Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 23, No.

3, August 2023, 371-379

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tanjungpura.
ISSN: 1412-3576 (Print), 2621-8429 (Online), Indonesia

Constructions of UNTAN
Jurnal Teknik Sipil
Journal homepage: https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jtsuntan

Experimental Flexural Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer

(GFRP) Hybrid Reinforced Concrete Beams
*Yoke Lestyowati1, Henny Herawati2, and Budi Satria Panandita3
1,2Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tanjungpura, Pontianak.
3Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tanjungpura, Pontianak.
*yokelestyowati@civil.untan.ac.id

Abstract Article history:

Materials technology is an excellent opportunity to be developed Submitted 24-07-2023
industrially and on a needs scale according to the demands of society, Revise on 22-08-2023
namely supporting the environment, low maintenance, and long-term Published on 28-08-2023
use. Using composite materials with reinforced polymers is a hot topic Keyword:
of discussion in civil engineering as new materials, strength/stiffness GFRP, Normal Concrete,
enhancers, or applications in building rehabilitation or renovation. reinforcement concrete
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is excellent as a new material
because, in addition to being lightweight, corrosion resistant, and easy
to work with, it also has high flexural strength, so it is a consideration
to replace and or strengthen steel materials that are high in cost value. DOI :
However, until now there has not been found the correct pattern or http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jts.v
variant and volume of fibre so that it can be an alternative to the use 23i3.67972
of steel. The purpose of the study was to experimentally determine the
flexural strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) hybrid
beams either with steel reinforcement, with GFRP reinforcement, or
with steel and GFRP combination reinforcement and different GFRP
ratios (variants) through two-point load bending tests.
The designed model is a development of a previous study that used
one layer of 4 mm and produced a flexural strength smaller than the
targeted flexural strength, so in this study, two layers of 8 mm were
used. In addition, other experimental data that has been carried out
from the literature is also used where the results of parametric studies
provide evidence of the positive effect of hybrid steel and GFRP
reinforcement ratios when obtaining GFRP models and volumes.
The materials used to manufacture concrete beam test specimens
53x15x15 cm3 with quality of fc'35MPa have been tested according to
SNI standards and meet both the minimum and maximum
requirements specified. Based on the results of the material test, it is
planned that the characteristic concrete quality fcr'=40.31 MPa, and
based on the compressive strength test, the quality fcr'=41.68MPa is
produced.
The hybrid designed material with concrete or concrete and steel has
been tensile tested with a maximum arcing load for the two layers = 8
mm variant; the tensile strength of the GFRP woven roving type with
two layers 2 x 4 mm is 92.66 MPa. While plain steel reinforcement
Diameter 8mm quality 280 MPa has a minimum tensile strength of 350
MPa (3.8 times the tensile strength of GFRP 8 mm).
The results of testing and calculating the effect of GFRP as a substitute
for steel reinforcement contributed to the flexural strength of concrete
beams on average by 47.52%. In comparison, the contribution of
flexural strength produced by concrete with steel reinforcement was
107.09%. The concrete variant of hybrid steel reinforcement and
GFRP contributes to an increase in the average flexural strength of
117.02% > 4.8% compared to steel-reinforced concrete beams alone.

371
Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 23, No.3, August 2023-ISSN: 1412-3576 (Print), 2621-8429 (Online) 372

1. Introduction Table 2. Comparison of Mechanical Properties

The current design concept of the Civil No Description Steel rebar Steel Tendon GFRP CFRP
1 Yield Stress Mpa(ksi) 40 - 60 150 - 210 NA NA
Engineering world is not only based on strength
2 Tensile Stress Mpa(ksi) 70 - 100 200 - 270 75 - 175 200 - 400
and low prices but is sustainable, thus 3 Tensile Modulus of Mpa(ksi) 29.000 27.000 - 29.000 4.000 - 7.000 10.000 -
supporting the environment. Therefore, the Elasticity 20.000

