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GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU

STANDARD SIX
TERM III
Volume 2

MATHEMATICS

SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE

NOT FOR SALE

Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime

A Publication Under
Free Textbook Programme of
Government of Tamilnadu
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Department of School Education

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© Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2012
Revised Edition - 2013, 2014, 2015
(Published under Uniform System of School Education Scheme in Trimester Pattern)

Textbook Prepared and Compiled by

State Council of Educational Research and Training
College Road, Chennai - 600 006.

Textbook Printing
Tamil Nadu Textbook and Educational Services Corporation
College Road, Chennai - 600 006.

This book has been printed on 80 G.S.M Maplitho Paper

Price : Rs.

Printed by Web Offset at :

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Textbook available at
www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in

ii
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CONTENTS
MATHEMATICS (1 - 61)

UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.

Number System
1. Integers 2

Algebra
2. Expressions and Equations 14

Measurements
3. Perimeter and Area 21

Geometry
4. Triangles 33

Practical Geometry
5. Construction of Perpendicular Lines and Parallel Lines 39

Statistics
6. Data Handling 43

Answers 58

SCIENCE (62 - 121)

UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.

Biology
1. Diversity of Organisms 64
2. Our Environment 78
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Chemistry
3. Chemistry in Daily Life 88

Physics
4. Light 100

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SOCIAL SCIENCE (122 - 172)

UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.

History

1. Rise of Kingdoms 123

2. India After Mauryas 130

Geography

3. The Earth We Live in 137

4. Maps and Globe 146

Civics

5. Local Self-Government 158

6. Democracy, Human Resources and

Women Empowerment 164

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MATHEMATICS
Standard Six
Term III

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1
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1. INTEGERS

1.1 Problem in a Number Game

Malliga and Victor are playing a game with two dice. As usual one
of the dice has the face numbers from 1 to 6. But the other dice has only the
symbols + and – . According to the rule of the game, if the faces of the dice
show + in one and 3 in other, the coin is to be moved 3 steps forward and if the
faces show – and 2 the coins is to be moved 2 steps backward. Also as per the
rule of the game one has to throw the dice twice in each round. The winner is
the person who is at the foremost place at the end of 5th round.

Malliga played first. She got + and 3 in his

first throw and – and 2 in the second throw. So, she
moved the coin 3 steps forward and 2 steps backward
then she placed the coin in the box 1. Then Victor
played and he got + and 5 in first throw, – and 3 in
second throw. So he placed the coin in box2.

Initial Position Numbers in first Numbers in Final Position

of the coin throw second throw of the coin
Malliga 0 +, 3 –, 2 1
Victor 0 +, 5 –, 3 2

They continued to play. At the end of the 5th round the position is as follows.

Initial Position Numbers in first Numbers in Final Position

of the coin throw second throw of the coin
Malliga 7 –, 3 –, 2 2
Victor 4 –, 6 +, 3 ?

Victor had a problem to continue. He tried to go 6 steps backward from 4. But

after 0 it is not possible. So, he went 3 steps forward and he kept the coin in box 3. He
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declared that he was the winner.

But, Malliga did not accept it. She said, “you are wrong. If you
are not able to move -6 from 4, you must move + 3 first and then –6.
Your coin will be in box 1. So, I am only the winner.”

2 NUMBER SYSTEM
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Integers

Can you guess the winner?

How to solve this problem?
Note : The solution is given in the last page of this unit.
What is the real problem in this game? We shall understand it by the number line. To
find 7–3,We should move 3 units left from 7. The answer is 4.

But, to find 4-6, we cannot move 6 units left from 4. Because there are no numbers
before 0. Can we find the answer if we move beyond 0 leftwards?

1.2 Integers - Introduction

The numbers on left of 0 are decreasing as they are increasing on right of 0. We represent
the numbers on left of zero with the symbol ‘–’. The numbers can be written on left side
of the number line as we write the Natural numbers on the right side.
Since the numbers on left of 0 are less than 0 they are called negative integers. The
numbers on right of 0 are called positive integers.

Usually, positive integers are not proceeded with + sign. The numbers + 5 and 5 are one
and the same. But negative integers are preceeded with–sign.

We use many such numbers in our daily life.

A shopkeeper sells an article and gains Rs.500. It is represented as +500 Rupees gain.
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If an article is sold with loss of Rs.200, It is represented as -200 rupees loss.

The average temperature of Tamilnadu = + 30cC

The average temperature of Antartica = - 25cC

Positive integers, zero and Negative integers altogether constitute Integers.

MATHEMATICS 3
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Chapter - 1

1.3 The position of integers on Number line.

First let us learn the method of marking numbers on the Number line.
-5 is marked on the number line after moving 5 units to the left of 0.

Similarly +3 is marked on the number line after moving 3 units to the right of 0.

Example : 1

Represent -3 and +4 on the number line.

Do it Yourself
Represent on the number
Here, smaller numbers alone are line :
considered on the number line. But the +7, –2, –6, –1, 8, –10





number line extends on both the sides.

We have learnt that 5>1 in integers.

5 > 1 and 5 lies to the right of 1

3 > 0 and 3 lies to the right of 0
0 > –2 as 0 lies to the right of –2
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–3 > –5 as -3 lies to the right of –5.

In other words,
Since –6 lies right of –8, we write –6 > –8
Since –2 lies right of -5, we write –2 > –5

4 NUMBER SYSTEM
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Integers

So,
The numbers decrease as we more from right to left on the number line.

Every positive numbers is greater than a negative number.

Zero is less than a positive number.
Zero is greater than a negative number.

Is ‘0’ negative? or Is ‘0’ positive?

If not ‘0’ is ......................

`Do it Yourself
Fill with proper symbols using < and >
1) 6 4 2) 5 0 3) 4 -6 4) -3 -1 5) -1 4

Example : 2
Solution
Find the predecessor and Predecessor Integer Successor
successor of the following. –8 –7 –6
-7, -3, 0, 4, 7 –4 –3 –2
–1 0 1
3 4 5

6 7 8

Example : 3
Using the number line, write the integer between -6 and -1. Which of them is the greatest?
Which of them is the smallest?
Solution

From the number line, the integers between –6 and –1 are –5, –4, –3, –2.
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Since –2 lies right of –5, –2> –5.

greatest integer = –2
smallest integer = –5.

MATHEMATICS 5
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Chapter - 1

Example : 4
On the number line, (i) How many units are to be moved from 2 to reach –3?
(ii) How many units are to be moved from –5 to reach –1?

Solution
(i) Represent the given number on a number line.

So, move five units left of 2 to reach –3.

(ii) Represent the given number on a number line

So, move four units right of –5 to reach –1.

Exercise 1.1
1. Say whether True or False.
(i) Zero is less than every positive number.
(ii) Towards the left side of 0, the numbers are getting decreased.
(iii) -5 is on the right side of -4 on the number line.
(iv) -1 is the least negative number.
(v) Every positive number is greater than the negative numbers.

2. Identify the greater and smaller integer from the following using number line.
(i) 7,3 (ii) -5, -3 (iii) -3, 2 (iv) 7, -3 (v) 1, -4 (vi) -4, -7

3. List the integers between the given number using number line
(i) 3, -3 (ii) -4, 2 (iii) -1, 1 (iv) -5, -2 (v) -4, 3 (vi) -2, 2

4. Answer the following using number line.

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(i) What is the number when we move 3 units right of -2?

(ii) What is the number when we move 7 units leftward from 3?
(iii) How many units are to be moved from 5 to reach -3?
(iv) How many units are to be moved from -6 to reach -1?

6 NUMBER SYSTEM
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Integers

1.4 Addition and subtraction of integers

We can add integers as we do in Natural numbers. But in integers we have already
+ and – signs. So, we should differenciate the addition and subtraction operation signs
from the sign of the number. For Example : In (+5) + (+3) the second + sign represents
the operation addition. But first and third + signs represent the sign of the number

Addition of two positive numbers is easy. (+5) + (+3) and 5+3 are one and the
same. Since the answer for 5+3 is 8, we understand (+5) + (+3) = 8.
How to add two negative integers? On a number line, when 1 is added to any
number we get a number which lies in the immediate right of it. We know if 1 is added
to a number 3 we get a new number 4, which lies to the right side of 3.
What happens if (+1) is added to (–1)? Is it not 0 (zero)! That is the required
number.
So, (–1) + (+1) = 0. Using this concept we shall easily learn the addition and
subtraction of positive and negative integers.

