a) 88 (b) 96
(c) 102 (d) 112 7696 833
(c) (d)
30. If x + y + z = 1 and x, y, z are positive real numbers, then the 106 88209
42. A six digit number which is consisting of only one digits
least value of æç 1 - 1ö÷ æ 1 - 1ö æç 1 - 1ö÷ is either 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, e.g., 111111, 222222... etc.
è x ø çè y ø÷ è z ø
This number is always divisible by :
(a) 4 (b) 8 (a) 7 (b) 11
(c) 16 (d) None of these (c) 13 (d) All of these

12
 Number System l

43. Product of divisors of 7056 is 57. Which of the following is/are true?
(a) (84)48 (b) (84)44 (i) 433 – 1 is divisible by 11
45
(c) (84) (d) None of these (ii) 562 + 1 is divisible by 19
44. The first 23 natural numbers are written in increasing order (iii) 502 – 1 is divisible by 17
beside each other to form a single number. What is the (iv) (729)5 – 729 is divisible by 5
remainder when this number is divided by 18? (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
(c) 12 (d) 15 6...¥ times
45. How many positive integer values of ‘a’ are possible such 66
58. The remainder when 66 is divided by 10 is
a + 220 (a) 3 (b) 6
that is an integer?
a+4 (c) 0 (d) can’t be determined
(a) 8 : 9 (b) 9 : 8 59. The last two-digits in the multiplication
(c) 3 : 4 (d) 4 : 3 122 ´ 123 ´ 125 ´ 127 ´ 129 will be
46. The sum and number of even factors of 2450. (a) 20 (b) 50
(a) 9,3534 (b) 18,3500 (c) 30 (d) 40
(c) 12,3524 (d) 4,2453 60. Find GCD (2100 – 1, 2120 – 1).
47. Find the sum of divisors of 544 which are perfect squares. (a) 220 – 1 (b) 240 – 1
(a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 260 – 1 (d) 210 – 1
(c) 42 (d) 21 61. How many natural numbers are there which give a remainder
48. Find the number of zeroes in of 41 after dividing 1997?
1001 ´ 992 ´ 983 ´ 974 ´ ……… ´ 1100 (a) 2 (b) 4
(a) 1024 (b) 250 (c) 6 (d) None of these
(c) 1124 (d) 124 .66
..
66
49. (23)5 + (47)9 = (?)8 62. Find the remainder when 6 66
(100 times) when divided
(a) 70 (b) 35
by 10?
(c) 64 (d) 18
(a) 6 (b) 2
50. LCM of first 100 natural numbers is N. What is the LCM of
(c) 4 (d) 8
first 105 natural numbers?
63. Find the unit digit of the expression 1992n + 1443n, where n
(a) 5! ´ N (b) 10403 N
is a natural number.
(c) 105N/103 (d) 4 N
(a) 5 (b) 7
51. N! is completely divisible by 1352. What is sum of the
(c) either 5 or 7 (d) 3
digits of the smallest such number N?
64. The greatest number that can divide 140, 176, 264 leaving
(a) 11 (b) 15
remainders of 4, 6, and 9 respectively is
(c) 16 (d) 19
[SSC-Sub. Ins.-2012]
52. 1255/311 + 848/1618 will give the digit at units place as
(a) 85 (b) 34
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 17 (d) 2
(c) 8 (d) 0
65. The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4 and their HCF is 5. Their
53. The unit digit in the expression
LCM is: [SSC-Sub. Ins.-2013]
36234*33512*39180 – 5429*25123*31512 will be
(a) 10 (b) 60
(a) 8 (b) 0 (c) 15 (d) 12
(c) 6 (d) 5
66. Three tankers contain 403 litres, 434 litres, 465 litres of
54. The last digit of the LCM of (32003 – 1) and (32003 + 1) is diesel respectively. Then the maximum capacity of a
(a) 8 (b) 2 container that can measure the diesel of the three container
(c) 4 (d) 6 exact number of times is [SSC-Sub. Ins.-2014]
55. Three persons start walking together and their steps measure (a) 31 litres (b) 62 litres
40 cm, 42 cm and 45 cm respectively. What is the minimum (c) 41 litres (d) 84 litres
distance each should walk so that each can cover the same
distance in complete steps? 2 4 5
67. L.C.M. of , , is [SSC 10+2-2013]
(a) 25 m 20 cm (b) 50 m 40 cm 3 9 6
(c) 75 m 60 cm (d) 100 m 80 cm
20 8
56. The sum of first n odd numbers (i.e., 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... (a) (b)
+ 2n – 1) is divisible by 11111 then the value of n is 27 27
(a) 12345 (b) 11111 20 10
(c) can't be determined (d) None of these (c) (d)
3 3

13
 l Number System

68. If the sum of the digits of any integer lying between 100 71. The sum of five consecutive odd numbers is 265. What is
and 1000 is subtracted from the number, the result always the sum of the largest number and twice the smallest
is [SSC 10+2-2013] number? [IBPS Clerk-2012]
(a) divisible by 5 (b) divisible by 6 (a) 156 (b) 153
(c) divisible by 2 (d) divisible by 9
69. If a number is as much greater than 31 as it is less than 75, (c) 155 (d) 151
then the number is. [SSC 10+2-2013] (e) None of these
(a) 53 (b) 106 72. ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ are three consecutive even integers such
(c) 44 (d) 74 that four times ‘A’ is equal to three times ‘C’. What is the
70. The H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 44 and 264 value of B ? [IBPS Clerk-2012]
respectively. If the first number is divided by 2, the quotient
(a) 12 (b) 10
is 44. The other number is [SSC 10+2-2014]
(a) 147 (b) 528 (c) 16 (d) 14
(c) 132 (d) 264 (e) None of these