world of material technology is an excellent 4 Maximum

Extension
% >10 >4 3,5 - 5 01-Feb

opportunity to be developed industrially and on 5 Density lb/ft3 490 490 90 - 120 90 - 100

a needs scale. The selection of materials that

The tensile strength of glass fiber is almost the
support the environment, low maintenance, and
same as steel reinforcement, while the tensile
long-term use are the primary considerations,
strength of carbon fiber is two to five times the
so the use of composite materials with
tensile strength of steel reinforcement. Based
reinforced polymers is a hot topic of discussion
on Table 2, the tensile strength of FRP can be
in the world of civil engineering to become new
used in design by considering the type of FRP
materials or strength/stiffness enhancers or as
and the exposure conditions of the designed or
applications in building rehabilitation/renovation
reinforced structural components.
(Alkhrdaji, 2015; ACI, 2007).
The main physical properties considered in the
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) is a design (BSN, 2011) are:
composite Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
base polymer material reinforced with Glass - Tensile strength, fu
fibers and adhesives so that it has strength and - Tensile Modulus of Elasticity, Ef
stiffness in the design of structural / non-
structural components, especially the design of - Ultimate Rupture Strain
reinforced concrete beam components. The
advantage of GFRP material is that it is resistant
to corrosion which is a weakness of supporting
steel material (Yagar Cem et al., 2022) in
reinforced concrete composite materials. In
addition, GFRP has high chemical resistance
and insulating properties which are the
considerations for GFRP to be used for
strengthening structural components (ACI,
2017), such as beams, columns, and others
because it is lightweight, so it does not affect
structural loading, is very flexible, resistant to
cracking, non-corrosion and long durability. The
high demand for environmentally-based
development is one of the leading materials
today because it supports the issuance of Fig 1. Relationship of Steel Rebar Emissions
building standards with the concept of green and Energy Consumption Parametric
building. GFRP reduces CO2 by 43% compared Study Results to Non-Metallic Rebar
to steel (Garg & Shrivastava, 2019). FRP Alternatives
specifications and a comparison of their Relationship of the Results of the Parametric
mechanical properties can be seen in Table 1 Study of Emissions and Energy Consumption
and Table 2. of Steel Reinforcement to Alternative Non-
Table 2 compares steel and fiber-reinforced Metallic Reinforcement In general, based on
materials with volume variations between 45%- the results of research and theory, the
70% because strength is highly dependent on advantages and disadvantages of FRP are as
the amount of fiber reinforcement. follows:

Table1. FRP Specifications 1. Does not rust or is resistant to corrosion.

2. Compared to steel material, FRP has a lower
Bar Type Tensile Strength Ultimate Strain Modulus of Elaticity volume, so the increase in the load of the
(Mpa) (%) (Gpa) reinforced concrete structure is reduced.
CFRP 2800 7,8 155
3. Its long size of up to one hundred meters
GFRP 1270 2,2 57 eliminates the need for reinforcement
BFRP 1017 2,2 48 connections.
4. Installation is easier
Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 23, No.3, August 2023-ISSN: 1412-3576 (Print), 2621-8429 (Online) 373

5. Safer because it is heat resistant and does number as shown in table 3 and the model as
not conduct electricity unless in direct shown in figure 3.
contact with steel.
6. More quality and has a long life. The testing flow is described in Figure 4.
7. FRP production in Indonesia is still limited.

Based on the above mechanical properties,

FRP can be an alternative
replacement/reinforcement/protection of steel
materials with specific compositions and
models (Kim et al., 2012). In this study,
reinforced concrete beams reinforced with four
layers of composite glass fiber woven roving
type were tested with the aim of not only Figure. 4 Testing and Analysis Process Flow
contributing tensile strength but also improving
the resistance of steel reinforcement to The criteria used in this study are as follows:
corrosion, mainly if the beams are used in
1) Concrete material with the following
conditions exposed to moisture and external
parameters:
chloride sources of category C2 (ASTM, 1999).
GFRP types and types can be seen in Figure 2. a. Concrete constituent materials used as
GFRP type Waven Rooving is shown in Figure summarized in Table 3 and Table 4.
3.
Table 3. Concrete Mix Planning Data