1.4.1. Addition using colour balls

We can easily understand the addition and subtraction of integers using balls of two
different colours. Let us assume that blue ball represents (+1) and red ball represents
(–1). The integers are represented using colour balls in the following table.

We can understand that addition is nothing but union.

(a) Add +7 and +4.
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i.e, (+7) + (+4) = (+11)

(b) Add –3 and –5

i.e, (–3) + (–5) = (–8)

MATHEMATICS 7
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Chapter - 1

As we did earlier, we use the concept (–1) + (+1) = 0. That is, a blue ball and a red ball
are coupled and can be removed.

Do it Yourself
(-2) + (+2) =
(-3) (-1) + (+1) =

(+3) (-5) + (+5) =

0 0 0 (-8) + (+8) =

(-3) + (+3) = 0

Sum of a positive number and its negative is zero

Hence they are called additive inverse of each other.

Here, 3 and -3 are additive inverse of each other.

Now let us consider red balls and green balls of different numbers.

(a) Add: (+4), (-2)

(+4) + (-2) = (+2) + (+2) + (-2)
= (+2) + 0

= +2

` (+4) + (-2) = +2 Do it Yourself
(-5) + (+2) =
(+4) + (-3) =
(b) Add: (–4) + (+2) (-2) + (+7) =
(-4) + (+2) = (–2) + (–2) + (+2) (-3) + (-5) =
= (–2) + 0

= –2
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` (–4) + (+2) = –2

We have added the numbers using colours balls. Now, we shall do addition using
number line.

8 NUMBER SYSTEM
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Integers

1.4.2. Addition of integers using number line

Now we shall learn to add +4 and +2 using a number line.

Since to add (+4) and (+2) starting from 4 we should move 2 units towards right, and
we get +6.
` (+4) + (+2) = +6

Now we shall add -4 and +2.

Since to add (-4) and (+2), starting from-4 we should move 2 units towards right and
we get -2.
` (-4) + (+2) = (-2)

Do it Yourself
Now, we shall add -5 and +5.
(-5) + (+2) =
(-3) + (+6) =
(+1) + (+4) =
(-3) + (+5) =

Since to add (-5) and (+5), starting from-5 we should move 5 units towards right and
we get 0. So,(-5) + (+5) = 0

Note : Move towards right for positive numbers and towards left for negative numbers.

We have already learnt using colour balls, when we add a negative and a positive of
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the same number (that is, additive inverse) we get 0. Just now we confirmed the same
using number line. Here 5 and -5 are additive inverse of each other.

Now, we shall add –2 and –4. That is, (–2) + (–4). Now we should start from –2. The
number to be added is –4. So, we should move towards left.

MATHEMATICS 9
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Chapter - 1

Since (–2) and (–4) are to be added, we should start from (–2) and move 4 units towards
left. We reach –6
` (–2) + (–4) = –6
Now, we shall add (+4) and (–3) using a number line,

since (+4) and (–3) are to be added,

we should start from 4 and move 3 units towards left. Do it Yourself

We reach (+1). (–5) + (-2) =

` (+4) + (–3) = +1 (–3) + (+6) =

(+1) + (+4) =
(+3) + (–5) =

1.4.3 Subtraction using colour balls

We have already learnt addition of integers. similarly subtraction also can be done. We
should find the additive inverse of the numbers to be subtracted and then it should be
added with the number.
Example : 5
Note
Find (+5) – (+3) As (–3) + +3 = 0
+3 is to be subtracted. Additive inverse of +3 is –3. Additive inverse of +3 is -3.
Given : (+5) – (+3)
The answer will not be changed if we change it as (+5) + (–3). But we know, how to do
(+5) + (–3).
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So, we understand (+5) + (–3) = +2.

Hence the answer for the given problem (+1) (+1) (0) (0) (0) = (+2)
is the same.
(ie) (+5) – (+3) = +2

10 NUMBER SYSTEM
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Integers

Example : 6
Find (+5) – (–3).
Additive inverse of –3 is +3.
So, it is enough to find (+5) + (+3) instead of (+5) – (–3).

(+5) + (+3) = +8
So, (+5) – (–3) = +8

Do it Yourself
(i) (– 4) – (–3) (ii) (+7) – (+2) (iii) (–7) – (+3) ( iv) (–5) – (+4)

1.4.4 Subtraction of integers using number line

To subtract an integer from another integer it is enough to add the additive
inverse of the second number.
Example : 7
Solve using number line : (–1) – (– 4).

Additive inverse of – 4 = + 4.
Instead of subtracting as (–1) – (– 4) we can add it as (–1) + (+ 4).
Starting from –1 move 4 units towards right

Now we reach +3. So (–1) – (– 4) = +3

Example : 8
Solve using number line : (–1) – (+ 4)
Additive inverse of + 4 = – 4
Instead of subtracting as (–1) – (+4) we can add it as (–1) + (– 4).
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Starting from –1 move 4 units towards left.

Now we reach –5. so (–1) – (+ 4) = –5

MATHEMATICS 11
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Chapter - 1

Exercise 1.2
1. Add using number line :
(i) 8+(–4) (ii) (–1) + (–9) (iii) (–5) +(7) (iv) 3+(–6) (v) (+4) + (–7)

2. Find using number line :

(i) What is the numer 4 more than –3? (ii) What is the number 3 less than –7?

3. Add :
(i) (–10) + (+17) (ii) (+20) + (–13) (iii) (–50) + (–20)
(iv) (+40) + (+70) (v) (+18) + (–75) (vi) (+75) + (–75)
(vii) (–30) + (12) (viii) (–30) + (–22)

4. Simplify :
(i) 5 +(–7) + (8) + (–9) (ii) (–13) + (12) + (–7) + (18)

5. Find the answer :

(i) (+7) – (–3) (ii) (–12) – (+5) (iii) (–52) – (–52) (iv) (+40) – (+70)

6. A submarine reached a depth of 90 m. Another submarine was at a depth of
110 m. Express the depth as integers and find the difference in depth between
them.

7. Three cities A, B and C had an average temperature of -18° C, -23° C, and 5°C
respectively. Which city was the coldest? What is the difference temperature
between
i) City A and B? ii) City A and C?

Activity
1) Frame 10 questions to get the sum of any two integers are +1.
2) Frame 10 questions to get the sum of any two integers are 0.
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3) Frame 10 questions to get the difference of any two integers are –1.
4) Form a 5x5 square grid. Let the students to add & subtract any 5(+ve) nos
& 5(–ve) nos from o to 9 and –1 to –9 to form addition / subtraction table.
5) Construct a monogram to find the sum/difference of any two integers.

12 NUMBER SYSTEM
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Integers

Solution to problem in first page of this unit.

If the number line is extended and the negative numbers are to be added, then Malliga
will win the game. In the last round, Victor has to move the coin from 6 steps from
4 towards left and reaches -2 then move 3 steps towards right and reaches 1. But
Malliga’s coin is at box2. So, she is only the winner.

Points to remember

� Positive integers, zero and negative integers altogether constitute the

integers.
� In the number line, the numbers on the right of 0 are increasing and the
numbers on the left of 0 are decreasing.
� If the sum of two numbers is zero, then they are additive inverse of each
other.
� Sum of two positive numbers is positive. The sum of two negative numbers
is negative.
� The sum of a positive number and a negative number is either positive or
negative or zero.
� Subtracting an integer from another integer is same as adding the additive
inverse of the second to the first number.

Mathematical puzzles

1. Each row and column is a mathematical equation. Use the numbers 1 to 9 only
once to complete the equation.
(Remember that division and multiplication are performed before addition and
subtraction)

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MATHEMATICS 13
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2. EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS

2.1 Role of Variables in the Number System

Commutative property of addition of two numbers.
1+2 = 2+1 = 3

4+3 = 3+4 = 7
4+5 = 5+4 = 9
...

