Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad

Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT-1

AIM: To determine the radius of curvature of planoconvex lens using by Newton’s ring apparatus.

APPARATUS: A plano convex lens of large radius of curvature, travelling microscope,

optical arrangement for Newton’s ring, Sodium lamp.

THEORY & FORMULA:

The mean wavelength of D1 and D2 lines of sodium light is given by

 = (Dn+p2 – Dn2) / 4 p R
Where
Dn+p = Diameter of (n+p)th ring, Dn = Diameter of nth ring
n and p = Integers, R = given radius of curvature

PROCEDURE & DIAGRAM:

1. The glass plate G in the Newton’s ring apparatus is set such that it makes an angle of
45 with the direction of incident light from the source and reflects the light on the
lens.
2. The Plano convex lens is placed below the microscope with its plane surface
upwards.
3. The microscope is moved in the vertical direction by means of rack and pinion
arrangement till the rings are seen distinctly.

Fig. 1
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

4. The centre of the fringes is brought symmetrically below the cross wires by adjusting
the position of the lens and the microscope. The microscope is moved in horizontal
direction to one side of the fringes such that one of the crosswire becomes tangential
to the 22nd ring. The reading on the scale is noted.
5. The microscope is moved and the cross wire is successively made tangential to the
20th, 18th and so on till the 22nd on the other side is reached. The reading on the scale
for all these position is noted.

Fig. 2
OBSERVATIONS:
One division of main scale x =
No of divisions on the vernier scale n =
Least count of the microscope x/n =

S. No. of Microscope reading Diamet

No the er D2 (Dn+p2 – Dn2)
. rings One end (a) Other end (b) D=a-b mm2 mm2
m.s. v.s. Total m.s. v.s. Total mm
mm mm reading mm mm reading
a mm b mm

1. 22
2. 20
3. 18
4. 16
5. 14
6. 12
7. 10
8. 8

Mean value of (Dn+p2 – Dn2) = mm2 for p = 8

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Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

CALCULATION:

 = (Dn+p2 – Dn2) / 4 p R

Where i) Mean wavelength of sodium light = 5893 A

ii) p = 8

RESULT:

Radius of Curvature = ..................cm

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The glass plate surface and the lens surface must be thoroughly cleaned otherwise
the fringes will not be bright and sharp
2. The microscope's eyepiece must be properly focused on its cross wire.
3. In order to avoid backlash error, the microscope should be given motion only
along one direction.
4. Number of fringes should be measured accurately
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT-2

AIM: To determine the wavelength of sodium light using a plane diffraction grating.

APPARATUS: Sodium lamp, plane diffraction grating with clamp, spectrometer,

magnifying glass, spirit level and a lamp.

THEORY & FORMULA:

We know that the diffraction grating has ability to produce spectrum i.e., to separate the
lines of nearly equal wavelengths and therefore it has resolving capability. The resolving
power of a grating may be defined as its ability to form separate diffraction maxima of
two wavelengths which are very close to each other.

Here (a + b) is the grating element and e is the angle of diffraction corresponding to the
nth principal maxima on either side of the central slit image.

a+b = 1/N , Where N is number of lines in grating (lines per cm)

 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

PROCEDURE & DIAGRAM:

(A) For adjustment of spectrometer
1. Keep the telescope of spectrometer towards a bright object (e.g. say a white wall) and
adjust the position of the eye piece by drawing it in or out of the telescope tube till you
get a clear distinct image of the cross wire through the eye piece. Adjust the cross wires in
vertical-horizontal position by rotating the tube containing cross wire.
2. Direct the telescope, through an open window, towards a distant object rack and by
using pinion arrangement get a distinct image of the distant object. Make fine adjustment
and remove the parallax between the image of distant object and the cross wires. In this
way telescope is set for a parallel beam of light.
3. Bring the spectrometer inside the dark room and place it on a table with the slit of
collimator facing the sodium lamp. Bring the telescope in line with the collimater and see
the slit image. Without altering the setting of eye piece, now adjust the rack and pinion
arrangement provided with collimator and see a distinct image of slit through the
telescope. Make fine adjustment by removing the parallax between slit image and cross
wire. Now collimator emits parallel beam of light.
4. Now adjust the slit width so that its image is narrow and bright sharp line.
5. Level the prism table by adjusting the leveling screws provided in the prism table. This
may be checked using a spirit level in two mutually perpendicular directions.

