360-Degree Comprehensive Grammar Guide
1. Parts of Speech
Parts of speech categorize words based on their function in a sentence. There are eight main
parts:
1.1 Noun: Names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Example: John, city, book, happiness.
1.2 Pronoun: Replaces a noun.
Example: He, she, it, they.
1.3 Verb: Describes an action or state.
Example: Run, think, is.
1.4 Adjective: Describes a noun.
Example: Beautiful, tall, happy.
1.5 Adverb: Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Example: Quickly, very, well.
1.6 Preposition: Shows the relationship between a noun and another word.
Example: In, on, at, by.
1.7 Conjunction: Connects words, phrases, or clauses.
Example: And, but, because.
1.8 Interjection: Expresses strong emotions.
Example: Wow! Oh no! Hurray!
2. Sentence Structure
2.1 Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause.
Example: She reads every day.
2.2 Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
or semicolon.
Example: She reads every day, and she loves novels.
2.3 Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses.
Example: She reads every day because she loves learning.
2.4 Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses and at least
one dependent clause.
Example: She reads every day, and she loves novels because they teach her a lot.
3. Tenses
Tenses indicate the time of an action. There are three main tenses, each with four
subcategories:
Present Tense:
● Simple Present: I play.
● Present Continuous: I am playing.
● Present Perfect: I have played.
● Present Perfect Continuous: I have been playing.
Past Tense:
● Simple Past: I played.
● Past Continuous: I was playing.
● Past Perfect: I had played.
● Past Perfect Continuous: I had been playing.
Future Tense:
● Simple Future: I will play.
● Future Continuous: I will be playing.
● Future Perfect: I will have played.
● Future Perfect Continuous: I will have been playing.
4. Articles
Articles are used to define nouns:
● A/An: Used for singular, non-specific nouns. Example: a cat, an apple.
● The: Used for specific nouns. Example: the sun, the book.
● No article: Used for general or abstract ideas. Example: Life is beautiful.
5. Modal Auxiliaries
Modals express ability, possibility, permission, or necessity:
● Can: Ability (I can swim.)
● Could: Past ability or polite requests (I could swim when I was younger.)
● May: Permission or possibility (You may leave early.)
● Might: Slight possibility (It might rain.)
● Must: Necessity or strong advice (You must wear a helmet.)
● Shall: Future intention (I shall return.)
● Should: Advice (You should exercise regularly.)
● Will: Future certainty (I will call you.)
● Would: Polite requests or hypothetical situations (Would you like coffee?)
6. Active and Passive Voice
● Active Voice: The subject performs the action.
Example: She wrote a book.
● Passive Voice: The action is performed on the subject.
Example: A book was written by her.
Form:
● Active: Subject + Verb + Object
● Passive: Object + Verb (be + past participle) + Subject
7. Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech: Repeating the exact words spoken.
Example: She said, "I am happy."
Indirect Speech: Reporting what someone said without using their exact words.
Example: She said that she was happy.
Rules:
● Change pronouns and time expressions as needed.
Example: "I will call you tomorrow" → She said she would call me the next day.
● Adjust verb tense depending on the reporting verb.
Tense Changes:
● Present → Past ("I am tired" → She said she was tired.)
● Present Perfect → Past Perfect ("I have finished" → She said she had finished.)
● Will → Would ("I will go" → She said she would go.)
8. If Clauses (Conditionals)
Type 1: Real condition (If + present tense, will + base verb)
Example: If it rains, I will stay home.
Type 2: Unreal condition (If + past tense, would + base verb)
Example: If I were rich, I would travel the world.
Type 3: Past unreal condition (If + past perfect, would have + past participle)
Example: If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
9. Do, Does, Don’t, Doesn’t
● Do/Don’t: Used with plural subjects or “I/You” (I don’t like coffee.)
● Does/Doesn’t: Used with singular third-person subjects (He doesn’t like coffee.)
10. ING Forms
Uses of ING Form:
● Continuous Tenses: I am running.
● As Nouns (Gerunds): Swimming is fun.
● After Prepositions: She is good at painting.
● As Adjectives: The crying baby needs attention.
11. Whoever, Whatever, However, Whenever
● Whoever: Refers to any person.
Example: Whoever arrives first will win.
● Whatever: Refers to any thing.
Example: Take whatever you need.
● However: Refers to any way.
Example: You can solve it however you like.
● Whenever: Refers to any time.
Example: Call me whenever you’re free.
12. Had, Has, Have
● Had: Past tense.
Example: She had breakfast at 8 AM.
● Has: Present tense for third-person singular.
Example: He has a car.
● Have: Present tense for all other subjects.
Example: They have a meeting.