No Specifications/Test Results Description

1 Beam Structure Components
2 Exposure of reinforcement SNI2847-2019_ Table 19.3.1.1
corrosion protection and Concrete
exposed to moisture (C2 category)

3 Planning of concrete compressive

strength characteristics fc ' = 35
Fig 2. Types of GFRP Mpa
Average compressive strength SNI2847-2019_ Table 5.3.2.2
required fc r = fc'+8,3 = 35 +
1,64.3.1,08 = 40,31 Mpa
4 Average Slump Value = 8,71 cm SNI 2847_2019_Table 75 - 100 mm
5 Portland cement Jenis 1
6 Crushed Gravel with aggregate
max = 40 mm

Table 4. Concrete Mix Planning Data Based on materials

used
Fig 3. GFRP Waven Rooving Type
Testing Result Standar Pengujian
Materials Used
2. Materials and Methods Fine Coarse
aggregate aggregate
Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Description

1 Organic content 3,00 - Max 3 (SNI 2816:2014) - Accepted

This study analyzes and evaluates the test
2 Gradation/fineness 2,95 6,71 SNI 03-2461-2001 (1,5- Table a.3 SNI 7656- Accepted
results of reinforced concrete beams 15 x 15x53 modulus 3,8) dan ASTM c33 2012 dan ASTM C33
cm3 (BSN, 2011; BSN, 2014; Luastika et al., 3 Volume weight 1,57 1,63
(point 6)
SNI-1970-2008
(5,5 -8)
SNI 1969-2016 Accepted
2019), with concrete grade 35 (BSN, 2019) and 4 Apperent specific 2,65 2,71 SNI 03-1969-1990 SNI 1969-2016 (2,4 - Accepted
gravity (2,4-2,9) & SNI-1970- 2,9)
steel reinforcement BJTP 280 with a diameter 5 Bulk specific gravity 2,61 2,64 2008
SNI-1970-2008 SNI 1969-2016 Accepted
of 8 mm (BSN, 2017). The modeling of 6
dry condition
Bulk specific gravity 2,62 2,67 SNI-1970-2008 SNI 1969-2016 Accepted
reinforced concrete beams was designed based SSD condition
7 Sludge conten 1,00 - SNI 03-1750-1990 (< Accepted
on the standard and targeted exposure 8 Moisture content 2,86 0,46 5%) British Standard max Accepted
conditions of 4 types, namely regular concrete 9 Aggregate - 17% -
3%
SNI 2417-2008 Accepted
without reinforcement (BN), standard concrete abrasion/wear

with reinforcement (BNT), traditional concrete

with GFRP fibers (BNH), regular concrete with
GFRC hybrid reinforcement (BNTH) with the
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374

c. Flexural Test Objects in the form of 530x150x150

mm3 Beams with five variants
b. The resulting mix-design
Based on the data from the material analysis 3) Concrete Compressive Strength Testing Results
and standards (BSN, 2012; BSN, 2019), the Based on the results of the design mix, 15x15x30 cm3
comparison of concrete constituent material cylindrical specimens were made as many as 15 pieces
requirements is obtained, as described in Table for each concrete age of 3 days, seven days, 14 days,
5. 21 days, and 28 days. Testing the compressive strength
Table 5. The resulting mixture of concrete is done using CTM (Compression Test
Machine). to find out the quality of concrete based on the
Materials Berat per m³ mix design analysis planned.

