Geometry and Measurement: Geometric Reasoning
Part 1: Position and Direction Using Cardinal Points
Cardinal Points
Cardinal points are directions that help us describe the location or movement
of objects.
There are 8 main directions on a compass:
Main Cardinal Points:
North (N)
South (S)
East (E)
West (W)
Intermediate (Additional) Directions:
North-East (NE) – between North and East
North-West (NW) – between North and West
South-East (SE) – between South and East
South-West (SW) – between South and West
Using Cardinal Points
We use these directions to describe the position of an object from another
object.
Examples:
The blackboard is North of the teacher’s table.
The library is SE of the classroom.
The flagpole is NW of the school gate.
Describing Movement
We can also describe how an object moves using directions.
Examples:
The dog moved 2 steps NE.
I walked SW to get to the field.
Map Reading Example
When reading a grid or a map:
Always check where North is.
Use directions to describe how to go from one place to another.
Practice Tip:
Draw a simple map of your classroom or school and use directions (NE, SW,
etc.) to describe where things are.
Part 2: Reflection of 2D Shapes
What is Reflection?
Reflection is when a shape is flipped over a line to create a mirror image.
The line used is called the mirror line or line of symmetry.
Examples of Reflection:
1. If you fold a square in half and both sides match, it has a line of symmetry.
2. Reflecting the letter A across a vertical line gives a mirror image.
Lines of Reflection
Vertical Line (goes up and down)
Horizontal Line (goes side to side)
Steps to Reflect a Shape on a Grid
1. Count how many squares the shape is from the line.
2. Draw the same number of squares on the opposite side.
3. Connect the points to form the reflected shape.
Important Notes on Reflection:
The shape stays the same size and form.
Only the position and direction change.
Each point in the shape is the same distance from the mirror line as
the reflected point.
Real-Life Examples of Reflection:
Looking in a mirror
Words printed backward on an ambulance
Symmetrical logos and designs
Quick Revision
Term Meaning
Cardinal Points Directions used to describe position (N, S, E,
W, NE, NW, SE, SW)
Reflection Flipping a shape over a mirror line to create a
mirror image
Line of The line where a shape can be folded into
Symmetry two equal halves
Mirror Image A shape that looks like the original but faces
the opposite way
DATA
Topic: Drawing and Interpreting Line Graphs
What is a Line Graph?
A line graph is a type of graph used to show changes over time. It helps us to
see trends, increases, decreases, and patterns in data.
Key Parts of a Line Graph:
Part Description
Title Tells what the graph is
about
X-Axis Shows the categories or
(horizontal) time intervals (e.g., days,
weeks, months)
Y-Axis (vertical) Shows the values being
measured (e.g.,
temperature, sales,
distance)
Data Points Points plotted from the data
table
Line Connects the data points to
show change or trend
Steps to Draw a Line Graph:
1. Look at the Table of Values: Understand what the data is about.
2. Label the X-axis and Y-axis:
X-axis: time or category (e.g., days of the week)
Y-axis: measured values (e.g., temperature in °C)
3. Choose a suitable scale for each axis: Make sure the intervals are equal
and can fit all values.
4. Plot the Data Points: Match each X value with its Y value and mark the
point.
5. Join the Data Points with Lines: Use a ruler for accuracy.
6. Add a Title: The title should reflect what the graph shows.
Example Table of Values
Day Temperature (°C)
Mon 28
Tue 30
Wed 29
Thurs 32
Fri 31
Example Interpretation Questions:
1. On which day was the highest temperature recorded
2. What was the temperature on Wednesday?
3. How did the temperature change from Monday to Thursday?
Importance of Line Graphs:
Helps us compare data easily.
Shows how something changes over time.
Useful for making decisions and predictions.
Tips for Accuracy:
Always use a ruler to draw straight lines.
Label each axis clearly.
Use the same spacing between intervals.
Make sure the graph is neat and readable.
Practice Activity for Students:
Task: Use the data below to draw a line graph showing the number of books
read by a student in one week.
Day Books Read
Monday 2
Tuesday 3
Wednesday 1
Thursday 4
Friday 2
Then answer:
On which day did the student read the most books?
How many books were read on Tuesday?
