jb Numbers NEW In Hindu-Arabic number is denot 2) pot We have ten digits, namely 0, 1, 2, fed by a gn | For denoting « Toa 4 $"Oup of digits, called numeral. | al, we use the place-value chart, given below: | Crorag | CFF Lakhs] Tens | Thousands | Hundre } a Lakhs Thousands lav ae | 5 z 3 6 ths 0 9 | SP[wema|iiz T 5 0 | 3 é > j 7 o | @ Five puumetals shown above may be written in words as! & Fog lakh twenty-eight thousand six hundred se ii) Thao tee lakh eighty thousand nine hundred sixty-seven Three crore fifty-two lakh eighte | i) Fifty-six crore thirteen lakh + Now, | Suppose we are given the following fur numerals in Words (9 Nine crore four lakh six thousand two | (i) Twelve crore seven lakh nine thousand two hundred seven | Gi) Four lakh four thousand forty j . (2). Twenty-one crore sixty lakh five thousand fourteen | Then, using the place-value chart, these may be written in figures as under: } Ten- [Crores] Ten- [Takhs Ten- Thousands | Hundreds | Tens | Ones. Crores Lakhs, Thousands | o (Ee 7 3 Cas OU | | @] iT 2 0 7 0 9 2 0 Z. i Gi) a 7 a [oo | jy]? T G 0 0 5 0 T ik | M.. Face value and Place value (or Local Value) of a Digit in a Numeral |" @ The face value of a digit in a numeral is its own value, at whatever place it may be. Ex. In the numeral 6872, the face value of 2 is 2, the face value of 7 is 7, the face value of 8 is 8 and the face value of 6 is 6. ii) In a given numeral: 6 Place value of ones digit = (ones digit) x 1, Place value of tens digit = (tens digit) x 10, % Place value of hundreds digit = (hundreds digit) x 100 and so on. « Place value of 8 = (8 x 10) = 80, 1 Eeane valve of 9 = (9 = 100) = 900,————————————————_~ELrLrr 4 Quarnianive Apt i Place valine of Ts 7» VOW) = 708) ee Nose: Place value 1d (ns a ysvent piunnuital ja Gi, at whatever piace #1) ME Various Fypen of Mumbers : 1 Natural Numbers: Cmuntiny, members ane railed wabuiral numbers Thas, 1, 2,3, 4, ate ath nertaral renters: Cee, Whate Sumbers: Atl counting numbers, lngether anth 1, fern te a A Thus, 0, 1,2,3, 4, sate all hue tuareerrs oe Integers: AM counting, numbers, car and nirgations of (aMinbin, 7 cane ai) eget firm the wet of iene, s | THU cing = Sy = By = 1, 0, We Be By Set of punitive inteyers = 18, 2, 4,5, 4 | Sot of negative integers = 1 1, 4, “ 10,5,%, Set of all non-negative inteyprs 4. ven Numbers: A counting number divisible | Thus, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, sie Are AB ee | 5 Odd Numbers: A counting umber nat dnvisible by 7 | THU, 13,5, 7,9) 1, Dyce ete ate all nd pramibers 6. Prime Numbers: A counting mumber ts called 0 prime number if Ht has exactly tt factors, namesy 4 and 1. Bx. All prime numbers les than 100 are A, 61, 67-71, 73, 79, 81, 8, 9 25 Pri eae se ts 97,41, 82, 7, 3b, 01, OF, 7H, 2 Th, OD Composite Numbers: All counting numbers, which are nok prime, are called cinmpanite srry, called an 0D umber |? % | A composite number haw mane than 2 factors, oe |. Perfect Numberss A number, the sum of whe factors texcept the mumber toelfi, 1 Aa 2 the mung, i is called a perfect number. «14, 0, 24, 9% a The factors of 6 are 1, 2, and 6 And, I + 2 : The factors of 28 are 1, 2,4, 7, 14 and 28, And, 1+ 2+ 447 + 14 = 26, tive Primes): Two numbers whose HCE 1 1 are called cy prime numbers, | 6, Comprimes tor Ret 1.3). (8, 9) are pars of corprimes / Fie Pres rae prams nunters nie dference 82 are called twin-primes, 10. | Ex. G, 5), (5, 7), (UU, 13) are pairs of twan-primes, A | 11. Kational Numbers: Numbers which cam be expressed in the form [where p ard 9 are integers and | 0, are called rational numbers. 