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5.4 SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
L T P
6 - 2
RATIONALE
Civil Engineering diploma engineers are required to supervise the construction of roads,
pavements, dams, embankments, and other Civil Engineering structures. As such the
knowledge of basic soil engineering is the pre-requisite for these engineers for effective
discharge of their duties. This necessitates the introduction of Soil and Foundation
Engineering subject in the curriculum for Diploma Course in Civil Engineering.
The subject covers only such topics which will enable the diploma engineers to identify and
classify the different types of soils, their selection and proper use in the field for various types
of engineering structures.
The emphasis will be more on teaching practical aspect rather than theory.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After undergoing the subject, students will be able to:
• Identify and classify various types of soils
• Select particular type of foundation according to loading of structure
• Determine shear strength of soil
• Carry out compaction of soils as per density
• Calculate bearing capacity of soil
• Calculate liquid limit and plastic limit of soil
• Calculate maximum dry density of soil and optimum moisture content of soil
• Perform various tests of the soil
• Apply different techniques for improving the engineering properties of soil.
DETAILED CONTENTS
1. Introduction (03 Periods)
1.1 Importance of Soil Studies in Civil Engineering
1.2 Geological origin of soils with special reference to soil profiles in India:
residual and transported soil, alluvial deposits, lake deposits, local soil found
in UP, dunes and loess, glacial deposits, black cotton soils, conditions in
which above deposits are formed and their engineering characteristics.
1.3 Names of organizations dealing with soil engineering work in India, soil map
of India
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2. Physical Properties of Soils (06 Periods)
2.1 Constituents of soil and representation by a phase diagram
2.2 Definitions of void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, water content, specific
gravity, unit weight, bulk density/bulk unit weight, dry unit weight, saturated
unit weight and submerged unit weight of soil grains and correlation between
them
2.3 Simple numerical problems with the help of phase diagrams
3. Classification and Identification of Soils (06 Periods)
3.1. Particle size, shape and their effect on engineering properties of soil,
particle size classification of soils
3.2 Gradation and its influence on engineering properties
3.3 Relative density and its use in describing cohesionless soils
3.4 Behaviour of cohesive soils with change in water content, Atterberg’s limit -
definitions, use and practical significance including numerical problems
3.5 Field identification tests for soils
3.6 Soil classification system as per IS 1498; basis, symbols, major divisions and
sub divisions, groups, plasticity chart; procedure for classification of a given
soil
4. Flow of Water Through Soils (05 Periods)
4.1 Concept of permeability and its importance
4.2 Darcy's law, coefficient of permeability, seepage velocity and factors affecting
permeability
4.3 Comparison of permeability of different soils as per Indian Standards
4.4 Measurement of permeability in the laboratory
4.5 Simple numerical problems
5. Effective Stress (Concept only) (05 Periods)
5.1 Stresses in subsoil
5.2 Definition and meaning of total stress, effective stress and neutral stress
5.3 Principle of effective stress
5.4 Importance of effective stress in engineering problems
6. Deformation of Soils (06 Periods)
6.1 Meaning, conditions/situations of occurrence with emphasis on practical
significance of:
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a) Consolidation and settlement
b) Creep
c) Plastic flow
d) Heaving
e) Lateral movement
f) Freeze and thaw of soil
6.2 Definition and practical significance of compression index, coefficient of
consolidation, degree of consolidation.
6.3 Meaning of total settlement, uniform settlement and differential settlement;
rate of settlement and their effects
6.4 Settlement due to construction operations and lowering of water table
6.5 Tolerable settlement for different structures as per IS
6.6 Simple numerical problems
7. Shear Strength of Soil (10 Periods)
7.1 Concept and Significance of shear strength
7.2 Factors contributing to shear strength of cohesive and cohesion less soils,
Coulomb's law
7.3 Determination of shearing strength by direct shear test, unconfined
compression test and vane shear test. Drainage conditions of test and their
significance
7.4 Stress and strain curve, peak strength and ultimate strength, their significance
7.5 Examples of shear failure in soils
7.6 Numerical problems
8. Compaction (06 Periods)
8.1 Definition and necessity of compaction
8.2 Laboratory compaction test (standard and modified proctor test as per IS)
definition and importance of optimum water content, maximum dry density;
moisture dry density relationship for typical soils with different compactive
efforts
8.3. Compaction control; Density control, measurement of field density by core
cutter method and sand replacement method, moisture control, Proctor's
needle and its use, thickness control, jobs of an embankment supervisor in
relation to compaction
9. Soil Exploration
(08 Periods)
9.1 Purpose and necessity of soil exploration
9.2 Reconnaissance, methods of soil exploration, Trial pits, borings (auger, wash,
rotary, percussion to be briefly dealt)
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9.3 Sampling; undisturbed, disturbed and representative samples; selection of type
of sample; thin wall and piston samples; area ratio, recovery ratio of samples
and their significance, number and quantity of samples, resetting, sealing and
preservation of samples.