When the numbers are added in any order the value remains the same. So, this can be
denoted using variables a + b = b + a where a and b are any two whole numbers.
Do it Yourself
If a,b,c are variables in the set of whole numbers,verify the following laws
1. a # b = b # a
2. a # (b+c) = (a # b) + (a # c)

2.2 Expressions
We have studied the following in the previous classes.
11 = (1 # 10) + 1,
12 = (1 # 10) + 2
20 = (2 # 10) + 0
...
In the above numerical expressions we have used only numbers 1, 2, 3 ...
To form numerical expressions we use addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division signs.
For Example : In the numerical expression (4 x 10) + 5 we have multiplied 10
with 4 and added 5 to the result.
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More numerical expressions are :

(2 # 10) –7, 3 + (7 # 6), (–5 # 40) + 8, (6 # 2) + 4


A variable can take any numerical value.
All operations +, –, # , ' used for numbers are also applicable for variable.

14 ALGEBRA
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Expressions and Equations

Example : 1
Write the algebraic expression for the following statements :
Situation Introduction of variables Algebraic expression
1. Length of a rectangle is Let the breadth of the Length of the
3 more than its breadth. rectangle be ‘x’ units. rectangle is (x+3)units.
2. Raghu is 10 years Let the age of Sedhu be Raghu’s age is (x-10)
younger than sedhu. ‘x’ years. years.
3. Ramkumar is 2 times Let the age of Ramkumar’s age is
as old as Nandhagopal. Nandhagopal be ‘x’ year. (2x) years.
4. Cost of one pen is Rs.9
Let the Cost of one note Cost of one pen is
less than the cost of one
book be Rs.’y’. Rs.(y-9).
note book.
5. The diameter of a circle Let the radius of the Diameter of the circle
is twice its radius. circle be ‘r’ units. is 2 r units.

Example : 2

Write the algebric expression for the following statements
Mathematical Algebric
Statements
operations expression
Addition Add 10 to a number x+10
Subtraction Subtract 9 from a number x–9
Multiplication 5 times a number 5x
One fourth of a person’s monthly
Division x
income 4
Less than 10 less than a given number x–10
Greater than 15 more than a given number x+15
multiples 3 times Raghu’s age 3z

Example : 3

Write the following expression in words
3m + 4, 3m - 4, 3m , 4m .
4 3

Solution:
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I. 3m + 4 Add 4 to 3 times a number.

II. 3m - 4 Subtract 4 from 3 times a number.
III. 3m One fourth of 3 times a number.
4
IV. 4m One third of 4 times a number.
3

MATHEMATICS 15
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Chapter - 2

Exercise 2.1
1. Write an expression for the following statements
(i) Add 7 to x.
(ii) Subtract 10 from y.
(iii) Subtract 8 from 3y.
(iv) One half of one-third of a number.
2. Write the following expression in statement form
2y 5y
(i)2y + 5 (ii) 2y – 5 (iii) (iv)
5 2
3. Write an expression containing y, 7 and a numerical operation.
4. If Mangai is ‘z’ years old, answer the following (form algebraic expressions)
(i) What will be the age of Mangai after 5 years?
(ii) How old is Mangai’s grandfather, if he is 7 times as old as Mangai?
(iii) How old is Mangai’s father if he is 5 more than 3 times as old as
Mangai?
5. A rabbit covers a distance of 30 feet by walk and then runs with the speed
of 2 feet per second for ‘t’ seconds. Frame an algebraic expressions for
the total distance covered by the rabbit.
6. The cost of 1 pen is Rs.10. What is the cost of ‘y’ pens?
7. Sachin saves Rs.x every day. How much does he save in one week?

2.3 Formation and solving Equations

We can identify whether two numerical expressions are equal or not from the
following: 7+ (30 + 7) = (40 - 2) + 6
Is it true? Ans: Yes
Other than = sign, we can utilize the symbols like >, <, also,
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1) 135 # (74 + 32) > 134 # (72 + 34)

2) (20 – 10) # 8 < (10 + 20) # 8
3) (5+7) # 6 5 + (7 # 6)
Check the above !

16 ALGEBRA
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Expressions and Equations

when we use ‘equal to’ sign between two expressions we get an equation. (Both the
expressions should not be numerical expressions).
Instead if we use signs like > , <, it is an inequation. For example,
(1) 3x – 7 = 10 (equation) (2) 4x + 8 > 23 (inequation) (3) 2x –1 < 11 (inequation)

Number of ‘F’
1 2 3 4 5 ........
Formation
Number of 4 8 12 16 20 ........
Example :
match
4 # 1 4 # 2 4 # 3 4 # 4 4 # 5 ........
sticks used

If variable ‘x’ represent the number of sticks used in the formation of ‘F’, then,
we get the following equation from the above table.
x = 4, 2x = 8, 3x = 12, 4x = 16, 5x = 20
6 x = 24, 7x = 28, 8x = 32 ... ...
From the above table the value of ‘x’ which satisfies the equation 3x = 12 is 4.
Now, let us solve the equation 3x = 12 by substitution method.
Equation Value of the Substituting the Solution / Not a
variable value of the variable Solution
x=1 3#1=3 (False) Not a Solution
x=2 3#2=6 (False) Not a Solution
x=3 3#3=9 (False) Not a Solution
3x = 12

x=4 3 # 4 = 12 (True) Solution
x=5 3 # 5 = 15 (False) Not a Solution
x=6 3 # 6 = 18 (False) Not a Solution

Result for the equation 3x = 12 is 4.
Example : 4
Write an algebraic expression for the following statement:

Statement Algebraic expression

1) 10 added to a number gives 20 y + 10 = 20
2) Two times a number is 40 2x = 40
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3) 5 subtracted from a number gives 20 x – 5 = 20

4) A number divided by 6 gives the quotient x =5
5 leaving no remainder. 6
5) 8 subracted from twice a number gives 10 2y - 8 = 10
6) 6 added to twice a number is 42 42 = 2x + 6

MATHEMATICS 17
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Chapter - 2

Example : 5
Complete the following table
Value of the Substituting the value Solution /
Equation
variable of the variable Not a Solution
(i) x + 3 = 8 x=4 4 + 3 = 7 8 (False) Not a Solution

(ii) x - 4 = 7 x = 11 11 – 4 = 7 (True) Solution

(iii) 3x = 12 x=3 3 # 3 = 9 12 (False) Not a Solution

(iv) x = 6 x = 42 42 = 6 (True) Solution

7 7
Example : 6

Using the table find the value of the variable which satisfies the equation x + 7 = 12.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x+7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 16 17 18
From the table, solution for x + 7 = 12 is x = 5.
Exercise 2.2
1. Choose the correct answer:
a) Which of the following is an equation?

(i) 3 + 7 = 8 + 2 (ii) x < 4 (iii) 3x + 1 = 10 (iv) 4 x 7 = 28
3
b) Which equation has y = 4 as solution?
(i) 2y + 3 = 0 (ii) y - 7 = 2 (iii) y + 3 = 7 (iv) y + 4 = 0
c) Which is the variable in the equation 2s - 4 = 10?
(i) 2 (ii) 10 (iii) -4 (iv) s

2. Match the following :
Equation Solution
a) y - 2 = 0 (i) y = 0

b) 2y = 6 (ii) y = 2

c) 2 = y + 2 (iii) y = 3

3. Complete the table :
Value of the Substituting the value Solution /
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Equation
variable of the variable Not a Solution
x – 8 = 12 x=4
x – 8 = 12 x=6
x – 8 = 12 x = 20
x – 8 = 12 x = 15

18 ALGEBRA
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Expressions and Equations

4. Complete the table :

Value of the Substituting the value Solution /
Equation
variable of the variable Not a Solution
y + 7 = 15 y=6
y + 7 = 15 y =7
y + 7 = 15 y =8
y + 7 = 15 y =9

5. Complete the table :

Value of the Substituting the value Solution /
S.No. Equation
variable of the variable Not a Solution
(i) x-3=0 x=2
(ii) y+7=2 y = –2
(iii) n + 8 = -18 n = 28
(iv) 3 – p = 10 p = –7

6. Using the numbers given in the brackets find the value of the variable which
satisfies the given equation.
(i) x + 7 = 12 (3, 4, 5, 6)




(ii) x – 10 = 0 (7, 8, 9, 10)




(iii) 3x = 27 (6, 12, 9, 8)




p
(iv) = 5 (21, 14, 7, 35)
7




(v) r = 2 = 2 (18, 19, 20, 21)
10




7. Find the value of ‘y’ which satisfies the equation y – 3 = 9.
8. Complete the following table and find the value of the variable that satisfies
3z = 30
z 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
3z 21 36
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9. Complete the following table and find the value of the variable that
satisfies P = 3
4
P 4 8 12 16 20 24
P 2 5
4

MATHEMATICS 19
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Chapter - 2

Activity
1) Write any 10 life situation statements. Convert them into mathematical statements,
by using variables.