Level- II
1. What is the remainder obtained on dividing 3443 + 4334 by (b) The square of an odd integer is of the form 8q + 1,
7? where q is an integer .
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0 (c) The fourth power of any integer is of the form 10q + 1,
2. Two different prime numbers X and Y, both are greater than where q is an integer
2, then which of the following must be true ? (d) None of these
(a) X – Y = 23 (b) X + Y ¹ 87 12. 943 – 233 – 713 is atleast divisible by
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(a) 71 and 23 (b) 23 and 74
3. What is the remainder when 1! + 2! + 3! ....... + 100! is
divided by 7 ? (c) 71 and 94 (d) 23, 71 and 94
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 3 13. How many whole numbers between 100 and 800 contain
4. On dividing 2272 as well as 875 by 3-digit number N, we the digit 2?
get the same remainder. The sum of the digits of N is: (a) 200 (b) 214 (c) 220 (d) 240
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13 14. p, q and r are three non-negative integers such that
5. Which one of the following numbers will completely p + q + r = 10. The maximum value of pq + qr + pr
divide (325 + 326 + 327 + 328 ) ? + pqr is
(a) 11 (b) 16 (c) 25 (d) 30 (a) ³ 40 and < 50 (b) ³ 50 and < 60
6. There are two integers 34041 and 32506, when divided by (c) ³ 60 and < 70 (d) ³ 70 and < 80
a three-digit integer n, leave the same remainder. What is 15. Let a, b, c, d and e be integers such that a = 6b = 12c, and
the value of n? 2b = 9d = 12e. Then which of the following pairs contains
(a) 298 (b) 307 a number that is not an integer?
(c) 461 (d) can’t be determined
7. After distributing the sweets equally among 25 children, æ a bö æ a cö
(a) çè , ÷ (b) ç , ÷
8 sweets remain. Had the number of children been 28, 22 27 e ø è 36 e ø
sweets would have been left after equally distributing.
æ a bd ö
(d) æç , ö÷
What was the total number of sweets ? a c
(c) çè , ÷ø
(a) 328 (b) 348 12 18 è 6 dø
(c) 358 (d) Data inadequate 16. If x = (163 + 173 + 183 + 193), then x divided by 70 leaves a
8. Find the remainder when 799 is divided by 2400. remainder of
(a) 1 (b) 343 (c) 49 (d) 7 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 69 (d) 35
9. A number N when factorized can be written as 17. Find the total number of prime factors in
N = p14 × p23 × p37. Find the number of perfect squares which
217 × 631 × 75 × 1011 × 1110 × (323)23
are factors of N. (The 3 prime numbers p1, p2, p3 > 2)
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 6 (a) 162 (b) 161 (c) 346 (d) 97
10. The number log2 7 is 18. The digits of a three-digit number A are written in the reverse
(a) An integer (b) A rational number order to form another three-digit number B. If B > A and
(c) An irrational number (d) A prime number B–A is perfectly divisible by 7, then which of the following
11. Which of the following in true ? is necessarily true?
(a) The cube of an odd integer is of the form 8q + 1, (a) 100 < A < 299 (b) 106 < A < 305
where q is an integer . (c) 112 < A < 311 (d) 118 < A < 317