1-8 2 Bray 6.55 etc. Pe gar tes 42, Irrational Numbers: Numbers which when expressed in decimal would be in nom terminating ang repeating form, are called irrational numbers. i and non. Bx. V2, V3, vB, V7, n, €,0.231764735.. Important Facts: 1. All natural numbers are whole numbers. 2. All whole numbers are not natural numbers. is a whole number which is not a natural number. 3, Even number + Even number = Even number Odd number + Odd number = Even number Even number + Odd number = Odd number Even mumber - Even number = Even number Odd number - Odd number = Even number Even number ~ Odd number « Odd number |. Os number ~ Even number = Odd umber Even number x Even number = Even number ‘Odd number x Odd number * Odd number Even number « Odd number = Even 4 The sniallest prime s2 number re BY 270 Prime munberNumber System 7. 1th a unique nomber 4. The least otd componite number is 4 10, Test for a Number ta be Prime: fi ; Jt 9 be 2 given number and let 1 be the smallest counting number such that" TT ag ves, theny Now, test vihether ible by any of the prime numbers less than oF €qv2" © | P in not prime otherwise, p ix prime” B ; Teat, which of the following are prime numbers? () 811 salt ii) 173 ti) 319 oe | We kno that (137 2 197 ime numbers less than 12 are 2, 4,5, 7, 11 Clearly, nome of them divides 197.0 “137 18 a prime number (it) We know that (4)? 2 173. [rime numbers less than 14 are 2, 3,5,7, 11, 13. learly, none of them divides 173. +. 17 is a prime number. (iil) We know that (Bj! > 319. Prime numbers less than 18 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17. Out of these prime numbers, 11 divides 319 completely. + 319 is not a prime number. (iv), We know that (21)? » 437. Prime numbers less than 21 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19- Clearly, 437 is divisible by 19. ~. 437 is not a prime number. | (v) We know that (30) > 811. Prime numbers less than 30 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 | Clearly, none of these numbers divides 811 +. 811 is a prime number. | 'V. Important Formulae: oe | @) (a+ bP = a? + P+ ab (i) (@~ bP= caer (iii) (0 + bP + (a bP = 2? + B) eG arab (0) (a + b= a? + B+ 3ab (a + b) (vii) a ~ P= (a + b) (ab) (viii) (a+b + ca at + B+ co + Dab + be + ca) (x) 8 + B= (a +b) (@ + Bab) (x) = a -B) (+ B+ ab) | Gi) P+ B+ O-Babe = (a+b +0) (@ + + Cab be — oa) | (aii) Ika +b +c = 0, then @ + B +c? = Sabe TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY | Divisibility By 2: "A number is die boy 2 if its unit digit is any of 0, 2 4 Gx. 58694 is divisible by 2, while 86945 is not divisible Py 2 4. mber Bas when the s igits is divisible by 3. i the sum of its digits is divisible by rs @ ei i the i oe sae 27, which is divisible by 3. aap . oe aio betororsy fe sum of digits = 35, which is not divisible by 3. not divisible by 3. when the sunt of its digits is divisible by 9. Bee of digits = 27, which is divisible by 9. 2 ‘smumber 246591, the sum oO ne is divisible by 9- (iin the number 734519, the sum of digits = 29, which is not divisible by 9.4 De igisitve by 4 mad by its last tae digi is dlivisible by & divisible by 4 by 4 if the mumeter [oS UNo is divisible by 4 since 861 Hs NOE divisible by 4. sinew 38 is not S. Divisibility By A number ms ios by Fx. tn the mumber 1678 IWR is divisible by 8. : (@) In the number 576484 the number formes! by last 3 digits, namely 4418 not divisible py i fs, namely 352 18 divine by g Phe mmumibor Sormad by its last three dig 2 the number formed by last 3 i © STO is not divisible by 8. 