Introduction

to Database
Data

• Data refers to a collection of individual

values that, when processed, deliver
information.
• Computer data is information that is stored
and processed digitally on a computer in a
forms of:
1. Text
2. Images
3. Audio
4. video
Data

• It may be loaded into memory and

processed by the computer's CPU, then
stored as files in folders on a hard drive
or solid-state drive.
• Data on a computer is stored as binary
data, where every file consists of a
series of 1s and 0s called bits.
• 8 bits make up one byte, which is the
basic unit of data storage.
Data

Data is encoded using different methods for

different data types.
1. Integers
2. Floating point numbers
3. Characters
4. Strings
5. Arrays
6. Dates & Timestamps
7. Boolean
8. Variable Character formats
Data

Computers can store data on

many different kinds of storage
devices.
1. Hard drives
2. Solid-state drives
3. Flash drives
4. Optical drives
Data Storage
Units
Information

• Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful

values for the receiver.
• Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are
based.
Data and
Information

For the decision to be meaningful, the

processed data must qualify for the following
characteristics −
• Timely − Information should be available
when required.
• Accuracy − Information should be
accurate.
• Completeness − Information should be
complete.
Data Processing • Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of
to Produce data by people or machine to increase their usefulness
and add values for a particular purpose.
Information
Data Processing
Cycle

Input − In this step, the input data is

prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the
processing machine.
• For example, when electronic computers
are used, the input data can be recorded
on any one of the several types of input
medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes,
and so on.
Data Processing Cycle

Processing − In this step, the

input data is changed to produce
data in a more useful form.
• For example, pay-checks can
be calculated from the time
cards, or a summary of sales
for the month can be calculated
from the sales orders.
Data Processing
Cycle

Output − At this stage, the result

of the proceeding processing step
is collected. The particular form
of the output data depends on
the use of the data.
• For example, output data may
be pay-checks for employees.
Introduction
to Database
Database

• A database is an organized collection of

structured information, or data, typically
stored electronically in a computer
system.
• Data within the most common types of
databases in operation today is typically
modeled in rows and columns in a series
of tables to make processing and data
querying efficient.
Database

• Database handlers create a database

in such a way that only one set of
software program provides access of
data to all the users.
• The main purpose of the database is to
operate a large amount of information by
storing, retrieving, and managing data.
Database
• There are many dynamic websites on
the World Wide Web nowadays which
are handled through databases. For
example, a model that checks the
availability of rooms in a hotel. It is an
example of a dynamic website that uses
a database.
• There are many databases available like
MySQL, Sybase, Oracle, MongoDB,
Informix, PostgreSQL, SQL Server,
Microsoft Access, etc.
Database
• Modern databases are managed by the
database management system (DBMS).
• SQL or Structured Query Language is
used to operate on the data stored in a
database.
Database
Evolution
• The database has completed more than 50 years of
journey of its evolution from flat-file system to relational
and objects relational systems. It has gone through
several generations.
Database Evolution

File-Based
1. 1968 was the year when File-Based
database were introduced. In file-based
databases, data was maintained in a flat
file. Though files have many advantages,
there are several limitations.
2. One of the major advantages is that the
file system has various access methods,
e.g., sequential, indexed, and random.
3. It requires extensive programming in a
third-generation language such as
COBOL, BASIC.
Database Evolution

Hierarchical Data Model

1. 1968-1980 was the era of
the Hierarchical Database.
Prominent hierarchical
database model was IBM's
first DBMS. It was called
IMS (Information
Management System).
Database
Evolution

Network Data Model

1. Charles Bachman developed
the first DBMS at Honeywell
called Integrated Data Store
(IDS). It was developed in
the early 1960s, but it was
standardized in 1971 by the
CODASYL group
(Conference on Data
Systems Languages).
Database
Evolution
Relational Database
1. 1970 - Present: It is the era of
Relational Database and
Database Management. In 1970,
the relational model was
proposed by Edgar Frank Codd.
2. Relational database model has
two main terminologies called
instance and schema.
3. The instance is a table with rows
or columns
4. Schema specifies the structure
like name of the relation, type of
each column and name.
 Database
Evolution
Cloud Database
1. Cloud database facilitates you to store,
manage, and retrieve their structured,
unstructured data via a cloud platform. This
data is accessible over the Internet. Cloud
databases are also called a database as
service (DBaaS) because they are offered
as a managed service.
2. Some best cloud options are: AWS
(Amazon Web Services), Snowflake
Computing, Oracle Database Cloud
Services, Microsoft SQL Server, Google
cloud spanner.
Database Evolution
NoSQL Database
1. A NoSQL database is an approach to
design such databases that can
accommodate a wide variety of data
models.
2. NoSQL stands for "not only SQL." It
is an alternative to traditional
relational databases in which data is
placed in tables, and data schema is
perfectly designed before the
database is built.
Database Evolution
Object-Oriented Model
1. In the Object-oriented Model data is
stored in the form of objects. The
structure is called classes which
display data within it.
2. It is one of the components of DBMS
that defines a database as a
collection of objects that stores both
data members’ values and
operations.
Database Management System

• DBMS in short refers to the

technology of storing and retrieving
users' data with utmost efficiency
along with appropriate security
measures.
• DBMS is software that is used to
manage the database.
• For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc
are a very popular commercial
database which is used in different
applications.
Database Management System

• DBMS provides an interface to

perform various operations like
database creation, storing data in it,
updating data, creating a table in
the database and a lot more.
• It provides protection and security to
the database. In the case of multiple
users, it also maintains data
consistency.
 Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal
of definition that defines the organization of data in the database.

DBMS allows
users the Data Updating: It is used for the insertion, modification, and
deletion of the actual data in the database.
following
tasks:
Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database
which can be used by applications for various purposes.

User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring

users, maintain data integrity, enforcing data security, dealing with
concurrency control, monitoring performance and recovering
information corrupted by unexpected failure.
 It uses a digital repository established on a server to store and manage
the information.

It can provide a clear and logical view of the process that manipulates
data.

DBMS contains automatic backup and recovery procedures.

It contains ACID(Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability)

Characteristics properties which maintain data in a healthy state in case of failure.

of DBMS It can reduce the complex relationship between data.

It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.

It is used to provide security of data.

It can view the database from different viewpoints according to the

requirements of the user.
Advantages of DBMS

• Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all the
data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
• Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data among
multiple users.
• Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the
database system.
• Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
• Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of data
from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
• Multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user
interfaces, application program interfaces
Disadvantages of DBMS

• Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor

and large memory size to run DBMS software.
• Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them
efficiently.
• Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and
requirements.
• Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in
most of the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the
database is damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the
data may be lost forever.
Applications of DBMS
Applications of DBMS
Users of DBMS
When not to use a DBMS system?

• Although DBMS system is useful, it is still not suited for some specific
task in computing.
• Not recommended when you do not have the budget or the expertise to
operate a DBMS. In such cases, Excel/CSV/Flat Files could do just fine.
• For Web 2.0 applications, it’s better to use NoSQL DBMS