14
 Number System l

19. If N = 1! – 2! + 3! – 4! +…..+ 47! – 48! + 49!, then what 31. If m and n are positive integers such that
is the unit digit of NN?
4mn
(a) 0 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 1 (m - n)2 = , then how many pairs (m, n) are
20. The digits of a 3-digit number in Base 4 get reversed when (m + n - 1)
it is converted into Base 3. How many such numbers exist? possible?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (a) 4 (b) 10 (c) 16 (d) Infinite
21. Find the remainder when 73 ´ 75 ´ 78 ´ 57 ´ 197 is divided 32. x2 – 3y2 = 1376
by 34. How many integer solutions exist for the given equation?
(a) 22 (b) 30 (c) 15 (d) 28 (a) One (b) Two (c) Four (d) Zero
22. Find the HCF of (3125 – 1) and (335 – 1). 33. The number of zeros at the end of the product of
(a) 5 (b) 3 222111 × 3553 + (7!)6! × (10!)5! + 4242 × 2525 is
(c) (35 – 1) (d) (335 – 1) (a) 42 (b) 53
23. A computer program was tested 300 times before its release. (c) 1055 (d) None of these
The testing was done in three stages of 100 tests each. The 34. The highest power of 17 which can divide exactly the
software failed 15 times in Stage I, 12 times in Stage II, 8 following expression :
times in Stage III, 6 times in both Stage I and Stage II, 7 (182 – 1) (184 – 1) (186 – 1) (188 – 1) (1810 – 1) × ...
times in both Stage II and Stage III, 4 times in both Stage (1816 – 1) (1818 – 1) is :
I and Stage III, and 4 times in all the three stages. How many (a) 1 (b) 17
times the software failed in a single stage only? (c) 9 (d) can’t be determined
(a) 10 (b) 13 (c) 15 (d) 17 35. The remainder when 22 + 222 + 2222 + 22222 + …… (222
24. Let x denote the greatest 4-digit number which when ……49 twos)2 is divided by 9 is:
divided by 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 leaves a remainder of 4, 5, (a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
6 7 and 8 respectively. Then, the sum of the four-digits of 36. Find the last non-zero digit of 96!.
x is and 8 respectively. Then, the sum of the four-digits of (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
x is 37. When 96 is added to a N2, it gives another perfect square. If
(a) 25 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 22 N is a natural no., how many distinct values of N are possible?
25. A is the set of the first 100 natural numbers. What is the (a) 3 (b) 4
minimum number of elements that should be picked from (c) 5 (d) None of these
A to ensure that atleast one pair of numbers whose 38. The numbers 1 to 29 are written side by side as follows
difference is 10 is picked? 1234567891011............................ 28 29
(a) 51 (b) 55 (c) 20 (d) 11 If the number is divided by 9, then what is the remainder?
26. The power of 45 that will exactly divide 123! is (a) 3 (b) 1
(a) 28 (b) 30 (c) 31 (d) 59 (c) 0 (d) None of these
27. What is the remainder when 323232 is divided by 7? 39. The remainder when the number 123456789101112……
484950 is divided by 16 is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
28. Two different two-digit natural numbers are written beside
40. The product of three consecutive even numbers is 4032.
each other such that the larger number is written on the left.
The product of the first and the third number is 252. What
When the absolute difference of the two numbers is
is five times the second number ? [IBPS-PO-2012]
subtracted from the four-digit number so formed, the
(a) 80 (b) 100 (c) 60 (d) 70
number obtained is 5481. What is the sum of the two two-
(e) 90
digit numbers?
41. What would be the sum of [SSC CGL-2012]
(a) 70 (b) 71 (c) 72 (d) 73
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + ....... up to 15th term?
29. In a three-digit number, the unit digit is twice the tens digit
(a) 250 (b) 240
and the tens digit is twice the hundreds digit. The same
(c) 225 (d) 265
number is written as 1XY and 1YX in base 8 and base 9
42. The least number which when divided by 48, 64, 90, 120
respectively. Find the sum of X and Y in the decimal system.
will leave the remainders 38, 54, 80, 110 respectively, is
(a) 15 (b) 7
[SSC CGL-2012]
(c) 11 (d) Cannot be determined
(a) 2870 (b) 2860 (c) 2890 (d) 2880
1 43. If 13 + 23 + ....... + 93 = 2025, then the approx. value of
30. a+
1 (0.11)3 + (0.22)3 + ....... + (0.99)3 is [SSC CGL-2012]
b+ (a) 0.2695 (b) 0.3695 (c) 2.695 (d) 3.695
1
c+ 44. If the product of first fifty positive consecutive integers be
d + ...
divisible by 7n, where n is an integer, then the largest possible
If a, b, c, d etc. are positive integers, then what is the value
value of n is [SSC CGL-2014]
of ‘b’?
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 5
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 5

15
 l Number System

Hints & Solutions

Level-I However, if we add 3 to the number i.e., 153015 + 3
= 153018 it would be, divisible by 9.
1. (a) Let ‘r’ be the remainder Þ 221 – r, 116 – r, 356 – r So, the number divisible by 27 will be –153015 + 3 × 3
are exactly divisible by that number. Now, if two = 459054 i.e., 9 should be added.
numbers are divisible by a number, then so is their
11. (c) Last digit in 19 – 9
difference
182 – 1
Þ [(221 – r) – (116 – r)], [(356 – r) – (116 – r)].
193 – 1
and [(356 – r) – (221 – r)] are divisible by that number
for odd powers of 19
Þ 105, 135, 240 are divisible by that number
Last digit is 9 and for even it is 1
= HCF of 105, 135, 140 = 15.
Last digit in 1981is 9
2. (a) On dividing the given number 345670 by 6, we get 4
as the remainder. Last digit in 41 is 4
So 2 must be added to the given number. 42 is 6
3. (d) Since (35 – 25) = 10, (45 – 35) = 10, (55 – 45) = 10. 43 is 4
Now take the LCM of 35, 45, 55 and subtract 10 from it for odd powers of 4
Þ 3465 – 10 = 3455. 39k is odd irrespective of the value of k
9 81 9
4. (c) n (n2 + 20) is always divisible by 24, if n is even \ last digit in 4 k is 4. Last digit in 19 + 4 k
number. is last digit in 9 + 4 i.e, in 13 = 3
5. (a) When 2256 is divided by 17 then 12. (a) Sum of prime numbers that are greater than 60, but
less than 70 is
2 256 (22 ) 64 61 + 67 = 128
Þ Þ
24 + 1 (2 4 + 1) 13. (d) 311 is repeated seven times in the number, 311 is not
By remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by x + a divisible by 3 but 311 repeated twice is not divisible
the remainder = f (– a) by 3, but divisible by 11.
Here f (1) = (2 2 )64 and x = 24 and a = 1 Similarly 311 repeated thrice is divisible by 3, but not
by 11.
\ Remainder = f (–1) = (–1)64 = 1
As 311 is repeated seven times, which is neither
6. (b) The last digit of 2137 1 is 7 .
multiple of 2 nor 3.
Last digit of 21372 is 9 .Last digit of 21373 is 3, the
So, number is not divisible by 3 or 11.
last digit of 21374 is 1, last digit 21375 is 7 and the last
digit of 21376 is 9 and so on . Hence it form a pattern 1365 - 15
and the last digit repeats for every 5th . 753 = 4 × 188 14. (c) = 270
5
+ 1 . Thus the last digit of 2137 753 is the same as that
15. (c) Sum of digits = (5 + 1 + 7 + x + 3 + 2 + 4)
of 21371 i. e., 7.
= (22 + x), which must be divisible by 3.
7. (a) We have to find the least number which is divisible by
3, 5, 6 and 9 and is also a perfect square. The LCM of \ x = 2.
3, 5, 6 and 9 is 3 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 90. Hence, the required 16. (d) Clearly, 4864 is divisible by 4.
number is 90 × 2 × 5 = 900. So, 9P2 must be divisible by 3, so, (9 + P + 2) must
8 (c) Use test of 11 after putting y = 5. be divisible by 3.
9. (d) Out of n and n + 2, one is divisible by 2 and the other \ P = 1.
by 4, hence n (n + 2) is divisible by 8. Also n, n + 1, n 17. (a) Largest 4-digit number = 9999
+ 2 are three consecutive numbers, hence one of them 88 ) 9999 ( 113
is divisible by 3. Hence n (n + 1) (n + 2) must be 88
divisible by 24. This will be true for any even number n. 119
10. (b) Check the number for divisibility by 3. 88
So, 4 + 5 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 5 = 27. Hence it is divisible by 319
3 and the quotient is 153015. 264
Now, check the quotient for divisibility by 9. 55
1 + 5 + 3 + 0 + 1 + 5 = 15
Required number = (9999 – 55) = 9944
So, the number is not divisible by 9.