6. Divisibility By 10: A number is de *. Divisibility By & fivisiNe by 5 only when its Each of the numbers 7685 and S. Divisibility By U1 add places le by IL. 11 EF the diprence bet be (Sum of its digits at odd places) ~ (Sum of its digits at even places) 2) = 11, which is divisible by 11. 2MASIT is divisible by 11 (Consider the number 57403 (Sum of its digits at odd places) fs at even places) 3 ~ 14) = 9, which is not divisible by 11 2°. Divisibility B A muntber i divisible by 25 if the number formed by its last 1200 a Ex. (In the number 63875, the number formed by last 2 dig 2. 63873 is divisible by 25. (@ In the number 96445, the number formed by last 2 digit «. 9645 is not divisible by 25. 10. Divisibility By 7 or 13: Divide the number into groups of 3 digits (starting from right) a betarwen the sum of the mumbers in add and even places. If t by 7 or 13 (@s the case may be), it is divisible by 7 or 13. Ex. () 4837702 4 / 537 / 792 (82 + 4) ~ 537 = 259, which is divisible by 7 but not by 13. + 4537792 is divisible by 7 and not by 13. (fi) 579488 579 / 488 579 ~ 488 = 91, which is divisible by both 7 and 13. 579486 is divisible by both 7 and 13. Divisibility By 16: A numer is divisible by 16, if the mumber formed by its last 4 ii ts, namely 75 is divisible by 35, namely 45 is not divisible by 35 divisible by 16. . namely 3776, is divisible by Ib 13. Divisibi 14. Divisiby 15. sit 16. Divisib 17. Divisib 1s. Divisib 19, Divisib Note: I divisit If p and both p Ex. 361 co. VIL Factorial Let n be 1. Multip @ X. Division I we | Diy Important L «a (a 2. To fin Highsibility i Divisibitity w 17. Divisibitig 18. Divisibitie | 19. Divisibitie, Note: if a ible by 18, if tuber is divisible by 14, i 7 Rumber is divisible by 24, if tis i iUEN number is divisible by 40, if it Zien number is divisible by 84, if it v1: 4 Y By 40: 4 9 y By Ba: 4 9, yiniber is divs pits, | divisible by pq.” “itble by p as well as q, where p and 4 ote 2" ia denote IF p and 9 ae an eo eer ye ot nol co-primes, sinist both p and 4 Primes, then the given number need nt be dinisl? | Ex. 36 is divisible co-primes, by both 4 and 6, but itis not divisible by 4” | VI. Factorial of a Number ta oe 4 positive integer ae Me continued product of frst natural numbers is called foctoria us, n M-Din-» csvee BZA | Ex.5!=5%4%3x2x1 2 100, | Note: 0! =1 | VI. Modulus of a Number aS f when x20 a, deraned by 1.00 =4, |-1| = 1, etc. es Sone Veins See test integral value of an integer x, denoted by [x, is defined as the greatest uu 3 Ex. [1.35] = 1, [2 I- 3]. a (1.35) a {7[2g}-2 IX. Multiplication By Short cut Methods 1. Multiplication By Distributive Law: re @ ax(b+Qza bra ci) axh~o) st c Bx. (1) 567958 x 99999 = 567958 x (100000 ~ 1) = 567958 ~ 100000 ~ 567998 7 1 =(66795800000) ~ 567958) = 56795232042. ‘ (978 x 184 + 978 x 816 = 978 x (184 + 816) = 978 * 1000 = 97B000. 2. Multiplication of a Number By 5"; Put 1 zeros to the right of the multiplicand and di so formed by 2", : 1, 9754360000 604547500, 4 exesedivl, & vide the masiber Division Algorithm or Euclidean Algorithm He Pete jivite a given number by another number then. Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder ~ at) is divisible by (x ~ 4) for all values of n + ti = at) is diviaible by (x + 2) forall even values of m i ne * a is divisible by (x + a) for all odd values of n. RPT ne ight power of» Prine number p in nt ks r ee El} ea | Une er 4 Oo vi ip r