(B) For adjustment of grating:

6. Handle the grating properly and mount it in the grating stand on the prism table of
spectrometer so that the plane of the grating is vertical and passes through the centre of
prism table. the telescope so that vertical cross wire falls on the direct image of slit. Note
the reading on circular scale of spectrometer using anyone vernier. Suppose this reading
is a. Now rotate the telescope till the reading of the vernier becomes (a +90°) and clamp
it. In such a position the axes of the telescope and collimator are mutually at right angles
to each other.
7. Now slowly rotate the turn table containing the grating till the reflected image of the
slit is clearly obtained on the cross wires of telescope. Obviously in this condition, the
grating is inclined at an angle 45° to the incident light beam as shown in Fig. 2. Note the
reading on circular scale and then turn the table from this position through 45° in the
proper direction so that grating is normal to the axis of collimator and its ruled surface is
towards telescope. Clamp the turn table in this position.
8. Now rotate the telescope and see first order as well as second order spectrum formed
on either side of the direct slit image.
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

(C)For Observations:
9. Move the telescope to get first order image on the left hand side. Using tangent screw
provided with telescope move it till vertical cross wire just falls on first order image. Note
the readings of both the vernier. Then, set the telescope for first order image on the right
hand side and again note the readings of both the vernier. Difference between
corresponding readings on left and right sides will be 29 and half of it will be equal to 9.
10. Repeat step 10 by setting the crosswire on second order image, first on left and then on
the right side and find angle of diffraction for second order image.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Vernier constant of spectrometer verniers = ................

Number of lines per centimeter length of grating n' =

For setting of grating for normal incidence -

Reading on the scale when collimator and telescope are in line

V1. = ............................................V2 = ........... .

Reading on the scale when telescope has been rotated through 90°

VI = ....................................................V2 = ..............

Reading on scale when slit image coincides with a cross wire on rotating the grating

VI = ...........................................V2 = ........... .
Reading on scale when grating has been rotated through 45°
VI = ............................................... V2 = ............ .
:. Mean value of wavelength =…….cm
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

RESULT:
Mean observed value of wavelength of sodium light = …………cm
Standard value of wavelength = 5.893 x 10-5 cm
Percentage error = .........

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the adjustments of the spectrometer should be done carefully.

2. Never touch the ruled surface of grating. Always hold the grating gently between
the thumb and fingers from edges.
3. After setting the grating normal to the collimator axis, clamp the turn table.
4. The grating should be so mounted that its ruled surface faces the telescope.

32
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT-3

AIM: To determine the wavelength of the laser of the given laser source of light using
diffration grating.

APPARATUS: Laser source, Laser Grating with stand , Screen, Scale

DIAGRAM:

THEORY AND FORMULA:

When laser is incident normally on a plane diffraction grating, diffraction takes

place. The m-th order maxima of the wavelength λ, will be formed in a direction θ if
d Sin θ = n Where d is the distance between two lines in the grating.

32
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

PROCEDURE:
1. To find the number of lines per meter in the grating:
2.
The initial adjustments of the spectrometer are made. The direct ray is coincided with
the vertical crosswire and the telescope is fixed .Now the vernier table is released and
both the verniers are made to coincide with 0º and 180º and the vernier table is fixed.
The telescope is released and moved towards the right side through 90º and fixed.
The grating is mounted on the grating table and rotated to the reflected image and
coincided with vertical crosswire. Now the vernier table is rotated 45º towards
collimator and grating will become perpendicular to the light rays. Telescope is
moved to left and right and the perpendicular order ray is coincided and the readings
are noted in both the scales.
The laser source is focused on the screen. The grating is made exactly perpendicular
to the light rays. If we use a 1, 00, 00 lines per meter on the grating, nearly 15 orders
of diffracted images are formed. The diffracted images can be viewed on the screen.
The image has central maxima and several orders in the right and left of the central
maxima. The distance(x1) of the left side first order dot is measured from the central
maxima and is noted down. Similarly the distance (x2) of the first order dot on the
right from the central maxima is also measured. All the distances of the dots are
measured and noted down in the tabular column.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

33
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Do not look directly into laser or aim it at anyone.

2. Do not let reflections bounce around the room.
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT-4

AIM: To determine the size of the micro particle using laser.