16
 Number System l

18. (a) (xn – an) is always divisible by (x + a), when n is even 30. (b) The value of the expression will be least when
natural number. x = y = z = 1/3.
47 3
19. (d) 0.47 = .
Hence, the least value = æç ö
1
99 - 1÷
20. (c) è 1/ 3 ø
21. (b) LCM of the numbers = 420. Hence there must be = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8.
(420 × 2) + 2 = 842 beads. 31. (b) Consider 34n = (81)n = (1 + 80)n = 1 + 80q, q Î N
22. (b) Since 59 = 4 × 14 + 3 Þ last digit of (377)59 = 3 4n
\ 33 = 380q + 1 = (81)20q . 3
87 = 4 × 21 + 3 Þ last digit of (793)87 = 7
129 = 4 × 32 + 1 Þ last digit of (578)129 = 8 Since the last digit of (81)20q is 1, so the last digit
4n
99 = 2 × 49 + 1 Þ last digit of (99)59 = 9 of 33 + 1 is 1 × 3 + 1 = 4
Hence the last digit of the result is equal to the last 32. (c) The last digit in the number must be 6: for only numbers
digit of ending in 6, when raised to any power, result in another
3 × 7 × 8 × 9, i.e., 2. no. ending in 6.
\ digit at unit’s place = 2 33. (a) Since the given number is divisible by 5, so 0 or 5
23. (d) Interval after which the devices will beep together must come in place of $. But, a number ending with 5
= (L.C.M. of 30, 60, 90, 105) min = 1260 min. = 21 hrs. is never divisible by 8. So, 0 will replace $.
So, the devices will again beep together 21 hrs. after Now, the number formed by the last three digits is 4*0,
12 noon i.e., at 9 a.m. which becomes divisible by 8, if * is replaced by 4.
24. (d) N will be an odd number because N is sum of one even Hence, digits in place of * and $ are 4 and 0
number (b) and 13985 odd numbers. respectively.
Hence, N will not be divisible by an even number. 34. (a) Let total number of seats in the stadium be p;
25. (b) Divisor = r1 + r2 – r3 = 35 + 30 – 20 = 45 number of seats in the lower deck be x and number
26. (b) 12 –7 = 5, 15 – 10 = 5 and 16 – 11 = 5 of seats in upper deck be y.
Hence the desired number is 5 short for divisibility by \ p = x + y, x = p/4, y = 3p/4
12, 15 and 16. Now in the lower deck, 4x/5 seats were sold and x/5
L.C.M. of 12, 15, 16 is 240 seats were unsold.
Hence the least number = 240 – 5 = 235 No. of total seats sold in the stadium = 2p/3.
27. (c) We have to find numbers between 100 and 200 which No. of unsold seats in the lower deck = x/5 = p/20
are even and are neither divisible by 7 nor by 9. No. of unsold seats in the stadium = p/3
\ No. that are even and are divisible by 7 are 7 and p / 20 3
no. which are even and divisible by 9 are 6. \ Required fraction = =
Nos. even and divisible by 7 and 9 both are (e.g., 63) p / 3 20
is only 126 : 40 ´ 41
\ Required answer = 7 + 6 – 1 = 12 35. (c) 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 40 = = 820
2
\ 51 – 12 = 39. Since at each time any two numbers a and b are erased
28. (a) Let the numbers be the form 10x + y and a single new number (a + b – 1) is writen. Hence,
According to question each one is subtracted and this process is repeated 39
10x + y = x + y + xy times. Therefore, number left on the board at the end
9x = xy = 820 – 39 = 781.
\ y=9 36. (d) Since 80 = 8 × 10 or 80 = 16 × 5
The numbers are 19, 29, 39, 49, 59, 69, 79, 89 and 99 Thus y (i.e., unit digit) must be zero.
total of 9 numbers \ 653xy = 653x0, where 653x0 must be divisible by
9 16 or 653x is divisible by 8.
Hence the required fraction = Thus the last 3-digit number 53x will be divisible by 8.
91
= 0.099 » 0.1 Hence, at x = 6, we get the required result.
29. (b) Let there be w wide runs. \ x+y=6+0=6
Byes = w + 8 37. (c) In the given range, the last number which is divisible
Runs scored by batsmen = 26 w by both 5 and 7. i.e., 35 is 210 and the highest number
Total run = 232 is 770. So the total number of numbers between 200
or w + w + 8 + 26W = 323 and 800 which are divisible by both 5 and 7 is
224 æ 770 - 210 ö
Þ w= =8 çè ÷ø + 1 = 17
28 35
6
\ Run scored by Ram = ´ 208 = 96 Hence option (c) is correct.
13

