92-317

Applied Thermodynamics

Summer 2018

Tutorial 6

V2
1. Consider an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. The
boiler pressure is 10MPa, the condenser pressure is 15kPa, the reheater pressure is 2MPa,
and the feedwater pressure is 0.65MPa. Steam enters both the high pressure and low
pressure turbines at 500C. Determine:
a) The fraction of steam extracted for regeneration
b) the thermal efficiency

Assume variable specific heats for steam at different temperatures.

Solution:

(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1  h f @ 15 kPa  225.94 kJ/kg
v 1  v f @ 15 kPa  0.001014 m 3 /kg 5

wpI, in  v 1 P2  P1 
Turbine
Boiler 6
 1 kJ 
 
 0.001014 m 3 /kg 650  15 kPa   7 1-y
 1 kPa  m
3 8

 0.64 kJ/kg y
9

h2  h1  wpI, in  225.94  0.64  226.58 kJ/kg Open Condens.

4

P3  0.65 MPa  h3  h f @ 0.65 MPa  684.08 kJ/kg fwh 2

1
v  v 3
f @ 0.6 5MPa  0.001104 m /kg
3
sat. liquid  3 P II PI
 wpII,in  v 3 P4  P3 
 1 kJ 
 
 0.001104 m 3 /kg 10,000  650 kPa 


3 
 1 kPa m 
 9.72 kJ/kg
h4  h3  wpII,in  684.08  9.72  693.80 kJ/kg 2 MPa
5 7
P5  10 MPa h5  3375.1 kJ/kg
T5  500C  s5  6.5995 kJ/kg  K 10 MPa
4 6 8
P6  2.0 MPa 
s 6  s5 h6  2931.8 kJ/kg 3 0.65 MPa
 2
P7  2.0 MPa h7  3468,3 kJ/kg 15 kPa
T7  500C  s7  7.4337 kJ/kg  K 1 9
s
P8  0.65 MPa 
s8  s7 h8  3176.7 kJ/kg

s9  s f 7.4337  0.7549
P9  15 kPa  x9    0.921
s9  s 7  s fg 7.2522

h9  h f  x9 h fg  225.94  0.9212372.3  2410.8 kJ/kg
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to
the feedwater heaters. Noting that Q W Δke  Δpe  0 ,

Ein  Eout  Esystem 0 (steady)  0  Ein  Eout

 mh   m h
i i e e   yh8  1  y h2  1h3 
 m8 h8  m2 h2  m3 h3 

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine (  m8 / m3 ). Solving for y,
h3  h2 684.08  226.58
y   0.155
h8  h2 3176.7  226.58
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
qin  h5  h4   h7  h6   3375.1  693.8  3468.3  2931.8  3217.8kJ/kg
qout  1  y h9  h1   1  0.15502410.8  225.94  1846.2 kJ/kg
qout 1846.2 kJ/kg
and  th  1  1  42.6%
qin 3217.8 kJ/kg

2. The gas-turbine cycle of a combined gas-steam power plant has pressure ratio of 12. Air
enters the compressor at 310K and the turbine at 1400K. The combustion gasses leaving
the gas turbine are used to heat the steam at 12.5MPa to 500C in a heat exchanger. The
combustion gasses leave the heat exchanger at 247C. The steam expands in a high-
pressure turbine to a pressure of 2.5MPa. The resulting steam-water mixture is reheated
 in the combustion chamber to 550C before it expands in a low pressure turbine to 10kPa.
The mass flow rate of steam 12kg/s. Assuming all processes of expansion and
compression to be ideal isentropic, determine:
a) the mass flow rate of air in the gas turbine cycle
b) the rate of total heat input
c) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle

Assume variable specific heats for steam at different temperatures

Solution:

(a) The analysis of gas cycle yields 1400 K 9

T7  310 K  h7  310.24 kJ/kg ·

Pr7  1.5546 Qin GAS

Pr  121.5546  18.66 
P8
Pr8   h8  630.18 kJ/kg CYCLE
P7 7 10 3
T9  1400 K 
 h9  1515.42 kJ/kg 8 2.5
12.5
Pr9  450.5 5
MPa
1
 10 Pr9   450.5  37.54 
P
Pr10  h10  768.38 kJ/kg 11 STEAM
P9  12  4
310 K 2 10 kPa
T11  520 K 
 h11  523.63 kJ/kg 7 CYCLE
1 · 6
Qou
s
From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

h1  h f @ 10 kPa  191.81 kJ/kg

v1  v f @ 10 kPa  0.00101 m 3 /kg

   1 kJ
wpI, in  v 1 P2  P1   0.00101 m 3 /kg 12,500  10 kPa 
 1 kPa  m 3

  12.62 kJ/kg

 
h2  h1  wpI, in  191.81  12.62  204.42 kJ/k g

P3  12.5 MPa  h3  3343.6 kJ/kg

T3  500C  s  6.4651 kJ/kg  K
 3
P4  2.5 MPa 
s 4  s3 h4  2909.6 kJ/kg

P5  2.5 MPa  h5  3574.4 kJ/kg
T5  550C  s 5  7.4653 kJ/kg  K
s 6  s f 7.4653  0.6492
P6  10 kPa  x 6    0.9089
 s fg 7.4996
s6  s5  h  h  x h  191.81  0.90892392.1  2365.8 kJ/kg
6 f 6 fg
Noting that Q W Δke  Δpe  0 for the heat exchanger, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields

 ms h3  h2   ms h5  h4   mair h10  h11 

  mi hi   me he 
Ein  Eout 
h3  h2  h5  h4 3343.6  204.42  3574.4  2909.6
mair  ms  12 kg/s   186.5 kg/s
h10  h11 768.38  523.63

(b) The rate of total heat input is

Qin  Qair  Qreheat  mair h9  h8 

 186.5 kg/s 1515.42  630.18 kJ/kg
 165.1MW

(c) The rate of heat rejection and the thermal efficiency are then

Qout  Qout,air  Qout,steam  mair h11  h7   ms h6  h1 

 186.5 kg/s 523.63  310.24  kJ/kg  12 kg/s 2365.8  191.81 kJ/kg
 65.9 MW
Q 65.9MW
 th  1  out  1   0.6  60%
Q in 165.1MW