2) Construct a slide ruler to find the solution of simple linear equations.

Mathematical puzzles

1. I am a number. Go round the corners of the given figure 4

times. When you add my value with the number of corners you
have crossed you get 46. Find my value.

2. I am a number. After crossing all the boxes given in the figure,

the total of my value and the number of boxes crossed is 60.
Find my value.

3. I am a two digit number. Moreover I am a multiple of 11. When

I am divided by 7, 1 leave no remainder. When 4 is added to the


quotient 15 is obtained. What is my value?

Points to remember

• Variable has no constant value. It take various values according to the

given situation.
• Variables are denoted by small letters a, b, c, ... x, y, z...
• Expressions can be related using variables.
• In arithmetic and geometry formulae are obtained using variables.
• If we equate one expression with another expression we get an equation.
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(One expression must be a non numerical expression)

• Value of the variable that satisfies the equation is the solution for the
equation.

20 ALGEBRA
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3. PERIMETER AND AREA

3.1 Perimeter
Rahman is a farmer. He has to fence his field.

What length of the Can you help Rahman?

Total length of the
barbed wire I should
boundaries should be found.
buy to fence my field?
The length of each boundary
is given in the figure.

I found the answer

The perimeter of a closed
I should buy 8 m + 12 m + figure is the total measure
10 m + 4 m = 34 m barbed of the boundry.
wire.

Example : 1
Find the perimeter of the following shapes.
Perimeter of the shape = Sum of the measure of all the sides.

8 + 5 + 3 + 2 = 18 cm 4 + 7 + 4 + 7 + = 22 cm 4 + 6 + 9 + 6 = 25 cm 4 + 4 + 7 = 15 cm

Example : 2
The distance between two consecutive points is 1 unit.
Find the perimeter of ABCDEF.
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Solution :
The distance between A to B is 2 units. In the same way,
adding the lengths of all the sides, we get 2 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 5 = 14units.
The perimeter of the given figure = 14 units.

MATHEMATICS 21
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Chapter - 3

3.1.1 Perimeter of a rectangle and a square

We can find the perimeter of a rectangle ABCD easily as 4 + 3

+ 4 + 3 = 14 cm
But in general, the perimeter of rectangles with different lengths
and breadths is length + breadth + length + breadth

Perimeter = 2 # length + 2 # breadth

= 2 (length + breadth) We use the first letters ‘l’ of length and ‘b’ of
= 2 (l + b) units breadth in the formula
where ‘l’ denotes the length and ‘b’ Perimeter = 2 (l+b ) units
denotes the breadth. We can denote length and breadth by any
other letter also.

Example : 3
Find the perimeter of a rectangle, whose length is 5 cm and breadth is 3 cm.
Solution :
Perimeter = 2 (length + breadth) units
= 2 (5 + 3) = 2 # 8 = 16 cm

Perimeter of a square

Every square is a rectangle whose length and breadth are equal.

Perimeter = 2 # side + 2 x side
= 4 # side

= 4s where ‘s’ is the side.

We use the first letter
‘s’ of the word ‘side’ to
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denote the side.

Example : 4
Find the perimeter of a square whose side is 20 cm.
Perimeter = 4 # side = 4 # 20 = 80 cm

22 MEASUREMENTS
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Perimeter and Area

Exercise 3.1
1. Find the perimeter of the following shapes.

2. Find the perimeter of the following figure.

(Take the distance between any two consecutive points as 1 unit)

3. Draw different shapes with perimeter 8 units in the following dotted sheet.

4. Find the perimeter of a rectangle of length 4 cm and breadth 7cm.

5. The perimeter of a square is 48 cm. Find its side.
6. A farmer wishes to fence his field with 3 rows of wire. If the dimensions of the
field are 120 m by 68 m, find the total length of wire required?
7. Priya wanted to frame the drawing she had made on a card. The length and
width of the card was 25.4 cm and 9.6 cm respectively. Find the cost of the
frame if one cm of frame cost ` 1.50?

3.2 Area
In the figure, look at the books on the table. Every
book occupies a space. There is no space for the fourth
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book. The space that each book occupies is the area of

that book.

The area of an object is the space occupied by it on a plane surface.

Only two dimensional and three dimensional objects will have area.
MATHEMATICS 23
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Chapter - 3

Example : 5

How to calculate the area?

Count the number of green squares in each of the following shapes.


Shape 1 = 1 Square, Shape 2 = 9 Squares,
Shape 3 = 8 Squares, Shape 4 = 9 Squares.
Look at shape 1
The square of side 1 unit is called “Unit square”.
The area occupied by it is 1 square unit (1 sq. unit).
Area of unit square = 1 unit x 1 unit = 1sq. unit.
We have denoted the side of a small square as 1 unit. The area of the squares of sides in
mm, cm, m, km can be expressed as follows :
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1 mm x 1 mm = 1 sq. mm
1 cm x 1 cm = 1 sq. cm
1mx1m = 1 sq. m
1 km x 1 km = 1 sq. km

24 MEASUREMENTS
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Perimeter and Area

Exercise 3.2
Look at the following table. Find the suitable unit (4) in to find the area of each.

Objects Square cm Square m Square km

Handkerchief

A page of a book

The door of a classroom

Area of the land surface of

chennai city

Saree

3.2.1 Area of different shapes

Activity

Take a rectangular piece of paper. Fold it diagonally and cut it into

two triangles.

Different shapes are formed by joining the sides

of the triangles in various ways.

They all are in different shapes.

What can be said about their areas?

All shapes will be equal

in areas as they are formed with the same two pieces of a paper.
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Can you form two more shapes like this?

Area of these figures can be found by counting the number of unit squares in
them.

MATHEMATICS 25
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Chapter - 3

Example : 6
Find the area of the given shape.






The area of each small square is 1 sq.cm. Activity
Therefore area of the shape = 10 full squares + 4 half squares Draw a few more
= 10 full squares + 2 full squares shapes on graph

sheets and to find
= 12 full squares
their areas.

= 12 sq.cm.

Exercise 3.3
1. Find the area of the given shapes





2. Draw two different shapes of area 10 square units on a dotted sheet.
3. Geeta drew two sides of a shape on a dotted sheet.

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How did Raghu complete the shape? There can be many solutions for this.
In how many ways can you complete these shapes?

26 MEASUREMENTS
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Perimeter and Area

3.3 Area of a rectangle, square and a triangle

Area of a rectangle
The area of a rectangle connecting the dots can be found as
15 sq.units by counting the number of small squares.

How to calculate the area of the rectangle without counting the

number of squares?

The length of the rectangle is the distance between A and B = 5 units

There fore, there are 5 small squares on the line AB

The breadth of the rectangle is the distance between B and C = 3 units.

There are 3 rows of 5 squares in each.

Now the area of the rectangle = Total number of squares.