17
 l Number System

38. (a) Total numbers in the set = (800 – 200) + 1 = 601 Since the number is odd, it will leave an odd
Number of numbers which are divisible by 5 remainder only when divided by 18. So the remainder
will be 15.
(800 - 200)
= + 1 = 121 a + 220 a + 4 + 216 216
5 45. (a) = = 1+
Number of numbers which are divisible by 7 a+4 a+4 a+4
Therefore, (a + 4) must be a factor of 216.
(798 - 203)
= + 1 = 86 The number of factors of 216 = 16
7 But (a + 4) cannot be equal to 1, 2, 3 and 4 as ‘a’
Number of numbers which are divisible by both 5 & 7 has to be a positive integer.
(770 - 210) Total possible values = 16 – 4 = 12
= + 1 = 17 46. (a) Sum of all even factors:
35
\ Number of numbers which are either divisible by (21) (50 + 51 + 52) (70 + 71 + 72) = 3534
5 or 7 or both Number of even factors = 1 ´ 3 ´ 3 = 9
= (121 + 86) – 17 = 190 47. (d) Sum of divisors of 544 which are perfect square is:
39. (d) Since Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder (20 + 22 + 24) (170) = 21.
\ Dividend = 9235 × 888 + 222 48. (c) Count the number of fives. This can get done by:
Thus the number = 8200902 1001 × 956 × 9011 × 8516 × 8021 × 7526 × ... 596
Hence (d) is the correct choice. (1 + 6 + 11+ 16+ 21 +26 + 31 + 36 + 41 + 46 + …… +
40. (c) Let this number be N then 96) + (1 + 26 + 51 + 76)
N = 32 × Q1 + 29 ...(1) = 20 ´ 48.5 + 4 ´ 38.5 (Using sum of A.P. explained in
the next chapter.)
Again N = 8 × Q2 + R …(2)
= 970 + 154 = 1124.
From (1) and (2)
49. (a) (23)5 = (2 ´ 51 ´ 3 ´ 50)10 = (13)10 = (1 ´ 81 + 5 ´ 80)8
32Q1 + 29 = 8Q2 + R (where R is the remainder)
= (15)8
8Q2 – 32Q1 = 29 – R
also, (47)9 = (4 ´ 91 + 7 ´ 90)10 = (43)10
8(Q2 – 4Q1) = 29 – R
= (5 ´ 81 + 3 ´ 80) = (53)8
29 - R
or(Q2 – 4Q1) = sum = (13)10 + (43)10 = (56)10 ® (70)8
8 50. (b) If we look at the numbers 100 < N £ 105, we see only
Since Q1, Q2, R are integers also Q2 – 4Q1 is an
101 and 103 do not have their factors in N (because
integer.
these are primes). So, obviously the new LCM will be
Therefore 29 – R must be divisible by 8. 101 ´ 103 ´ N.
(d) (0.1) éë1 - 9(0.16) ùû
2 2 51. (c) The number needs to be less than 13 × 52 = 676. The
41.
highest power of 13 in 676! is 56.
The power of 13 in the smallest such number needs
æ1ö é æ 16 ö ù
2 2
= ç9÷ ê1 - 9 ´ ç ÷ ú to be exactly 52. If we subtract 13 × 3 = 39 from 676,
è ø ëê è 99 ø ûú we get 637. The number 637! will be the smallest
number of type N! that is completely divisible by
1 é 256 ù 1352.
= ê1- 9 ´
81 ë 9801 úû The sum of the digits of 637 is 16.
52. (d) 1255/311 = 344.455 ® 4 as units place.
1 é 256 ù 1 833 833
= ê1- ú = ´ = Similarly, 848/1618 = 272 ® 6 as the units place.
81 ë 1089 û 81 1089 88209
Hence, 0 is the answer.
42. (d) Since the 7, 11 and 13 all are the factors of such a 53. (c) It can be seen that the first expression is larger than the
number so (d) is the correct answer. second one. Hence, the required answer would be given
43. (c) Q 7056 = 24 × 32 × 72 by the (units digit of the first expression – units digit
\ Number of factors/divisors of 7056 of the second expression) = 6 – 0 = 6.
Product of factors = (7056)45/2 = (84)45 54. (c) The given numbers are two consecutive even numbers,
Hence (c) is the correct option. so their HCF = 2
44. (d) The sum of digits of the number will be 114, which Now, using LCM ´ HCF = Product of two numbers
leaves a remainder of 6 when divided by 9. So when LCM ´ 2 = (…6) ´ (…8)
divided by 18 it would leave either 6 or 6 + 9 = 15 It can be seen now that the unit digit of LCM = 4
as the remainder.

