Database Management

Chapter One
Introduction of data and
databases
Outline
• Understanding of data
• Definition of data

• Types or forms of data

• Importance of Data in the Business World

• Importance of Data in the IT World

• Ways to store data

• Physical files, Folders and books

• Digital Filing System

• Databases

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Outline
• Understanding Databases
• Definition of Database

• Some use cases of Databases

• Types of Databases

• Components of Database System

• Database Administrator

• Database Terminology

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Understanding Data

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Definition of Data

 In General, The term Data refers to

the raw, unprocessed information
collected from different sources.

 In the Digital World or Databases,

Data is an information that can be

stored, manipulated, and retrieved
using a computer.
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Forms of Data
 Data comes in many forms, including numbers, words, images, sounds, and
more. Here are some examples of data:
1. Numbers: Integers (whole numbers), Real Numbers (decimals), and complex numbers.
2. Text: written information, such as articles, books, essays, or emails.
3. Images: pictures, photographs, and graphics
4. Audio: sound recordings, music files, and spoken language.
5. Video: movies, documentaries, and animations.
6. Binary Data: 0s and 1s used by computers.
7. Scientific Data: Experimental observations, research findings, and measurements.
8. Health Data: Medical records, vital signs, and patient information. …. And more

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Data in the Business World
 In the business world, data is a fundamental resource used for decision-
making, improving processes, and achieving business goals. Here are some
common examples of data used in business:
1. Sales Data: Information about products sold, customers, and prices of the product.
2. Financial Data: Data related to revenues, expenses, profits, cash flows, and investments.
3. Customer Data: Data about customers, including demographics, purchase history,
preferences, and feedback.
4. Inventory Data: Information about stock levels, item locations, and so on.
5. Employee Data: Information about employees, including payroll, performance evaluations,
and training records.
6. Customer Feedback: Feedback from customer surveys, reviews, and complaints. (…more…)

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 Data in the IT World
 Data is super important in IT World, because almost everything on the internet is
data! It's like the foundation of everything on the internet.
 This data can include a wide range of sensitive information, especially user’s
data on websites and applications. Some examples include:
1. User Credentials: This includes usernames and passwords, as well as any additional
authentication data like security questions or biometric information.
2. Personal Information: This might include a user's full name, date of birth, gender, email
address, physical address, and phone number.
3. Social Media Data: For platforms that integrate with social media, data like social
connections, posts, likes, and comments can also be stored.
4. Communications: Messaging history, emails, and chat logs might be stored for communication
platforms.
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Different Ways to Store Data

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Different Ways to Store Data
 Storing data is a necessary, Whether it's managing customer records for a
business, storing family photos on your phone, or keeping track of your monthly
expenses, data storage is essential. Fortunately, there are various methods to
store data, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common
approaches include:
1. Physical files, folders and books,
2. Digital files
3. Databases.

 By understanding how these methods work, as well as their advantages and

disadvantages of each method, you can determine the optimal approach for storing
and managing your data.
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Different Ways to Store Data (cont…)

1. Physical Files, folders and Books.

 Storing data on a Physical files, folders and books refer to the
traditional paper-based method of storing documents.

Advantages
 Some people prefer tangible documents.
 No need for computer or software to access information.

 Does not require any specialized hardware or software for storage.

Disadvantages
 They require physical space to store such as Cabinet.
 Physical documents can be lost, damaged, or destroyed.
 Unauthorized access or theft since they don’t require password.
 To access them takes much time, also they require manual organization.
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Different Ways to Store Data (cont…)

2. Digital Files
 Digital files are documents or files created and stored digitally
but based on file formats, such as Word documents, Excel
spreadsheets, and PowerPoint presentations.

Advantages
 Easy to create, edit, store, and retrieve digital files.
 Digital files can be searched easily.
 Can store large volumes of data without physical space
limitations
 Digital files can contain text, images, audio, video, and
multimedia content.
 Can be easily shared or transferred via email, USB drives, or the
internet
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Different Ways to Store Data (cont…)

2. Digital Files
Disadvantages

 Files can become useless or incompatible with future software

versions.

 Risk of data loss due to hardware failure or file corruption.

 Requires a computer or digital device and compatible software

for access.