= Number of squares in 3 rows.
=5+5+5
=5#3
= (length x breadth) sq. units

Usually we denote length as ‘l’, breadth as ‘b’

` Area of a rectangle = (l # b) sq. units

Example : 7
Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 8 cm and breadth 5 cm
Area of a rectangle = length # breadth = 8 cm # 5 cm = 40 sq. cm

Area of a square

We know that in a rectangle if the length is equal to the breadth, it is a square. They are
called the sides of a square.
` Length = breadth = side of the square
` Area of a square = length # breadth
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= (side # side) sq.units

(Formula for area of the rectangle is also suitable for area of
square)

If you denote the side as ‘s’ then the area of the square = (s # s) sq. units.

MATHEMATICS 27
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Chapter - 3

Example : 8
Find the area of a square of side 7 cm.
Area of a square = side # side = 7cm # 7cm = 49 sq. cm.

Area of a right triangle

Take a rectangular shaped card-board and cut it through a

diagonal. We get 2 right triangles.
Area of a right triangle = half the area of the rectangle
= 1 # (length x breadth) sq. units
2

From this you know that

Area of a rectangle = Area of two right triangles.

The length and breadth of the rectangle become the base and height of the right triangle.
Length is used as the base and breadth is used as the height.

Hence, area of a right triangle = 1 # (base x height) sq.units.

2

If base is denoted as ‘b’ and height as ‘h’, then the area

of a right triangle = 1 (b # h) sq.units.
2

Example : 9
Find the area of the following right triangle. A
Solution :
Area = 1 # base # height
2
12 cm

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Base of triangle = 9 cm
B 9 cm C
Height = 12 cm
` Area = 1 # 9 # 12 = 9 # 6 = 54 sq.cm.
2

28 MEASUREMENTS
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Perimeter and Area

Which of the following shapes has greater area?

Area of both the shapes are equal.

We get the second shape by
rotating the first shape.

The area of the shapes do not change when they are rotated or moved
from their places.

Example : 10
3 cm
Find the area of the following shape.

4 cm
7 cm
3 cm
6 cm

Solution : There are three methods to solve this problem.

I method II method
Area of (A) = 4 # 3 = 12 sq. cm. Area of (F) = 7 # 3 = 21 sq. cm.
Area of (B) = 6 # 3 = 18 sq. cm. Area of (E) = 3 # 3 = 9 sq. cm.
Therefore, area of the shape = 30 sq. cm. Therefore, area of the shape = 30 sq. cm.
3 cm 3 cm
4 cm

4 cm
7 cm

7 cm

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3 cm
3 cm
6 cm
6 cm

MATHEMATICS 29
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Chapter - 3

III method
Area of (C) = 4 # 3 = 12 sq. cm.
Area of (D) = 3 # 3 = 9 sq. cm.
Area of (E) = 3 # 3 = 9 sq. cm.
Therefore, area of the shape = 30 sq. cm.
3 cm
4 cm
7 cm

3 cm
6 cm
Activity
1. An old man divided the land which is mentioned in the picture 10 m 10 m
and gave it to his three sons equally. He asked them to fence

20 m
20 m
their land at their own cost. But the third son told that his father (1) (2)
made him only spend more than his brothers. Why did he say
like this? Did he say correctly?

10 m
2. Find the length and breadth of any 5 things, which are useful in 10 m
every day and find their area & perimeter. 20 m

3. Draw Square, Rectangle and Triangle in a graph sheet and find

the area & perimeter of each figure.

Exercise 3.4
1. Fill in the blanks :
Length of the Breadth of the Perimeter of Area of the
S.No
rectangle (l) rectangle (b) the rectangle rectangle

(i) 7 cm 5 cm - -

28 m
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(ii) 10 cm - -

(iii) - 6m - 72 sq.m

(iv) 9m - - 63 sq.m

30 MEASUREMENTS
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Perimeter and Area

2. Find the area of the following shapes.

3. Find the area of the following right triangles

4. A wire of length 24 cm is bent to form a square. Find the area of the

square formed.

5. Two wires of length 36 cm are bent to form a square and a rectangle.

Which of the two figures square and rectangle will have a greater area
and by how much?

6. Form a rectangular sheet of chart paper, measuring 60 cm by 40 cm.

How many squares of side 2 cm can be made?

7. A room is 4 cm long and 3 m 50 cm wide. How many square metres of

carpet is needed to cover the floor of the room?
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MATHEMATICS 31
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Chapter - 3

Activity
1. Using graph sheet construct different rectangles whose areas are equal. Find the
perimeter of each figure. Are the areas & perimeters same or not. Discuss.

2. By using sticks, make Squares, Rectangles, Triangles and paste it in the chart.
Mention their area and perimeter

Points to remember

� The Perimeter of a closed figure is the total measure of the boundry.

� The Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 # (l + b) units.

� The Perimeter of a Square = (4 # s) units.

� The area of an object is the space occupied by it on a plane surface.

� The area of a rectangle = (l # b) sq. units

� The area of a Square = (s # s) sq.units.

� The area of a right angled triangle = 1 # (base # height).

2
� The area of a shape do not change when they are rotated or move from
their places.

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32 MEASUREMENTS
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4. TRIANGLES

4.1 Triangles
We know angles and triangles. What is the relation between them?
We have already learnt that a three sided (line segments) closed plane figure is called a
triangle. Then we wonder why is it called a triangle?
When the three sides of a triangles meet, they also form three angles. So it is called a
triangle.

Find which of the following are triangles?

Types of triangles

Triangles are classified according to the measures of their sides and angles.
Measure the sides and angles of the following triangles and fill the table given
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MATHEMATICS 33
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Chapter - 4

sum of the
Measure of Nature of the Measure of Kinds of
Figure measure of
the angle angles the sides Triangles
the angles
1 60c, 60c, 60c 180c, Three angles 3 cm, 3 cm, Equilateral
are equal 3 cm triangles
2
3
4
5
6
7

In the above triangles, compare the sum of any two sides with the third side.
From this, we come to know

� If the measure of three angles of a triangle are equal then its sides are also equal.
� If the measure of two angles of a triangle are equal then its two sides are equal.
� If the measure of two sides of a triangle are equal then its two angles are equal.
� If the measure of the angles are different then the measure of its sides are also
different.
� If the measure of the sides are different then the measure of its angles are also
different.
� Sum of the three angles of a triangles is 180c.
� Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.

The above points are applicable to all triangles.

Do it yourself
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Using rubber bands in a

Geo-board try to form
various triangle and
observe their properties.

34 GEOMETRY
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Triangles

Classification of triangles on the basis of sides :

If all the three sides of a triangle are equal then it is called an
equilateral triangle.
Example : Fig(1)

If any two sides of a triangle are equal then it is called an

isosceles triangle.
Example : Figures (3), (4), (5).

If all the three sides of a triangle are unequal then it is called a

scalene triangle
Example : Figures (2), (6), (7).

Classification of triangle on the basis of angles :

If each angle of a triangle is an acute angle, it is called an
acute angled triangle.
Example : Figures (1), (2), (5).

In a triangle, if any one angle is a right angle, then the triangle is

called a right angled triangle.
Example : Figures (3), (7).

In a triangle, if one angle is an obtuse angle, then the triangle is

called an obtuse angled triangle.
Example : Figures (4), (6)

A few questions may arise now.

1. What type of triangle is it if it has a right angle and an obtuse angle?
2. Is it possible for a triangle to have either two obtuse angles or two right
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angles?
According to question (1) if a right angle and an obtuse angle is present in the same
triangle the sum of the angles will always be more than 180c (why?)
So, such a triangle is not possible.

MATHEMATICS 35
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Chapter - 4

Example : 1
Write the type of triangle, based on their sides
(i)
In ABC, AB = 7 cm, BC = 8 cm, CA = 6 cm




(ii) In PQR, PQ = 5 cm, QR = 4 cm, PR = 4 cm




Solution :
(i) All the three sides are unequal. So, ABC is a scalene triangle.

(ii) QR = PR = 4 cm. Two sides are equal. So, PQR is an isosceles triangle.

Example : 2

Can a triangle be drawn using measurements 4 cm, 10 cm and 5 cm? Give reason.
Solution :
10 + 4 = 14 is greater than 5.
10 + 5 = 15 is greater than 4.
4 + 5 = 9 is less than 10.
A triangle cannot be formed, because the sum of two sides is less than the third side.