18
 Number System l

55. (a) Answer is LCM of 40, 42, 45 = 23 ´ 32 ´ 51 ´ 71 66. (a) H.C.F. of 403, 434 and 465 is 31.
= 2520 cm = 25.2 m. 2 4 5
56. (b) Go through option 67. (c) LCM of , ,
3 9 6
Sn = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +...+ 22221
S11111 = (11111)2 LCM of (2, 4,5) 20
=
Hence it is divisible by 11111. Thus option (b) HCF of (3,9,6) 3
is correct. 68. (d) (100x + 10y + z) – (x + y + z) = 99x + 9y
57. (b) (502 – 1) = (50 + 1) (50 – 1) = (17 × 3) × (7 × 7) = 9 (11x + y)
hence divisible by 17. 69. (a) Let the number be x.
and (729)5 – 729 = 729 (7294 – 1) Then, x – 31 = 75 – x
= 729 (7292 – 1) (7292 + 1) 2x = 106
= (729) (729 – 1) (729 + 1) (7292 + 1) x = 53
= 729 × 728 × 730 × (7292 + 1) 70. (c) First number = 2 × 44 = 88
Hence it is divisible by 5.
44 ´ 264
Other number = = 132
6 88
58. (b) Since ® Remainder is 6
10 265
71. (c) Third number = = 53
5
66
® Remainder is 6 \ Smallest number = 49
10
Largest number = 57
6
66 \ Required value
® Remainder is 6 = 57 + 2 × 49
10
= 57 + 98 = 155
59. (b) The answer will be 50 since, 125*122 will give 50 as
72. (d) Let A = x,
the last two digits.
B = x + 2,
60. (a) (2100 – 1) and (2120 – 1) will yield the GCD as 220 – 1.
C=x+4
61. (c) Let us assume that the quotient is Q and divisor is D.
Using the condition given in question, 1997 \ According to the question
= QD + 41 4x = 3(x + 4)
Þ QD = 1956. Now we will factorize 1956 in two Þ 4x – 3x = 12 Þ x = 12
parts such that D (divisor) is more than 41. \ B = x + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14
62. (a) 6n (where n is a natural number) will always leaves
the remainder 6 when divide by 10.
Level-II
63. (c) For any n, 1992n has last digit as 1, 1. (d) (3443 + 4334)/7 = [(35 – 1)43 + (42 + 1)34/7].
But the last digit of 1443n is 4 for odd values of n and Applying binomial theorem to (35 – 1)43, all terms
6 for even values of n. will be divisible by 35 (i.e. 7) except the last term which
Therefore, last digit of the given expression is either 5 will be –1. Similarly, last term of (42 + 1)34 will be +1.
or 7. Therefore, 3443 + 4334 will leave remainder
64. (c) Required number = H.C.F of (140 – 4), (176 – 6) and [(–1) + (+1)] = 0, when divided by 7.
(264 – 9) = H.C.F. of 136, 170 and 255. 2. (b) Two prime numbers greater than 2 must be odd.
136 255 1 17 170 10 Sum of two odd numbers must always be even, thus,
136 X + Y = 87 is not possible.
17
119 136 1 3. (b) 7! + 8! + 9! + 10! + ....... + 100 = 7.6! + 8.7.6! + 9.8.7.6!
119 0 + ....... + 100! is completely divisible by 7 as each of
17 119 7 the terms contain at least one 7 in it.
119 Now, 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! + 6!
×
= 1 + 2 + 6 + 24 + 120 + 720 = 873
\ Required number = 17 which leaves a remainder of 5 when divided by 7.
65. (b) If the numbers be 3x and 4x, then 4. (a) Clearly, (2272 – 875) = 1397, is exactly divisible by N.
HCF = x = 5 Now, 1397 = 11 × 127
\ Number = 15 and 20 \ The required 3-digit number is 127, the sum of
\ LCM = 12x = 12 × 5 = 60 whose digits is 10.

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 l Number System

5. (d) (325 + 326 + 327 + 328) = 325 × (1 + 3 + 32 + 33) i.e., p, q, r are 3, 3, 4 (not necessarily in the same order).
25 24 24 Hence the value of
= 3 × 40 = 3 × 3 × 4 × 10 = (3 × 4 × 30), which
pq + qr + pr + pqr = 3 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 + 3 × 3 × 4
is divisible by 30.
= 9 + 12 + 12 + 36 = 69
6. (b) Let the common remainder be x. Then numbers 15. (d) Given a = 6b = 12c = 27d = 36e
(34041 – x) and (32506 – x) would be completely
Multiplied and Divide by 108 in whole expression
divisible by n.
Hence the difference of the numbers (34041 – x) and 108a 108b 108c 108d 108e
= = = =
(32506 – x) will also be divisible by n 108 18 9 4 3
or (34041 – x – 32506 + x) = 1535 will also be divisible 1 1 1 1 1
by n. a = b = c = d = e = 1 (say)
108 18 9 4 3
Now, using options we find that 1535 is divisible Þ a = 108, b = 18, c = 9, d = 4, e = 3
by 307.
c æ 9ö
7. (c) Let the total number of sweets be (25x + 8). So it is clear that æç a , c ö÷ contains a number = ç ÷
è6 dø d è 4ø
Then, (25x + 8) – 22 is divisible by 28
Û (25x – 14) is divisible by 28 Û 28x – (3x + 14) which is not an integer
is divisible by 28 16. (a) Remember that, a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
Û (3x + 14) is divisible by 28 Û x = 14. x = (163 + 173 + 183 + 193)
\ Total number of sweets = (25 × 14 + 8) = 358. x = (163 + 193) + (173 + 183)
x = (16 + 19) (162 + 192 – 16 × 19) + (17 + 18)
8. (b) 74/2400 gives us a remainder of 1. Thus, the
remainder of 799/2400 would depend on the remainder (172 + 182 – 17 × 18)
of 73/2400 ® remainder = 343. x = 35[16 + 19 – 16 × 19 + 172 + 182 – 17 × 18]
2 2