9.4 Presentation of soil investigation results
10 Bearing Capacity of soil (14 Periods)
10.1 Concept of bearing capacity
10.2 Definition and significance of ultimate bearing capacity, net safe bearing
capacity and allowable bearing pressure
10.3 Guidelines of BIS (IS 6403) for estimation of bearing capacity
10.4 Factors affecting bearing capacity
10.5 Concept of vertical stress distribution in soils due to foundation loads, pressure
bulb
10.6 Applications of SPT, unconfined compression test and direct shear test in
estimation of bearing capacity
10.7 Plate load test (no procedure details) and its limitations
10.8 Simple numerical problems on bearing capacity.
11. Foundation Engineering (10 Periods)
Concept of shallow and deep foundation; types of shallow foundations: combined,
isolated, strip, mat, and their suitability. Factors affecting the depth of shallow
foundations, deep foundations, type of piles and their suitability; pile classification on
the basis of material, pile group and pile cap.
12. Ground improvement techniques (05 Periods)
Pre-loading, vibro compaction, stone columns, soil nailing, grouting, sand drain.
PRACTICAL EXERCISES
1. To determine the moisture content of a given sample of soil
2. Auger Boring and Standard Penetration Test
a) Identifying the equipment and accessories
b) Conducting boring and SPT at a given location
c) Collecting soil samples and their identification
d) Preparation of boring log and SPT graphs
e) Interpretation of test results
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3. Extraction of Disturbed and Undistrubed Samples
a) Extracting a block sample
b) Extracting a tube sample
c) Extracting a disturbed samples for mechanical analysis.
d) Field identification of samples
4. Field Density Measurement (Sand Replacement and Core Cutter Method)
a) Calibration of sand
b) Conducting field density test at a given location
c) Determination of water content
d) Computation and interpretation of results
5. Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit Determination:
a) Identifying various grooving tools
b) Preparation of sample
c) Conducting the test
d) Observing soil behavior during tests
e) Computation, plotting and interpretation of results
6. Mechanical Analysis
a) Preparation of sample
b) Conducting sieve analysis
c) Computation of results
d) Plotting the grain size distribution curve
e) Interpretation of the curve
7 Laboratory Compaction Tests (Standard Proctor test)
a) Preparation of sample
b) Conducting the test
c) Observing soil behaviour during test
d) Computation of results and plotting
e) Determination of optimum moisture and maximum dry density
8. Direct Shear Test
9. Permeability Test
10. Demonstration of Unconfined Compression Test
a) Specimen preparation
b) Conducting the test
c) Plotting the graph
d) Interpretation of results and finding/bearing capacity
11. Demonstration of Vane shear Test
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY
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The teacher while imparting instructions are expected to lay greater emphasis on the practical
aspects rather than theory and mathematical treatment. To bring clarity regarding concepts
and principles involved, teachers should organize demonstrations in the laboratories and
fields. It is necessary to create understanding that soils fail either under shear or settlement
due to heavy loads. This can be shown by making use of photographs on working models of
such failures. Efforts should be made in the practical classes that students perform practical
exercises individually. Conduct of viva examination at the end of each practical work will
develop clear understanding about the concepts and principles related to this subject.
MEANS OF ASSESSMENT
− Assignments and quiz/class tests
− Mid-term and end-term written tests
− Actual Practical Performance
− Presentation
− Viva-voce
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Soil Mechanics and Foundations by Punmia, BC; Standard Publishers, Delhi
2. Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering by Bharat Singh and Shamsher Prakash;
Nem Chand and Bros, Roorkee,
3. Soil Sampling and Testing - A Laboratory Manual by Duggal, AK., Ramana,
TR.,Krishnamurthy, S; Galgotia Publications, Delhi
4. BIS Codes IS 6403 (latest edition) and IS 1498 (latest edition)
5. Shallow Foundations by NITTTR, Chandigarh
6. Video films on Geo-technical Laboratory Practices by Vinod Kumar; NITTTR,
Chandigarh
7. e-books/e-tools/relevant software to be used as recommended by
AICTE/UBTE/NITTTR, Chandigarh.
Websites for Reference:
http://swayam.gov.in
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SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Topic No. Time Allotted Marks Allotted
(Periods) (%)
1 03 04
2 06 07
3 06 07
4 05 07
5 05 06
6 06 07
7 10 12
8 06 07
9 08 09
10 14 16
11 10 12
12 05 06
Total 84 100
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5.5 SURVEYING – II
L T P
4 - 8
RATIONALE
The important functions of a civil engineer includes the jobs of detailed surveying, plotting of
survey data, preparation of survey maps and setting out works. While framing the curriculum
for the subject of surveying, stress has been given to the development of knowledge and skill
in theodolite surveying, tachometry surverying, curves and use of minor and modern
instruments have been included in this subject.