Example : 3
Determine the kind of triangle if the three angles are
(i) 60c, 45c, 75c (ii) 20c, 90c, 70c (iii) 104c, 35c, 41c
Solution :
(i) Each angle is less than 90c. So, it is an acute angled triangle.
(ii) One angle measure 90c. So, it is a right angled triangle.
(iii) One angle is greater than 90c. So, it is an obtuse angled triangle.

Example : 4
Can we draw a triangle with angles 30c, 80c, 85c?
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Solution :
The sum of the measure of the three angles is 30c + 80c + 85c = 195c
But the sum of the measure of the angles of a triangle is 180c.
Therefore a triangle cannot be formed using the given angles.

36 GEOMETRY
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Triangles

Example : 5
Can 100c,120c be any two angles of a triangle?
Solution :
Sum of the given angles is 100c + 120c = 220c. This is greater than 180c, but the sum
of the measures of the angles of a triangle should always be 180c. Even though the
third angle is not known it is not possible to form a triangle with the given measures.
Therefore a triangle cannot have two obtuse angles.

Exercise 4.1
1. Fill in the blanks :
(i) The sum of the three angles of a triangle is ..........

(ii) In a equilateral triangle ................... sides are equal.

(iii) The triangle in which two sides are equal is called .................. Triangle.

(iv) If a triangle has one right angle it is called a .................. Triangle.

(v) In a triangle the sum of the measure of any two sides is ................... than

the third side.

(vi) Triangle can be classified into ................... kinds according to their sides.
(vii) Triangle can be classified into ................... kinds according to their angles.
2. What are six parts of a triangle?
3. Classify the triangle based on their angles.
S.No. +A +B +C Type
(i) 30c 45c 105c
(ii) 25c 90c 65c
(iii) 62c 45c 73c
(iv) 120c 30c 30c
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4. Can we have a triangle whose degree measures as :

(i) 30c, 60c, 90c (ii) 40c, 100c, 40c


(iii) 60c, 70c, 20c (iv) 50c, 75c, 65c


(v) 90c, 90c, 0c

MATHEMATICS 37
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Chapter - 4

5. Classify the triangles based on their sides

Sl. No. AB cm BC cm CA cm Type

(i) 5 2 5
(ii) 3 3 3
(iii) 6 7 3
(iv) 4 5 7

6. State if the following could be the possible lengths of the sides of a triangle.
(i) 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm (ii) 10 cm, 6 cm, 3 cm
(iii) 15 cm, 10 cm, 8 cm (iv) 12 cm, 20 cm, 8 cm

Activity
1) Using colour thread, straws or sticks, make different type of triangles
based on its sides & angles.
2) Draw different type of triangles and measure its sides & angles of each
triangle and then classify them.
3) Demonstrate the different types of triangle through Geo-board.

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38 GEOMETRY
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5. CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINES AND

PARALLEL LINES

5.1 Construction of Perpendicular lines and parallel lines

Example : 1
Using a set square and a ruler construct a line perpendicular to given line at a point
on it.
Step 1 :
(i) Draw a line AB with the help of a ruler.
(ii) Mark a point P on it.
Step 2 :
(i) Place a ruler on the line AB
(ii) Place one edge of a set square containing the right angle along the
given line AB as shown in the figure.
Step 3 :
(i) Pressing the ruler tightly with the left
hand, slide the set square along the
ruler till the edge of the set square
touches the point P.
(ii) Through P, draw a line PQ along
the edge.
(iii) PQ is the required line perpendicular





to AB. Measure and check if
m+APQ = m+BPQ = 90c

Example : 2
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Using a set square and a ruler draw a line perpendicular to the given line through a
point above it.
Step 1 :
(i) Draw a line PQ using a ruler
(ii) Mark a point A above the given line

MATHEMATICS 39
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Chapter - 5

Step 2 :

(i) Place the ruler on the line PQ

(ii) Place one edge of a set square containing the right angle along the given
line PQ as shown in the figure.
Step 3 :

(i) Pressing tightly the ruler with the left hand, slide the set square along the
ruler till the edge of the set square touches the point A
(ii) Through A draw a line AO along the edge.
(iii) AO is the required line perpendicular to PQ
Measure and check : m+POA = m+QOA = 90c

Example : 3

Using a set square and a ruler draw a line parallel to a given line through a point at a
distance of 5cm above it.
Step 1 : (i) Draw a line XY using ruler and mark a

point A on it.
(ii) Draw AM = 5cm with the help of a set
square.

Step 2 :
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Place the set square on the line segment XY.
(i) Place the set scale as shown in the figure.

40 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
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Construction of Perpendicular lines and parallel lines

Example : 4
Step 3 :

(i) Pressing tightly the ruler, slide the set square along the ruler till the edge
of the set square touches the point M.
(ii) Through M, draw a line MN along the edge.
(iii) MN is the required line parallel to XY through M.

Exercise 5.1
1. Find the distance between the given parallel lines

2. Find the length of the perpendicular lines AB and CD

3. Draw a line segment measuring 5.6 cm. Mark a point P on it. Through P draw
line perpendicular to the given line.
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4. Draw a line segment measuring 6.2 cm. Mark a point A above it. Through A
draw a line perpendicular to the given line.

MATHEMATICS 41
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Chapter - 5

5. Draw a line segment measuring 7.1 cm. Mark a point M below the line segment.
Through M draw a line perpendicular to the given line segment.

6. Draw a line segment measuring 5.2 cm. Mark a point B above it at a distance of
4.3 cm. Through B draw a line parallel to the given line segment.

7. Draw a line segment. Mark a point Q below it at a distance of 5.1 cm. Through
Q draw a line parallel to the given line segment.

Activity
Try to make different shapes like this by using set squares and mark along the boundary
lines and name it.
For example

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42 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
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6. DATA HANDLING

6.1 Data
You must have seen your teacher writing information regarding attendance of
the students on the blackboard.
Information regarding number on Boys Girls Total
roll and attendance
Class : 6 Number on Roll 20 20 40
No. of students
Day : Monday 20 18 38
present
In the same way, the marks obtained by students of a class in a particular
examination, the maximum and minimum temperature of different places in a state are
collection of information in the form of numerical figures.

Any collection of information in the form of numerical

figures giving the required information is called a data.

6.1.1 Collection of data

To submit information to the Government, the data of the mode of transport
of 40 children of a school was collected.
They tabulated the same as follows.

S.No. Mode of S.No. Mode of S.No. Mode of S.No. Mode of

transport transport transport transport
1 Bus 11 Bus 21 Bus 31 Bus
2 Train 12 Cycle 22 Cycle 32 Cycle
3 Cycle 13 Bus 23 Walk 33 Train
4 Bus 14 Walk 24 Walk 34 Bus
5 Walk 15 Walk 25 Walk 35 Bus
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6 Walk 16 Walk 26 Bus 36 Walk

7 Train 17 Bus 27 Bus 37 Walk
8 Bus 18 Bus 28 Walk 38 Walk
9 Cycle 19 Train 29 Cycle 39 Train
10 Bus 20 Cycle 30 Bus 40 Bus

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Chapter - 6

6.1.2 Raw data (unclassified data)

It is difficult to find how many different modes of transports are used by the students.


How many of them use each mode? etc. from the above table. It is just a collection of data.
They are not classified to give specific information.

6.1.3 Classification of data

From the above unclassified data, we come to know that many students use bus,
cycle and train as a mode of transport or they come by walk.

From the information collected from students the modes of transport are listed
one below the other as shown in the table. A mark is made against each mode for each
student using it. Finally we count the number of marks to get the number of students
using each mode.

Bus |||||||||||||||| 16
Train ||||| 5
Cycle ||||||| 7
By walk |||||||||||| 12
Total 40

‘|’ is called a ‘tally mark’. It is difficult to count

if there are more number of tally marks.
Therefore to make it easier to count,
we change it as follows.