x = 35 × (Even number)
9. (b) The powers of p1 can be 0, 2 or 4 i.e., 3, powers of p2
can be 0,2 i.e., 2, Powers of p3 can be 0, 2, 4 or 6 Hence, x is divisible by 70 and leaves remainder as zero.
i.e.,4. Hence, a combination of these powers gives 17. (a) 217 ´ 631 ´ 75 ´ 1011 ´ 1110 ´ (323) 23
3 × 2 × 4 i.e., 24 numbers. So, there are 24 perfect squares
that divide N. = 217 ´ 231 ´ 331 ´ 75 ´ 211 ´ 511 ´ 1110 ´ 17 23 ´ 1923
10. (c) Suppose, possible, log2 7 is rational, say p/q where p
= 259 ´ 331 ´ 511 ´ 75 ´ 1110 ´ 17 23 ´ 19 23
and q are integers, prime to each other.
\ Total number of prime factors
p = 59 + 31 + 11 + 5 + 10 + 23 + 23 = 162
Then, = log 2 7 Þ 7 = 2p/q Þ 2 p = 7 q
q 18. (b) Let the 3 digits of number A be x, y and z
which is false since L.H.S. is even and R.H.S. is odd. Hence A = 100x + 10y + z
Obviously log2 7 is not an integer and hence not a prime On reversing the digits of number A, we get the number
number. B i.e., z y x.
11. (b) Square of the odd numbers can be written as \ B = 100z + 10y + x
1n = 8 × 0 + 1, 32 = 8 × 1 + 1, 8 × 3 + 1 & so on i. e., As B > A Þ z > x ...(1)
square of the odd number is of the form 8q + 1. B – A = 99z – 99x = 99(z – x)
12. (d) 943 – 233 is divisible by 94 – 23 = 71 As 99 is not divisible by 7
943 – 713 is divisible by 94 – 71 = 23 so (z – x) has to be divisible by 7. ...(2)
233 – 713 is divisible by 23 + 71 = 94 Using (1) & (2), the only possible values of z and x are
\ 943 – 233 – 713 is divisible by 23, 71 and 94 (8, 1) and (9, 2)
13. (b) Between 100 and 199, there will be 19 numbers which So the minimum and maximum range of A are 108 and
contain ‘2’. They are as follows. 299, which Î106 < A < 305
102, 112, 120 – 129 (10 numbers), 132, 142, 152, 162, 19. (d) The unit digit of every term from 5! to 49! is 0.
172, 182, 192. Also, 1! – 2! + 3! – 4! = 1 – 2 + 6 – 24 = –19.
Similar would be the case for 300 – 399, 400 – 499, Hence, the unit digit of N will be 10 – 9 = 1.
500 – 599, 600 – 699. The unit digit of NN will also be 1.
For 200 – 299, all 100 numbers will have 2. 20. (b) Let the 3-digit number be abc. Now according to the
\ Total number of numbers containing given condition, (abc)4 = (cba)3.
16a + 4b + c = 9c + 3b + a
‘2’ = 19 × 6 + 100 = 114 + 100 = 214.
Þ 15a + b = 8c
14. (c) As p, q, r are non-negative integers, the maximum will
The only set of numbers which satisfies the relation
be achieved when the value of each variable is closed
given above is a = 1, b = 1 and c = 2.
to each other.

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 Number System l

21. (a) The remainder would be given by: (5 ´ 7 ´ 10 ´ 23 ´ Case II: The larger number is 55.
27)/34 ® 35 ´ 230 ´ 27/34 ® 1 ´ 26 ´ 27/34 5500 + x = 5481 + 55 – x
= 702/34 ® remainder = 22. 2x = 5536 – 5500 = 36
22. (a) The solution of this question is based on the rule that: Þ x = 18
The HCF of (am – 1) and (an – 1) is given by Hence, the required sum = 73.
(aHCF of m, n –1) 29. (c) Let the hundreds digit be n.
Thus, in this question the answer is : (35 – 1). Since The tens digit will be 2n.
5 is the HCF of 35 and 125.]
The unit digit will be 4n.
23. (b) Assume that the software fails a, b, and c times in a
The possible values of ‘n’ are 1 and 2 and hence the
single stage, in two stage, and in all stages respectively.
possible numbers are 124 and 248 respectively.
\ b + 3c = 6+ 7 + 4 = 17
On converting 248 in base 8 and base 9, the given
but c = 4, hence b = 5
condition gets violated.
Similarly, we have
On converting 124 in base 8 and base 9, we get
a + 2b + 3c = 15 + 12 + 8 = 35
(174)8 = (147)9.
a = 35 – 12 – 10 = 35 – 22 = 13
Required sum = 4 + 7 = 11.
Hence option (b)
24. (a) The number will be a multiple of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 1
30. (c) The expression can be written as a + ,
LCM of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 = 2520 b+ x
\ Largest 4-digit number divided by this = 7560 where x lies in the interval (0, 1).
\ Required number = 7558 Since (1.25)3 = 1.953125 and (1.3)3 = 2.197, it can be
Sum of the digits of this number = 25 1