Field work should be a selected one so that student can check his work and have an idea of
the results the extent of error in the work done by him. As far as possible, the surveys done
should be got plotted, as this will also reveal errors in the work and develop skill in plotting.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After undergoing the subject, students will be able to:
• Interpolate contours on a given sheet of paper
• Align a proposed road
• Draw a contour plan of an area
• Calculate earth work for a road from a contour map
• Prolong a line with theodolite
• Conduct closed traversing
• Measure horizontal and vertical angles
• Set out simple circular curve
• Read Total Station, EDM and Auto level
DETAILED CONTENTS
1. Contouring (08 Periods)
Concept of contours, purpose of contouring, contour interval and horizontal
equivalent, factors effecting contour interval, characteristics of contours, methods of
contouring: Direct and indirect, use of stadia measurements in contour survey,
interpolation of contours; use of contour map, Drawing cross section from a
contour map; marking alignment of a road, railway and a canal on a contour map,
computation of earth work and reservoir capacity from a contour map
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2. Theodolite Surveying (14 Periods)
Working of a transit vernier theodolite, axes of a theodolite and their relation;
temporary adjustments of a transit theodolite; concept of transiting, swinging, face
left, face right and changing face; measurement of horizontal and vertical angles.
Prolonging a line (forward and backward) measurement of bearing of a line;
traversing by included angles and deflection angle method; traversing by stadia
measurement, theodolite triangulation, plotting a traverse; concept of coordinate and
solution of omitted measurements (one side affected), errors in theodolite survey and
precautions taken to minimize them; limits of precision in theodolite traversing.
Height of objects – accessible and non-accessible bases
3. Tacho-metric surveying (08 Periods)
Tachometry, Instruments to be used in tachometry, methods of tachometry, stadia
system of tachometry, general principles of stadia tachometry, examples of stadia
tachometry and Numerical problems.
4. Curves (10 Periods)
4.1 Simple Circular Curve
Need and definition of a simple circular curve; Elements of simple circular
curve - Degree of the curve, radius of the curve, tangent length, point of
intersection (Apex point), tangent point, length of curve, long chord
deflection angle, Apex distance and Mid-ordinate. Setting out of simple
circular curve:
a) By linear measurements only:
- Offsets from the tangent
- Successive bisection of arcs
- Offsets from the chord produced
b) By tangential angles using a theodolite
4.2 Transition Curve
Need (centrifugal force and super elevation) and definition of transition curve;
requirements of transition curve; length of transition curve for roads; by cubic
parabola; calculation of offsets for a transition curve; setting out of a transition
curve by tangential offsets only
4.3 Vertical curve
Setting out of a vertical curve
5. Introduction to the use of Modern Surveying equipment and techniques such as
(08 Periods)
a) EDM or Distomat
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b) Planimeter (Digital)
c) Total station
d) Introduction to remote sensing and GPS
e) Auto level
f) Digital theodolite
6. Total station- installation, calibration concept of coordinate system (04 Periods)
7. Analysis of dater, plotting, Remote sensing , GIS & GPS concept (04 Periods)
and application in various fields
NOTE: No sketch of the instruments may be asked in the examination
PRACTICAL EXERCISES
I. Contouring
i) Preparing a contour plan by radial line method by the use of a Tangent
Clinometer/Tachometer
ii) Preparing a contour plan by method of squares
iii) Preparing a contour plan of a Road/Railway track/Canal by taking cross
sections.
II. Theodolite
i) Taking out the Theodilite, mounting on the tripod and placing it back in the
box
ii) Study of a transit vernier theodolite; temporary adjustments of theodolite
iii) Reading the vernier and working out the least count, measurement of
horizontal angles by repetition and reiteration methods
iv) Measurement of vertical angles and use of tachometric tables
v) Measurement of magnetic bearing of a line
vi) Running a closed traverse with a theodolite (at least five sides) and its plotting
vii) Height of objects with and without accessible bases
III. Curves
i) Setting out of a simple circular curve with given data by the following
methods
a) Offsets from the chords produced
b) One theodolite method
IV. Minor instruments
i) Demonstration and use of minor instruments like Ceylon Ghat Tracer, Tangent
Clinometer, Pantagraph, Abney level etc.
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ii) Use of planimeter for computing areas
V. Demonstration of digital instruments Periodic field visits to Survey of India and other
government agencies.
VI. To plot an area with the help of Total Station
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY
This is highly practice-oriented course. While imparting theoretical instructions, teachers are
expected to demonstrate the use of various instruments in surveying, stress should be laid on
correct use of various instruments so as to avoid/minimize errors during surveying. It is
further recommended that more emphasis should be laid in conducting practical work by
individual students
MEANS OF ASSESSMENT
− Mid-term and end-term written tests
− Actual Practical Performance
− Viva-Voce
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. A Text Book of Surveying by Kocher, CL; Katson Publishing House Ludhiana,
2. Surveying and Leveling by Kanetkar,TP and Kulkarni, SV; AVG Parkashan, Pune
3. Surveying and Leveling-Vol.2 by Kanetkar, TP and Kulkarni, SV; AVG Prakashan,
Pune
4. Surveying and Leveling by Punima, BC; Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi
5. Surveying-II by Mahajan, Sanjay; Satya Prakashan, Delhi
6. e-books/e-tools/relevant software to be used as recommended by
AICTE/UBTE/NITTTR, Chandigarh.
Websites for Reference:
http://swayam.gov.in
SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Topic No. Time Allotted Marks Allotted
(Periods) (%)
1 08 14
2 14 25
3 08 14
4 10 18
5 08 14
6 04 08
7 04 07
Total 56 100
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