Section: Mathematics

1 NUMBER SYSTEM
NUMBERS four, five, six, seven, eight and nine respectively.
A number is denoted by a group of digits, called numeral.
The ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are called digits, the For denoting a numeral, we use the place-value chart, given
group of which can represent any number. below.
1 NUMBERS: In Hindu- Arabic system, we have ten digits,
namely 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8, 9 Called zero, one two, three, 1: Write each of the following numerals in words.

Ten- Crares Ten- Lacs Ten- Thousands Hundreds Ten Units

Crares Lacs Thousands
(i) 6 3 8 5 4 9
(ii) 2 3 8 0 9 1 7
(iiii) 8 5 4 1 6 0 0 8
(iv) 5 6 1 3 0 7 0 9 0

Solution: The given numerals in words are: TYPES OF NUMBER

(i) Six lac thirty-eight thousand five hundred forty-nine.
(ii) Twenty-three lac eighty thousand nine hundred Natural Numbers
seventeen. These are the numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) that are used for counting.
(iii) Eight crore fifty-four lac sixteen thousand eight. • There are infinite natural numbers and the smallest natural
(iv) Fifty-six crore thirteen lac seven thousand ninety. number is one (1).
2. Face value and Place value (or Local Value) of a Digit In Even numbers
a Numeral Natural numbers which are divisible by 2 are even numbers.
(i) The face value of a digit in a numeral is its own value Thus 2, 4, 6, 8,... are all even numbers.
at whatever place it may be • Smallest even number is 2.
Ex. In the numeral 6872, the face value of 2 is 2, the face • There is no largest even number.
value of 7 is 7, the face value of 8 is 8 and the face value Odd numbers
of 6 is 6. Natural numbers which are not divisible by 2 are odd numbers.
(ii) In a given numeral: Thus 1, 3, 5, 7, ... are all odd numbers.
Place value of unit digit = (unit digit) x 1, • Smallest odd number is 1.
Place value of tens digit = (tens digit) x 10, • There is no largest odd number.
Place value of hundred's digit = (hundred's digit) x Based on divisibility, there could be two types of natural
100 and so on. numbers :
Ex. In the numeral 70984, we have
(a) Prime numbers : Natural numbers which have exactly two
Place value of 4 = (4 x 1) = 4 factors, i.e., 1 and the number itself are called prime numbers.
Place value of 8 = (8 × 10) = 80, The lowest prime number is 2.
Place value of 9 = (9 × 100) = 900, 2 is also the only even prime number.
Place value of 7 = (7 × 10000) = 70000. (b) Composite numbers : Natural numbers which have atleast
NOTE: Place value of 0 in a given numral is 0, at whatever one divisor different from unity and itself are called
place it may be. composite numbers.
A-2 Number System
• Every composite number can be factorised into its prime An infinite number of rational numbers can be determined
factors. between any two rational numbers.
Ex. 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3. Hence, 24 is a composite number.
The smallest composite number is 4.
2 : Find three rational numbers between 3 and 5.
Whole Numbers Solution :
The natural numbers along with zero (0), form the system of whole 3 5 8
numbers. 1st rational number = 4
2 2
Thus 0, 1, 2, 3, ... are whole numbers.
2nd rational number (i.e., between 3 and 4)
• There is no largest whole number
• The smallest whole number is 0. 3 4 7
=
2 2
Integers 3rd rational number (i.e., between 4 and 5)
The number system consisting of natural numbers, their negative 4 5 9
and zero is called integers. =
2 2
Thus, ...., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... are all integers.
• The smallest and the largest integers cannot be determined. (b) Irrational numbers
The numbers which are not rational or which cannot be
p
expressed in the form , where p and q are integers and
q
1 is neither prime nor composite.
1 is an odd integer. q 0, is called an irrational number..
0 is neither positive nor negative. Ex. 2, 3, 5, 2 3,3 5, 3 3 are irrational numbers.
0 is an even integer.
2 is prime & even both.
NOTE :
All prime numbers (except 2) are odd.
(i) Every positive irrational number has a negative
The number line irrational number corresponding to it.
The number line is a straight line between negative infinity on the (ii) 2 3 5
left to positive infinity on the right.
5 3 2
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3 2 3 2 6
Real Numbers
6
All numbers that can be represented on the number line are called 6 2 3
2
real numbers.
• Real numbers = Rational numbers + Irrational numbers. (iii) Some times, product of two irrational numbers is a
rational number.
(a) Rational numbers
Ex : 2 2 2 2 2
p
A number that can be written in the form , where p and q
q (2 3) (2 3) (2) 2 ( 3) 2 = 4 – 3 = 1

are integers and q 0 , is called a rational number.. Both rational and irrational numbers can be represented on
Here, p is called the numerator and q is called the denominator. number line.
Every integer is a rational number.
Every real number is either rational or irrational.
• Zero (0) is also a rational number.
• The smallest and largest rational numbers cannot be PRIME NUMBERS
determined.
• Every fraction (and decimal fraction) is a rational number. We know that a number other than 1 is called a prime number if it
is divisible by only 1 and itself.
x y
If x and y are two rational numbers, then is also a So, all prime numbers less than 100 are:
2
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73,
rational number and its value lies between the given two
rational numbers x and y. 79, 83, 89, 97.
Number System A- 3