25. (a) Let’s divide the first 100 natural numbers in five sets concluded that 2 3 belongs to the interval (1.25, 1.3).
of 20 numbers each: 1
{1, 2, 3….20}, {21, 22, 23….40}, ......{81, 82, Hence, a = 1. This implies that lies in the
b+ x
83……100}. If we pick the first ten numbers from
interval (0.25, 0.3). The only possible value of b = 3.
each set we will not get any pair of two numbers
whose difference is 10. 2 4mn
However, if we pick just one more number from any 31. (d) (m - n) =
(m + n - 1)
of the sets, it would have a difference of 10 with one
Þ (m – n)2 (m + n – 1 ) = 4mn
of the numbers which has already been picked.
So the answer is 10 × 5 + 1 = 51. Þ (m – n)2 (m + n – 1 ) = (m + n)2 – (m – n)2
26. (a) 45 = 32 ´ 5. Hence, we need to count the number of Þ (m – n)2 ( m + n) = (m + n)2
32’s and 5’s that can be made out of 123!. Þ (m – n)2 = (m + n)
Number of 3’s = 41 + 13 + 4 + 1 = 59 ® Number of (Since, m + n ¹‚ 0)
32’s = 29 The above equation has infinitely many solutions
Number of 5’s = 24 + 4 = 28. where m and n are positive integers.
The required answer is the lower of the two (viz. 28 We can put m + n = v and m – n = u, and re-write
and 29). Hence, option (a) 28 is correct. the equation as u2 = v and then plug in different values
27. (c) Remainder of (323232 divided by 7) = Remaindr of of u and v to get different pairs of (m, n).
(43232 divided by 7) 32. (d) 3y2 = x2 – 1376
Now find cyclicity of remainder of (432n divided by 7). As we can see L.H.S. is definitely a multiple of 3 and in
Remainder when 4321 divided by 7 = 2 R.H.S. 1376 leaves a remainder of 2 when divided by 3.
Remainder when 4322 divided by 7 = 4 There are three possibilities for x in R.H.S:
Remainder when 4323 divided by 7 = 2 (i) If x is multiple of 3, so is x2, and R.H.S. will
So, the cyclicity is 2, 4, 2, 4 and so on. leave a remainder of 1 when divided by 3.
For every even value of n, remainder = 4 (ii) If x is of the form 3m + 1, x2 will be of the form
28. (d) As the larger number is written on the left, the larger 3n + 1 and R.H.S will leave a remainder of 2. m,
number is either 54 or 55. nθ N
Let the smaller number be x. (iii) If x is of the form 3m + 2, x2 will be of the form
Case I: The larger number is 54. 3n + 1 and R.H.S. will leave a remainder of 2. m,
5400 + x = 5481 + 54 – x nθ N So R.H.S. can never be a multiple of 3,
2x = 5535 – 5400 = 135 while L.H.S. is always a multiple of 3. Hence no
(In this case x will not be a natural number.) real solution exists.

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 l Number System

33. (a) The number of zeros at the end of 222111 × 3553 is 53. 39. (d) The remainder when a number is divided by 16 is given
The number of zeros at the end of (7!)6! × (10!)5! is 960. by the remainder of the last 4 digits divided by 16
The number of zeros at the end of 4242 × 2525 is 42. (because 10000 is a multiple of 16. This principle is
very similar in logic to why we look at last 2 digits for
Thus the number of zeros at the end of the whole
divisibility by 4 and the last 3 digits for divisibility
expression is 42.
by 8.) Thus, the required answer would be the
34. (c) (182 – 1) = (17) (18 + 1) remainder of 4950/16 which is 6.
(184 – 1) = (182 + 1) (182 – 1) 40. (a) Let the even consecutive numbers are 2n–2, 2n, 2n + 2
= (182 + 1) (18 + 1) (18 – 1) (2n – 2) × (2n) × (2n + 2) = 4032 ...(1)
(186 – 1) = (183)2 – 1 Product of 1st even number third even number = 252
= (183 + 1) (183 – 1) = 17 × k etc. Putting this in equation ...(1)
Hence there will only 9 times 17 in the whole 252 × 2n = 4032 Þ n = 8
expression. Numbers are 14, 16, 18
35. (c) 22 + 222 + 2222 + 22222 + ……+ (2222 ……49 twos)2 Five times of 2nd number is = 5 × 16 = 80
= 22 + (2)2 + 22 + …… + 22 (49 twos) 41. (c) The sum forms A.P.
= 4 + 4 + 4 + …… + 4 (49 twos) First term (a) = 1
= 4 ´ 49 = last digit is 6. Common difference (d) = 2
36. (d) Factorize 96! into prime factors. Find the unit digit of n
Sum of 15 term = (2a + (n - 1)d )
all the factors individually and multiply to get the unit 2
digit of 96!. 15 15
Sum = (2 ´1 + (15 - 1)2) = ´ 30 = 225
96! = 292 ´ 346 ´ 522 ´ … 2 2
Now 522 and 222 can be eliminated, since these will 42. (a) Here, (48 – 38) = 10, (64 – 54) = 10, (90 – 80) = 10
result in zeroes. Find the unit digit of all the remaining. and (120 – 110) = 10.
37. (b) N2 + 96 = P2, or, 96 = P2 – N2. Now factorize 96 and \ Required number = (L.C.M of 48, 64, 90 and 120) – 10
equate it with (P + N) (P – N). = 2870
38. (a) Sum of the digits of the ‘super’ number 43. (c) (0.11)3 + (0.22)3 + ..... + (0.99)3
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ................... + 29 = (0.11)3 [13 +23 + ....... 93]
29 = (0.11)3 × 2025 = 2.695
= .{2 ´ 1 + (29 - 1).1} 44. (b) Product of first fifty positive consecutive integers
2
= 1 × 2 × .... × 50 = 50 !
29 29 ´ 30
= .(2 + 28) = = 29 ´ 15 = 435
2 2 é 50 ù é 50 ù
Largest possible value of n = ê ú + ê 2 ú
Now, sum of digits in the number 435 = 4 + 3 + 5 = 12 ë 7 û ë7 û
which gives a remainder of 3 when divided by 9. =7+1=8

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