Mode of Tally Mark Number of

transport students
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Bus |||| |||| |||| | 16

Train |||| 5
Cycle |||| || 7
By walk |||| |||| || 12
Total 40

44 STATISTICS
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Data Handling

After 4 tally marks the fifth tally mark is entered as a cross line cutting across
diagnolly all the 4 tally marks as shown ( |||| ) and it is counted as 5. We can calculate
the number of students coming by bus as 5 + 5 + 5 + 1 = 16. In the same way we can
find the remaining data also.

The raw data is rearranged and tabulated to get classified or tabulated data.
Example : 1
Information was collected from 20 students of a class regarding competitions they
like to participate.

No. of the No. of the No. of the No. of the

Competition Competition Competition Competition
student student student student

Ball Ball
1 Cricket 6 Kabadi 11 16
Badminton Badminton

2 Kabadi 7 Cricket 12 Kabadi 17 Foot Ball

Ball
3 Foot Ball 8 Cricket 13 Foot Ball 18
Badminton
Ball Ball
4 Foot Ball 9 Kabadi 14 19
Badminton Badminton

5 Kabadi 10 Foot Ball 15 Kabadi 20 Foot Ball

Tabulate the above information using tally mark.

All the students have chosen any one of the games.
We can tabulate it as follows :-

Cricket ||| 3
Kabadi |||| | 6
Foot Ball |||| | 6
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Ball Badminton |||| 5

Total 20

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Chapter - 6

Example : 2
The classified data of the number of students who were absent in a class room in a
particular week is given.
If each student is denoted by a tally mark, answer the following :-

Days No.of students (tally marks)

Monday ||||
Tuesday ||||
Wednesday ||
Thursday
Friday |
Saturday |||| |||
1. How many students were absent on each day of the week?
Answer : Monday - 5, Tuesday - 4, Wednesday - 2, Thursday - 0,
Friday - 1, Saturday - 8
2. Which day had maximum number of absentees?
Answer : Saturday

3. Which day had minimum number of absentees?
Answer : Thursday

Do it yourself
Ask the students to collect and tabulate the information about the different
types of houses in villages.

Type of house Tally mark Total no. of houses

Thatched house

Tiled house

Asbestos house

Concrete house
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1) Which type of houses are more in number?

2) Which type of houses are less in number?
3) Are there two or more type of houses in the same number? If so, name
them.

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Data Handling

6.2. Drawing Pictographs:

Information is easily understood when represented by pictures.

Example : 3
The following pictures shows the number of people who visited the tourism trade
fair in 5 weeks.

Represents 10,000

First week
Second week
Third week
Fourth week
Fifth week

Question :

1. How many of them visited the fair in the 1st week?

2. Which week had maximum visitors?
3. Which week had minimum visitors?
4. Find the total number of visitors who enjoyed the fair?

Solution :

1. 40,000 people visited in the first week.

2. Maximum people visited in the fifth week
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3. Minimum people visited in the fourth week

4. Total number of visitors in the fair = 2,50,000

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Chapter - 6

Example : 4
The manufacturing of cars in a factory during the years 2005 to 2009 is given in
the following table.
Year No. of cars
2005 2000
2006 3000
2007 1000
2008 4000
2009 5000
The following pictograph represents the above information.
Represents 1000 cars

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Pictograph of the manufacture of cars in a car factory during the years

2005 to 2009.

Questions :
1. In which year the minimum number of cars were manufactured?
2. Find the year in which the number of cars manufactured was 3000
3. Find the total number of cars manufactured upto 2008 (inclusive of2008).
4. Find the total number of cars manufactured in 2008 and 2009.

Solution :
1. Minimum number of cars were manufactured in 2007.
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2. 3000 cars were manufactured in 2006.

3. 10,000 cars were manufactured up to 2008.
(2000 + 3000 + 1000 + 4000 = 10,000)
4. 9000 cars were manufactured in 2008 and 2009.

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Data Handling

Exercise 6.1
I. See the pictograph and answer the questions
represents 200 girls

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Pictograph of the total number of girls studied in a high school in the years
2006 to 2010.
Questions :
1. Find the year in which the minimum numbers of girls studied.
2. Find the year in which the maximum number of girls studied.
3. Find the year in which the number of girls studied was 600.
4. Find the difference between the maximum number of students and minimum

number of students.
5. Say true or false :
Equal number of girls studied in the year 2008 and 2009

II. See the pictograph and answer the following questions.
Each picture represents `10,000
Wood
Sand
Brick
Stone
Cement
Pictograph shows the expenses in constructing a house.

Questions :
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1. What information is given by the pictograph?

2. How much did he spend for sand?
3. What is the total amount spent for bricks and stones?
4. State the item on which maximum amount was spent?
5. What is the total expense of constructing a house?

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Chapter - 6

III. See the pictograph and answer the questions.

represents 5 landings.

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Questions:
1. How many landings were there on Monday?
2. How many landings were there on Saturday?
3. On which day were there maximum landings?
4. On which day were there minimum landings?
5. The total number of landings during the week?

IV. See the pictograph and answer the questions.

represents 500 books.

School A
School B
School C
School D

Questions:
1. Which of the given school had the maximum number of books?
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2. Which of the given school had the minimum number of books?

3. What was the number of books in school C?
4. The total number of books in the four schools
5. What is the information given by the pictograph?

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Data Handling

6.3 BAR DIAGRAM

• Through bar diagrams the statistical data can be understood easily.
• It can be used to compare two items easily.
• A bar diagram consists of many rectangular bars.
• The bars are drawn between the horizontal line and the vertical line. The interval
between the bars must be equal and the thickness of the bars must be same.
Example : 5
The total number of runs scored by a few players in one-day match in india is
given
Draw the bar diagram.
Players 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of runs 30 60 10 50 70 40
70

Represent the number of players on the horizontal line and represent the number of
runs on the vertical line
Scale - In vertical line 1 cm = 10 runs

Example : 6
The number of students in each class of a high school is given below.

Draw a bar diagram.

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Class 6 7 8 9 10
No. of
450 400 425 400 350
students

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Chapter - 6

The number of students should be written on the vertical line and the classes 6 to 10
must be given on the horizontal line.
1 cm on the vertical line = 100 students.

Exercise - 6.2
1. Construct a bar graph to represent the following information. Number of
absentees in a week in a corporation high school are given
Class 6 7 8 9 10
Absentees 8 12 9 15 6

2. The number of students taking part in various games in a higher secondary

school are given below. Draw a bar diagram
Game Foot Ball Net Ball Basket Ball Cricket Athletics
No. of students 25 30 15 20 10

3. The savings of a student is given in the table. Draw a bar diagram.

Month June July August September October November December

Amount
20 35 25 15 10 40 30
(`)

4. Draw a bar diagram to represent the most popular television programmes.

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Television Animal
Cartoon Games Pogo Tourism News
programme Planet
No. of
150 100 125 200 100 250
viewers

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Data Handling

5. The number of notebooks sold by a stationery shop on seven consecutive

days is given below. Draw a bar graph to represent the information.
Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Number of
250 150 200 100 350 50 300
Notebooks
6. The number of Mathematics books sold by a shopkeeper on six consecutive
days is given below. Draw a bar graph to represent the information.
Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Number of
40 30 50 20 70 75
Books sold
7. Number of persons in various age groups in a town is given in the following
table. Draw a bar graph to represent the information.
Age group 1-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60-74 75 & above
Number of 1 lakh 1 lakh 1 lakh
2 lakhs 80 thousands 50 thousands
persons 50 thousands 20 thousands 40 thousands

6.4. Reading bar diagrams

Example : 7
The number of uniform sets a few 6 standard students have with them are given in
the table followed by a bar diagram.
Name of the
Lakshmi Amirtham Ayisha Selvan Latha
students
Number of
3 5 4 7 2
uniforms

From the above bar diagram, answer the following :-

1. What is the name of the student having maximum number of uniform?
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(Selvan)
2. How many uniforms does Ayisha have? (4)
3. Who has the minimum number of uniforms? (Latha)
4. The information is given about ................. students. (5)
5. How many students have more than two sets of uniform? (4)

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Chapter - 6

Example : 8
The bar diagram is given to represent the names of the schools and the number of
the students who took part in an examination conducted by a Municipal Higher
Secondary School. Answer the following questions:

1. Name the school from which maximum number of students participated?

(Hr sec school 5)
2. How many schools took part in the examination? (6)
3. Name the school from which minimum number of students participated?