 Data can exist in multiple copies on a single device in which

will cause waste of space.

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Different Ways to Store Data (cont…)

3. Database
 Storing data in a Database refers to using software systems to
store, organize, and manage information in a structured format,
such as tables. Examples include MySQL, SQL Server, and MongoDB,
which allow for efficient data retrieval and manipulation.

Advantages

 Databases enable fast retrieval of specific data.

 Databases can handle large volumes of data and can scale with the
growth of data

 Offers a centralized and organized way to store and manage data.

 Removes data duplication.

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Different Ways to Store Data (cont…)

3. Database
Disadvantages

 Setting up and managing databases requires specialized knowledge

and skills.

 Can be expensive to set up and maintain, especially for large-scale

databases.

 Requires specific database software and infrastructure.

 Poorly designed databases can result in slower performance.

 Risk of data loss due to hardware failure, corruption, or security

breaches.

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Understanding Databases

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Database
What is a database?
 A database is a collection of related data
organized and managed to provide easy storage,
retrieval and manipulation of that data.

 It is the base to store any data or

information designed to store, retrieve, and
manage.
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Some Database Use Cases

Here, we'll explore some of these use

cases and how they work:
 Social Media Platforms: A database
stores user profiles, posts, and
comments. For example, Facebook uses
a database to keep track of what
users share, who their friends are
and much more..
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Some Database Use Cases
 Library Management System:
╴ A database helps manage books, members, and
loans. For instance, a library uses a database
to record which books are available and who
has borrowed them.
 Human Resource Management System:
╴ A database keeps information about employees,
such as their contact details and job roles.
For example, a company uses a database to
manage employee records, salary and track
their performance.
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Some Database Use Cases
 Content Management System (CMS):
╴ A database stores articles, images, and videos
for websites. For example, WordPress uses a
database to save all the blog posts and media
files on a site.
 Transportation and Logistics:
╴ A database tracks shipments, vehicles, and
delivery schedules. For instance, a shipping
company uses a database to monitor where each
package is and when it will arrive.

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Some Database Use Cases

 Point of Sale (POS) Systems:

╴ A database manages sales transactions and
inventory. For example, a retail store uses a
database to keep track of what items are sold and
how many are left in stock.
 Energy and Utilities:
╴ A database records customer accounts, usage, and
billing information. For instance, an electricity
company uses a database to manage customer
payments and track energy consumption.
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Some Database Use Cases

 Travel Agencies:
╴ A database stores travel packages, customer
bookings, and flight information. For example, a
travel agency uses a database to manage flight
schedules and customer reservations.
 Supply Chain Systems:
╴ A database helps track products, suppliers, and
inventory levels. For example, a manufacturing
company uses a database to manage the flow of
materials and finished goods.
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Some Database Use Cases

 Government and Public Sector:

╴ A database keeps records of citizens, services,
and public information. For example, a city
government uses a database to manage permits,
licenses, and resident information.
 E-Learning Systems:
╴ A database stores course materials, student
information, and progress tracking. For example,
an online learning platform uses a database to
manage student enrollments and course content.
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Some Database Use Cases

 Banking and Finance:

╴A database manages customer accounts,

transactions, and financial records. For
instance, a bank uses a database to keep
track of customer deposits, withdrawals,
and loan information.

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Types of Databases

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Types of Databases

There are two common database types:

 Relational Databases
╴ A relational database organizes and stores data into
structured tables with rows and columns. Examples include
MySQL, SQL Server, MS Office Access, Oracle and PostgreSQL.
 Non-Relational Databases
╴ A non-relational database stores data in a more flexible way,
often using documents, and key-value pairs. Examples include
MongoDB and Redis.
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Types of Databases (cont...)

Relational Database Non-Relational Database

Student table (id, Name) Student-Records

A1 Mohamed Ali
[
A2 Ali Mohamed
{ name: "Mohamed Ali", courses: [{DBMS:90}, {SPSS:88 }] },
{ name: "Ali Mohamed", courses: [{DBMS:94}] }
Records table (id, student_id, Points)
]
DBMS-1 A1 90
SPSS A1 88
DBMS-1 A2 94

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Components of a Database System
 Data
This is the information that is stored in the database, like
DATABASE
names, addresses, and phone numbers.