APPARATUS: Laser source, Fine micro particles of nearly uniform size (Lycopodium
powder), Glass plate, White screen, Stands, Meter Scale.

THEORY & FORMULA:

When laser is passed through a glass plate spread with fine micro particles, the beam
gets diffracted by the particles and circular rings are obtained on the screen. By
measuring the radii of the rings and the distance between the glass plate and the screen,
the size of the particle can be determined.

PROCEDURE & DIAGRAM:

Sprinkle a thin uniform layer of lycopodium powder on a glass plate. Mount the screen and
glass plate upright. The light from laser source transmitted through the layer of lycopodium
in the glass plate is adjusted to form a diffracted image in the centre of the screen. Diffracted
circular fringes of laser co lour will e visible on the screen.

Fig. 1
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Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

After adjusting the distance of the glass plate from the screen so that the first ring radius (x1)
and second ring radius (x2) are measured from the central spot. Note the distance between
screen and plate. Repeat the experiment radius of the first and second rings after adjusting
the distance between screen and plate. Calculate the value of the diameter of the particle
taking λ value from the previous experiment

OBSERVATIONS:

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT-5

AIM: To measure the numerical aperture of an optical fiber.

APPRATUS: Laser source, fiber optic chuck, optical fiber, screen, graph paper, etc.

DIAGRAM:

Fig.2
THEORY AND FORMULA:

Numerical aperture is a measure of how much light can be collected by an optical fiber. It
is related to acceptance angle, which indicates the size of cone of light that can be
accepted by fiber. The numerical aperture is defined as

NA= n0Sinθmax (1)

Where n0 is the refractive index of the incidence medium and θmax is the maximum angle
at which optical ray can enter and propagate in the fiber.
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

Thus NA= Sin θmax for air as incidence medium.

For step index fiber the NA is given by
𝑁𝐴 = √𝑛12 − 𝑛22 (2)
Where n1 is refractive index of core and n2 is refractive index of cladding.
From the above diagram
𝑑
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √4𝑙2 (3)
+𝑑2

𝑑
NA=√4𝑙2 (4)
+𝑑2

Where d= Diameter of the circle on screen

l= Distance between output end of optical fiber and screen

PROCEDURE:

1 Mount both the ends of the optical fiber on the fiber optic chuck.
2 Couple the light from the laser source onto one of the fiber end.
3 Place the screen at some distance from the output end (end other than at which
light is coupled) of the fiber such that it is perpendicular to the axis of the
fiber.
4 Now move the screen towards or away the output ends of the optical fiber,
such that a circular spot is formed on the screen.
5 Measure the distance between the output end of optical fiber and screen. Let it
be l.
6 The diameter of the circle on screen can be measured by putting a graph paper
on the screen.
7 Repeat the above procedure for different values of l and d and record
observation in table. Calculate the average value of numerical aperture.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Distance of Diameter of central spot Diameter of central spot Average

No screen from ( along x-axis) ( along Y-axis)
. chuck (l) X1 X2 X2-X1 = d1 Y1 Y2 Y2-Y1 = d2 d=
𝑑1+𝑑2
2

1
2
.
10
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Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

CALCULATION:

NA and maximum angle of acceptance are calculated using the formula:

𝑑
NA=√4𝑙2
+𝑑2

The maximum angle of acceptance is θm = Sin-1(NA)

RESULT:

(1) Numerical Aperture (NA) of the optical fiber is ……………………..

(2) The maximum angle of acceptance is……………………………………..

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Optical source should be properly aligned with the cable.

2. Distance of the launch point from cable should be properly selected to ensure that
maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.
3. The optical fibre provided should be handled carefully so as to prevent cracks.
4. Do not look directly into laser or aim it at anyone.
5. Do not let reflections bounce around the room.
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT-6

AIM: Determination of Planck’s constant.

APPRATUS:

DIAGRAM:

THEORY AND FORMULA:

Where
-
c -velocity of light.
h -Planck’s constant.
λ -wavelength of light.
 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

PROCEDURE:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

RESULT:

(1)Planck's Constant is …………………….. J/s

 Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual

EXPERIMENT-7

AIM: Verification of Lenz’s law in Magnetic Induction.

APPRATUS: Coil, magnetic field setup (Solenoid), Multimeter, Voltameter

DIAGRAM:

THEORY AND FORMULA:

Chemical Engineering Department DD University Nadiad
Engineering Physics Laboratory Manual