(Hr sec school - 4)
4. Name the school from which 350 students paricipated? (Hr sec school - 4)
5. How many students participated from Hr sec school - 6? (500)

Exercise 6.3
I. The bar diagram represents the number of shirts produced in a tailoring unit
in 6 days. Answer the following.

Questions :
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1. On which day of the week the maximum number of shirts were produced?
2. What is the number of shirts produced on Tuesday?
3. On which days of the week, were equal number of shirts produced?
4. What is the information given by the bar graph?
5. How many shirts does one cm represent on the horizontal line?

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Data Handling

II. The marks scored by a student in half yearly examination are given below.

Answer the following questions :

1. What is the information given by the bar diagram?

2. How much did the student score in Science ?
3. Name the subject in which he has scored the maximum marks?
4. What is the total marks scored by him in both the languages together?
5. Form a table to show the marks scored by the student in all the 5 subjects.

III. The bar diagram represents the number of students using different modes of
transport. Answer the following questions.

Questions :
1. Which mode of transport is mostly used by the students?
2. What is the information given by the bar diagram?
3. How many students come by walk to school?
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4. How many students were represented by 1 cm on the horizontal line?

5. Name the mode of transport used by minimum number of students?

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Chapter - 6

IV. The Bar graph represents the average temperature during the month of
April at vellore during the year 2007 to 2012. Answer the following

questions.

Questions:
1. What information is given by the bar graph?
2. What are the years mentioned in the bar graph?
3. Mention the years in which the temperature was maximum. What was the
temperature recorded?
4. What was the minimum temperature recorded and also mention the year?
5. Name the place for which the information is given?

V. The Bar graph represents the number of international matches played by

the hockey teams of different countries in a year. Read the graphs and
answer the following questions.

Questions:
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1. How many matches did India play ?

2. Which country played the minimum number of matches?
3. Which country played the maximum number of matches?
4. How many more matches did India play than Australia?

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Data Handling

VI. The Bar graph represents the amount of wheat purchased by government
during the year 1998 to 2002. Answer the following questions.

Questions:
1. What information given by the bar graph?
2. In which year the wheat purchased maximum?
3. In which years the wheat purchased minimum?
4. The amount of wheat purchased during the year 1998-2002.

Activity
1) Select a paragraph from a newspaper, List out 2 letter words, 3 letter words,
4 letter words & 5 letter words. Represent the data in a table and draw a
pictograph.
2) Collect informations from your hamlet /village/ area regarding the number
of students studying in primary, middle, high school, higher secondary
schools, colleges. Represent the data in a table and draw a pictograph.
3) Collect the runs scored by 5 favourite players. Represent the data in a table
and draw a bar diagram.
4) List out the number and types of vehicles crossing your residence and draw
a pictograph for the data collected.

Points to remember
� Data is a collection of numerical figures giving required information.
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� The information which is collected initially is called the raw data or unclassified
data.
� The classified and tabulated information help us to get a better understanding
of the data collected.
� Pictograph are used to represent information through pictures.

MATHEMATICS 57
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ANSWERS

Exercise 1.1
1. (i) True (ii) True (iii) False (iv) False (v) True
2. (i) 7>3 (ii) -3>-5 (iii) 2>-3 (iv) 7>-3 (v) 1>-4 (vi) -4>-7
3. (i) -2,-1,0,1,2 (ii) -3,-2,-1,0,1 (iii) 0 (iv) -4,-3
(v)-3,-2,-1,0,1,2 (vi) -1,0,1
4. (i) 1 (ii) -4 (iii) 8 units (iv) 5 units
Exercise 1.2
1. (i) 4 (ii) -10 (iii) 2 (iv) -3 (v) -3




2. (i) 1 (ii) -10

3. (i) 7 (ii) 7 (iii) -70 (iv) 110 (v) -57 (vi) 0
(vii) -18 (viii) -52
4. (i) -3 (ii) 10

5. (i) 10 (ii) -17 (iii) 0 (iv) -30 6. -90, -110, 20

7. City B (i) 5oC (ii) 23oC

Exercise 2.1
1) (i) x+7 (ii) y-10 (iii) 3y-8 (iv) 3x
2
2) (i) Add 5 with twice y (ii) Subtract 5 from twice y
(iii) Divide twice y by 5 (iv) Divide 5 times y by 2

y
3) (i) y+7, 7y,y-7,7-y, , 7
7 y
4) (i) z+5 (ii) 7z (iii) 3z+5 (iv) 2t+30 (v) 10y (vi) 7x

Exercise 2.2
1) a) iii b) iii c) iv


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2) a) ii b) iii c) i


3) Not a solution. Not a solution. Is a solution. Not a solution

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4) 6+7 =13 Not a solution. 7+7 = 14 Not a solution. 8+7 = 15

Is a solution. 9+7 = 16 Not a solution

5) i) 2-3 = -1 Not a solution ii) -2+7 = 5 Not a solution

iii) 28+8 = 36 Not a solution iv) 3-(-7) = 10 Is a solution

6) (i) 5 ii) 10 iii) 9 iv) 35 v) 20

7) y = 12

8) 15, 18, 24, 27, 30, 33, 39, 42, 45 ; z = 10

9) 1, 3, 4, 6 ; p = 12

Exercise 3.1
1) (I) 46 sq.cm (II) 21 cm (III) 28cm (IV) 24cm
(V) 21cm

2) 16 units 4) 22 cm 5) 12cm 6. 1128 m 7. ` 105

Exercise 3.2
1) sq.cm, sq.cm, sq.m, sq.km, sq.m




Exercise 3.3
1) a) 16 sq.units b) 8sq.units

Exercise 3.4
1) (i) 24 cm, 35 sq.cm (ii) 4cm, 40sq.cm (iii) 12m, 36m (iv) 7m, 32m
2) (i) 36 sq.m (ii) 75 sq.m 3) (i) 6 sq.cm (ii) 18 sq.cm
4) 36 sq.cm 5) Square has a greater area than the rectangle
6) 600 squares 7) 14 sq.m
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Exercise 4.1
1) (i) 180o (ii) all three (iii) an isosceles (iv) right angled



(v) greater (vi) 3 (vii) 3


2) Three angles and three sides

MATHEMATICS 59
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3) (i) obtuse angled triangle (ii) right angled triangle (iii) acute angled triangle
(iv) obtuse angled triangle
4) (i) yes (ii) yes (iii) no (iv) no (v) no

5) (i) isosceles triangle (ii) equilateral triangle (iii) scalene triangle
(iv) scalene triangle
6) (i) impossible (ii) impossible (iii) possible (iv) impossible


Exercise 6.1
I) 1) 2006 2) 2010 3) 2008, 2009 4) 600 5) true
II) 1) The pictograph shows the expenses in constructing a house.
2) ` 60,000 3) ` 70,000 4) Cement ` 70,000
5) Total expenses ` 2,30,000
III) 1) 35 2) 40 3) Tuesday 4) Sunday 5)310
IV) 1) School D 2) School A 3) 5000 4) 19000
5) The Pictograph shows the number of books in four Schools

Exercise 6.3
I) 1) Friday, 40 2) 25 3) Monday, Saturday
4) The bar graph shows the number of shirts produced in 6 days.
II) 1) The bar diagram shows the marks scored by a student in half-yearly examination.
2) 90 3) Maths 4) 130
Subject Tamil English Maths Science Social Science
5) Marks 70 60 100 90 65

III) 1) cycle
2) The bar diagram shows the number of students using different modes of transport
3) 150 4) 100 students 5) car
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60 ANSWERS
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‘I can, I did’
Student’s Activity Record
Subject:

Sl. Lesson Topic of the

Date Activities Remarks
No No. Lesson

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61