Cement 483,333 kg/m³ Table 6. Cylindrical Concrete Compressive Strength Testing

Results
Water 192,301 kg/m³
Quality Plan Weight Volume Load P
Coarse aggregate 1007,102 kg/m³ Umur
Mpa Kg mm2 N
1 2 3 4 5
Fine Aggregates 680,961 kg/m³
fc 35 415 17662,5 415
Total 2363,698 kg/m³ 3 fc 35 385 385
fc 25 385 385
The aggregate weight meets the usual concrete fc 35 500 500
weight standard of 2200 kg/m3-2400 kg/m3. 7 fc 35 540 540
fc 35 530 530
2) Research Test Objects fc 35 540 540
14 fc 35 550 550
a. Test Piece by Material Type
fc 35 545 545
No Test Item Type Total Description fc 35 600 600
1 Cylinder 15 pieces Tested for 5 ages with 21 fc 35 630 630
each age of 3 test pieces
fc 35 625 625
fc 35 680 680
28 fc 35 630 630
fc 35 635 635
2 Beams 10 pieces Tested for 5 types of
composite layers

4) Test Results for Flexural Strength of Concrete Beams

3 Steel
Reinforcement 10 bars
Round steel grade 280
Mpa with a diameter of
Table 7. The results of flexural beam testing using tensile
10 mm testing equipment (UTM) with a 2-point loading
4 GFRP reinforced
with resins and
6 bars of GFRP
GFRP fibers with waven
rooving type are
system (BSN, 2011).
catalysts arranged as sheets and
then formed with resin
and epoxy. Sample test BN1 BN2 BTB1 BTB2 BTG1 BTG2 BTBG1 BTBG2 BTBG2_1 BTBG2_2

Sample Test Varians Model

b. GFRP Tensile Test Objects Thickness GFRP (cm) 0 0 0 0 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,6
Sample Test Period 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 30 28 30
Width of sample test (cm) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
GFRP Tensile Test Objects are made in sheets Sample test heght (cm) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
stiffened by epoxy and catalyst with a size of Sample test lenght (cm) 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53
Sample Test weight (kg) 29,47 29,3 29,11 29,01 28,26 27,62 28,34 28,28 28,34 28,28
450x 70 x 8 mm3 according to the guidelines
Sample test volume (cm3) 11925 11925 11925 11925 11925 11925 11925 11925 11925 11925
specified by ASTM D638. (ASTM, 1999). Sample test density (kg/m3) 2471,279 2457,023 2441,090 2432,704 2369,811 2316,143 2376,520 2371,488 2376,520 2371,488
Max testing load (KN) 38 32,5 68 78 53 51 73 80 77 70

5) Results of GFRP Tensile Strength Testing

The tensile strength of GFRP is higher between 7.5%-75%
against steel or even higher, according to the type and
fiber content used. In the research conducted to determine
the tensile strength of the GFRP material used, tensile
tests were carried out with dogbone samples with ASTM
standards (ASTM, 1999; Riyono, 2013). The tensile test
results of GFRP reinforced with resin and catalyst with
ASTM standard dimensions of 45.7,0.8 cm3 as shown in
Fig. 5 GFRP Tensile Test Piece Manufacturing Table 8.
Process
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Table 8. Results of GFRP Tensile Testing 3) Research results of oktavianus okta,

Lestyowati Yoke (Okta et al., 2022)
Ukuran Kuat tarik Panjang Adp 10
No Varian Po Lo Putus lo lu This study aims to determine the effect of
mm mm kN mm mm flexural strength by adding GFRP
1 1 x 4 mm 18,22 7,23 15,89 247 255 reinforcement based on variations in the
2 1 x 4 mm 20,24 6,83 16,44 248 256
3 2 x 4 mm 18,56 7,17 22,16 250 265
number and pattern of fiber layers on the
4 2 x 4 mm 18,89 7,42 22,55 249 262 beam. As well as the most appropriate
artistry method or variant pattern and
facilitate fieldwork. The test specimens
used were 15 cm x15 cm x53 cm dimension
beams with ϕ8 mm reinforcement; based on
the results of flexural testing for beam
samples, the average flexural strength of
each variant was obtained consecutively,
plain concrete beams (A) of 342.57 MPa,
standard reinforced concrete beam (B) of
707.95 MPa, GFRP reinforced concrete
beam two layers without reinforcement (C)
of 292.67 MPa, GFRP reinforced concrete
Fig 6. Tensile Testing on GFRP beam two layers under reinforcement (D) of
365.99 MPa, GFRP reinforced concrete
The test results were also analyzed based on
beam one layer above and below
criteria from several standard references and
reinforcement (E) of 321.81 MPa.
journals, among others:
3) Properties evaluation of fiber reinforced
1) SNI 2847-2019 (BSN, 2019)
polymers and their constituent materials
Article 19.2.1.1 limits the fc' value for used in structures–A review (Abbood et al.,
standard and heavy concrete types for 2021)
general purposes to a minimum of 17 MPa
Issues of limited funds, environmental
with no maximum limit. However, based on
damage, durability, and cheap and easy
the requirements for exposed concrete with
maintenance are trending topics in civil
category C2, article 19.3.2.1. Fc' min is 35
engineering, resulting in developing and
MPa, so in this study, it is planned to use fc'
using advanced composite materials as
35MPa.
replacements for various components.
Section 20.2.2.5 provides 280-grade "Fiber-reinforced polymers" as composite
reinforcement for steel reinforcement grade materials are becoming an option in using
when requirements 1 and 3 are met. new materials.