 Database Management System (DBMS) DATA

This is the software that helps us manage the data in the
database. It allows us to add, delete, and modify data.
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
 Users SYSTEM
These are the people or applications that interact with the
database. They can be administrators who manage the database,
USERS
developers who write code to interact with the database, or
end-users who access the database through an application.
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Database Administrator

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 Database Administrator
 What is a Database Administrator?

╴ A Database Administrator (DBA) is a person who

manages and takes care of databases.

╴ A Database Administrator is important for keeping

databases running smoothly and securely.

╴ They help organizations manage their data effectively,

which is crucial for many business operations.

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 Database Administrator
 What Does a Database Administrator Do?
╴ Setup Databases: They install & configure databases on
computers so that organizations can use them.
╴ Keep Database Safe: DBAs make sure that only authorized
people can access the data. And they protect from hackers.
╴ Backup Data: they create backup copies of the data to
prevent loss. If something goes wrong, they can restore
the data from these backups.
╴ Improve Performance: DBAs check how well the databases
are running and make changes to make them faster and
efficient.
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 Database Administrator
 What Does a Database Administrator Do?

╴ Ensure Data Accuracy: they ensure that the data is

correct and consistent, so it can be trusted.

╴ Update Software: they keep the database software up

to date with the latest features and security fixes.

╴ Troubleshoot Problems: if there are issues with the

database, DBAs figure out what’s wrong and fix it.

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 Database Terminology

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Database Terminology

 Data: Information or facts that we

Students Customers data
collect and store. data

 Database: structured collection of Customers

School information
related data organized for easy retrieval database database
and management.
 Relational Database: stores and Employees data

organizes data into tables with rows and

columns, where relationships between HRM Database

tables are established using keys.

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Database Terminology

 DBMS (Database Management System):

Software that helps users interact with
databases by providing tools for data
storage, retrieval, manipulation, and
security.
 RDBMS (Relational Database Management
System): type of DBMS that manages
relational databases.
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Database Terminology

 DBMS (Database Management System):

Software that helps users interact with
databases by providing tools for data
storage, retrieval, manipulation, and
security.
 RDBMS (Relational Database Management
System): type of DBMS that manages
relational databases.
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Database Terminology
 Null: When no value is entered in a column of a table,
representing missing or unknown information.

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Database Terminology
 Data Integrity: Ensuring data
accuracy and reliability within a
database.
 Anomalies: Errors in data
integrity where what we expect is
not entered or recorded properly.

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 Database Terminology
 Entity: it is an object, concept, ENTITIES
or thing about which data is stored. Id Full_name Email Telephone
1 Ali Abdi ABC@email.com 063……
 For example: 2 Abdi Farah ABC@email.com 063……
 Person (user, student, customer, CUSTOMER
etc).
 Thing (car, inventory, etc). Id Manufacturer Model Millage
 Idea, Transaction, event. 1 Toyota Vits-2010 10,000

 Much more. 2 Nissan X-trail 25,000

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 Database Terminology
 Attribute: Specific pieces of information we store about an entity,
like, name, email or date of birth.
 It is also called field, or column.

 Row/Tuple/Record: A single set of data stored for an entity.

Attributes/ Columns/ Fields

Id Full_name Email Telephone

1 Farah Mohamed farah@email.com 063……

Row/ Tuple / Record

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Database Terminology
 Relation: The connection between two
tables in a database

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 Database Terminology
 Table: Where we organize and store data in a database.
 Value: The specific information stored in a column.
 Normalization: The process of organizing data in a database to
minimize redundancy.
 Naming Conventions: guidelines for naming database objects
such as tables, columns, and keys.
 Data type: Is used to define what kind of value can be stored
in a given column on a database table, eg. Integer, Text,
Varchar, Date, Boolean and etc.
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 Database Terminology
 Keys: Attributes or combinations of
attributes used to uniquely identify rows
in a table.
 Primary Keys: Unique identifiers for each
row in a table.
 Foreign Keys: Columns in a table that
reference the primary key of another table
 SQL (Structured Query Language): The
language used to interact with and
manipulate databases.

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 End
Thank You!
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