For the concrete blanket required in table 4) State-of-the-art review of FRP composites
20.6.1.3.1 about the concrete blanket for major construction with high
thickness for non-stressed structural performance and longevity (Wu et al.,
components cast in place with weather 2014).
exposure and soil contact, reinforcement <
This research identifies the need for high
D13, concrete blanket thickness is 40 mm,
performance and longevity of the main
so this study used 280-grade steel
structure of the building by reviewing FRPs
reinforcement with D8 mm and concrete
capable of providing structural
blanket thickness is 40 mm.
reinforcement and strengthening. It
2) SNI 7656-2012 (BSN, 2012) identifies the challenges faced in the further
development of FRPs. The main scientific
The standard is a reference for estimating issues and research directions are related
the slump of the planned component, to the National Basic Research Program in
selecting the maximum aggregate grain China, which consists of 1) fracture/failure
size, estimating the mixing water and air control and probabilistic design of FRP
content, selecting the water-cement ratio, composites and large FRP-reinforced
calculating the cement content, estimating concrete structures; 2) fatigue
the coarse and fine aggregate content and characteristics and long cycle life and
adjusting the volume of the concrete service life capability design of FRP-
constituent components. reinforced structures; 3) performance of
Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 23, No.1, February 2023-ISSN: 1412-1576 (Print), 2621-8428 (Online) 376

FRP-reinforced structures subjected to The average concrete compressive strength of

extreme environments and extreme loads fire is 41.68 M Pa more excellent (3.41%) than
and performance control methods; 4) key the planned average compressive strength of
technologies and their integration for the 40.31 MPa and 19.1% higher than the planned
application of FRP composites in major strength fc' of 35 MPa.
engineering structures; 4) key technologies
and their integration for the application of 4) Tensile test results show that increasing the
FRP composites in significant engineering volume of GFRP usage impacts improving
structures. the tensile strength value. There was an
increase based on the Tensile test results
5) Research Results of Laurensius Kristianto of GFRP with a different number of layers.
(Kristianto, 2018) Proper arrangement of GFRP layer
patterns and increasing GFRP volume
The resulting elastic modulus value shows the higher tensile strength produced,
increases with the addition of the number of according to (Kim et al., 2012; Yu et al.,
layers. The plastic strain produced in the 2015; Kristianto, 2018). Based on the
matrix is 9.40 MPa, fiberglass composite results of the tensile tests carried out with
with four layers is 10.93 MPa, fiberglass different volumes, the tensile strength and
composite with five layers is 15.36 MPa and breaking strength are also different, as
fiberglass composite with six layers is 32.88 described in Table 8.
MPa.
3. Result and Discussion
Based on the test results of both concrete
constituent materials and test objects obtained
as follows:
1) The material used as the constituent
material of the test object has met the
standards and requirements specified by
SNI, namely completing the minimum and
maximum limit requirements as described in Fig. 7. Tensile Strength (fu) GFRP (MPa)
Table 3.
The average tensile strength produced by
2) Based on the quality standards obtained, the GFRP designed with a thickness of 4 mm is
calculation of reinforced concrete 59.35 MPa, while GFRP with a thickness of
constituent material requirements (mix 8mm builds an average tensile strength of 92.66
design) based on the weight of the mixture MPa. Regarding the mechanical properties of
for substantial quality fc' 35MPa with a target GFRP, the tensile strength generated is 75 -
of 40.31 MPa. The ratio of cement 175 MPa, which is highly dependent on the
requirement is 483.33 kg/m3, sand 680.96 layout and volume of GFRP (Garg &
kg/m3, gravel 1007.10 kg/m3, and water Shrivastava, 2019).
192.30 kg/m3, so the total mix weight is
2363.70 kg/m3. The concrete mix ratio is 1: Adding 100% volume use of GFRP (4 mm and
1.4: 2,1. This result meets the requirements 8 mm) increased tensile strength to a break of
where average concrete mix weights are 56.12%. Still, the elongation that occurred was
determined between 2200 kg/m3 and 2400 also getting longer, namely 73.57%, thus
kg/m3. occurring due to an increase in tensile strength,
so it also impacts elongation.
3) Based on the results of the mix design,
cylindrical test specimens were made to 5) The theoretical formula for the flexural
obtain the concrete quality based on the strength of a 15x15x53 cm concrete beam
compressive test results at the planned with a strength of 41.68 MPa is as follows:
definite age. The results of the compressive 𝑃𝐿ℎ
𝑀.𝑦 . . 𝑃.𝐿
strength calculation are shown in Table 6. 𝜎= = 1
232
= ……(BSN, 1996)
𝐼 𝑏.ℎ3 𝑏.ℎ2
12

Based on this formula, the bending strength

of the beam with five variants is calculated
in Table 7.
Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 23, No.1, February 2023-ISSN: 1412-1576 (Print), 2621-8428 (Online) 377

The average flexural strength of reinforced 4. Conclusion

concrete was 553.56 MPa, while if treated
composite with steel reinforcement increased to Based on the design of this study, GFRP woven
1146.37 MPa (107.09%). Meanwhile, if regular roving type formed as a sheet with resin
concrete is composited with GFRP, the flexural stiffeners and catalysts has a high tensile
strength increases to 816.60 MPa (47.52%), strength of between 26.48% when compared to
where the tensile strength contributed by GFRP the tensile strength of plain steel 10 mm
reinforcement and steel reinforcement is 50%. diameter with a quality of BJTP 280 with a
The flexural strength ratio of steel-reinforced weight ratio between GFRP and reinforcing
concrete and GFRP reinforced concrete; steel steel used is 1/24 of the weight of reinforcing
reinforced concrete is 28.77% higher. The steel. At the same time, the flexural strength
research results on the flexural strength of produced in steel-reinforced and GFRP-
GFRP (ACI, 2017; Yu et al., 2015) showed that reinforced concrete beam test specimens and
the tensile strength of FRP is strongly hybrid BJTP and GFRP reinforcement indicates
influenced by the type of layer and the volume an increase. Comparison of the flexural strength
of the coating. of standard concrete without support with
regular concrete reinforced with GFRP, a rise
However, if regular concrete is composited with from 553.56 MPa increased by 816.59 MPa or
steel reinforcement coated with GFRP, the an increase of 47.52%. At the same time, the
resulting flexural strength increases between comparison between regular concrete without
0.69% - 4.80%. A comparison of the flexural reinforcement and standard concrete with steel
strength of plain concrete and reinforced reinforcement increased by 107.09%. Thus, the
concrete can be seen in Figure 8. At the same flexural strength of GFRP with a variant of 2 x 4
time, a comparison of the flexural strength of mm and a weight much smaller than the weight
steel-reinforced concrete and a combination of of BJPT can contribute 50% of the flexural
steel-GFRP and Reinforced Concrete can be strength compared to the flexural strength of
seen in Figure 9. BJTP. Thus, by the advantages of FRP material
specifications (BSN, 2011).
For the hybrid variant of BJTP and GFRP, the
contribution of flexural strength of 1201.33 MPa
is 4.8% greater than that of the steel-reinforced
concrete variant. As for the hybrid variant of 2
layers below and above, the reinforcement does
Plain concrete Steel reinforced concrete GFRP Reinforced
not provide a significant increase compared to
concrete the hybrid variant under the support, which only
increases 0.69% against BJTP reinforced
concrete.
Fig. 8. Comparison of Flexural Strength of Plain
and Reinforced Concrete The results of research with a GFRP variant of
one-layer 4mm with the same variant have been
tested, and GFRP does not have a positive
impact or contribution to the flexural strength of
concrete either without reinforcement, with
GFRP reinforcement or with steel and GFRP
combination reinforcement (Okta et al., 2022).
Based on the test results with GFRP 2 layers of
8 mm and the nature of the GFRP material,
which is corrosion resistant, it is indicated that
using hybrid reinforced concrete with a variant
Plain concrete Steel Reinforced Concrete
& GFRP Type 1
Steel Reinforced Concrete
& GFRP Type 2
of 2 layers under the reinforcement will
strengthen the BJTP against corruption so that
it strongly supports the durability of the BJTP for
Fig. 9 Comparison of Flexural Strength of Steel longer life and is suitable for use in concrete
Reinforced Concrete and Combination of beam structural components that are
Steel-GFRP and Reinforced Concrete exposed/submerged / high humidity.
Meanwhile, with a high enough contribution to
the flexural strength of beams with GFRP
reinforcement, it can be developed as a
Jurnal Teknik Sipil: Vol 23, No.1, February 2023-ISSN: 1412-1576 (Print), 2621-8428 (Online) 378

substitute for steel reinforcement or provide Modern at large: Cultural dimensions of

flexural strength for non-structural components. globalization (Vol. 00, Issue 1980).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.06.00
5. Acknowledgement 1%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2
Thank you for the spirit and support of the 016.12.055%0Ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ij
Materials and Structures Technology fatigue.2019.02.006%0Ahttps://doi.org/10
Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering / .1016/j.matlet.2019.04.024%0Ahttps://doi
Department of Civil Engineering, Tanjungpura .org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127252%0Ahtt
University, so that the tests required in this p://dx.doi.o
research are carried out. Furthermore, we thank BSN. (2011). Cara uji kuat lentur beton
all the individuals and organizations that have normal dengan dua titik pembebanan
helped us complete this research and hope we (SNI 4431:2011).
can continue to develop it downstream and be
helpful. BSN. (2012). SNI 7656:2012, Tata Cara
Pemilihan Campuran untuk Beton
6. Author’s Note Normal, Beton Berat dan Beton Massa.
In Badan Standarisasi Nasional.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest regarding the publication of this article. BSN. (2014). Metode Uji Kekuatan Tarik
The authors confirmed that the paper was free Belah Specimen Beton Silinder
of plagiarism. Standard Test Method for Splitting
Tensile Strength of Cylindrical
7. References Concrete Specimens (ASTM
Abbood, I. S., Odaa, S. A., Hasan, K. F., & C496/C496M-04, IDT). In Badan
Jasim, M. A. (2021). Properties Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia.
evaluation of fiber reinforced polymers BSN. (2017). Baja Tulangan Beton. In
and their constituent materials used in SNI2052-2017.
structures - A review. Materials Today:
Proceedings, 43(April), 1003–1008. BSN. (2019). Persyaratan Beton Struktural
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.6 untuk Bangunan Gedung dan
36 Penjelasan sebagai revisi dari SNI 2847 :
2013. In Badan Standardisasi Indonesia
ACI. (2007). ACI PRC-440-07 Report on Fiber- (Issue 8).
Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
Reinforcement for Concrete Structures Garg, N., & Shrivastava, S. (2019).
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