Note that 2 is the smallest prime number. 2 is the only even prime and (22 × 31).
number. Here the powers of 2 can be one of 0, 1, 2 and the powers of 3 can
Smallest odd prime number is 3. be one of 0, 1. So number of combinations of a power of 2 and a
power of 3 is 3 × 2 = 6. All the combinations of power of 2 and a
Twin Primes
power of 3 are 0, 0; 0, 1; 1, 0; 1, 1; 2, 0; 2, 1. Each combination of the
A pair of prime numbers are said to be twin prime when they powers of 2 and 3 gives a distinctly different factor. Since there
differ by 2. are 6 different combinations of the powers of 2 and 3, hence there
For example: 3 and 5 are twin primes. are 6 distinctly different factors of 12.
Co-primes or Relative primes Let N be a composite number such that N = (x)a (y)b (z)c... where x,
y, z... are different prime numbers. Then the number of divisors (or
A pair of numbers are said to be co-primes or relative primes to
factors) of N = (a + 1) (b + 1) (c + 1)...
each other if they do not have any common factor other than 1.
Here factors and divisors means the same.
For example: 13 and 21 are co-primes.
6: Find the total number of factors of 576.
To Test Whether a Given Number is Prime Solution:
Number or Not The factorised form of 576 = 26 × 32
Let p be a given number and let n be the smallest counting So the total number of factors = (6 + 1) (2 + 1) = 21
7: Find the number of divisors of 21600.
number such that n 2 p . Then, test whether p is divisible by
Solution:
any of the prime numbers less than or equal to n. It yes, then p is 21600 = 25 × 33 × 52
not prime. Otherwise, p is a prime number. Number of divisors = (5 + 1) × (3 + 1) × (2 + 1) = 72
3: Is 171 is a prime number ? TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY
Solution: Square root of 171 lies between 13 and 14, because I. Divisibility by 2:
132 = 169 and 142 = 196. Therefore, the integer just greater A number is divisible by 2 if its unit digit is any of 0, 2, 4,
than the square root of 171 is 14.
6, 8.
Now prime numbers less than 14 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13. Ex. 58694 is divisible by 2, while 86945 is not divisible by
Since 171 is divisible by 3, therefore 171 is not a prime 2.
number.
II. Divisible by 3:
4: Is 167 is a prime number ? A number is divisible by 3 only when the sum of its digits
Solution: is divisible by 3.
Square root of 167 lies between 12 and 13, because 122 = 144 Ex. (i) Sum of digits of the number 695421 = 27, which is
and 132 = 169. Therefore the integer just greater than the divisible by 3.
square root of 167 is 13. 695421 is divisible by 3.
Now prime numbers less than 13 are 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11. (ii) Sum of digits of the number 948653 = 35, which is
Since 167 is not divisible by any of the prime numbers 2, 3, not divisible by 3.
5, 7 and 11; therefore 167 is a prime number. 948653 is not divisible by 3.
5: Find the number of positive integers n in the III. Divisible by 4:
range 12 < n < 40 such that the product (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3)... A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last
3.2.1 is not divisible by n. two digits i.e. ten’s and unit’s digit of the given number is
Solution: divisible by 4.
The product (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3)...3.2.1 will not be divisible Ex. (i) 6879376 is divisible by 4, since 76 is divisible by 4.
by n only when this product does not contain factors of n, (ii) 496138 is not divisible by 4, since 38 is not
i.e., n is a prime number. The prime numbers that satisfy the divisible by 4.
above conditions are 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, and 37. IV. Divisible by 5:
Hence there are 7 required prime numbers. A number is divisible by 5 only when its unit digit is
NUMBER OF FACTORS OF A COMPOSITE 0 or 5.
Ex. Each of the numbers 76895 and 68790 is divisible by 5.
NUMBER
V. Divisible by 6:
It is possible to find the number of factors of a composite number A number is divisible by 6 if it is simultaneously divisible
without lising all those factors. by both 2 and 3.
Take 12 for instance, it can be expressed as 12 = 22 × 31. Ex. 90 is divisible by 6 because it is divisible by both 2
and 3 simultaneously.
The factors of 12 are (20 × 30), (20 × 31), (21 × 30), (21 × 31), (22 × 30)
A-4 Number System
VI. Divisible by 7: (iii) If m and n both are divisible by d then (m + n) and (m – n)
A number is divisible by 7 if and only if the difference of are both divisible by d.
the number of its thousands and the remaining part of the (iv) Out of n consecutive whole numbers, one and only one is
given number is divisible by 7 respectively. divisible by n.
Ex. 473312 is divisible by 7, because the difference For example, out of the five consecutive whole numbers
between 473 and 312 is 161, which is divisible by 7. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 only one i.e., 10 is divisible by 5.
VII. Divisible by 8: (v) The square of an odd integer when divided by 8 will always
A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its last leave a remainder of 1.
three digits i.e. hundred’s, ten’s and unit’s digit of the (vi) The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers is divisible
given number is divisible by 8. by 6.
Ex. (i) In the number 16789352, the number formed by (vii) The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers, the first
last 3 digits, namely 352 is divisible by 8. of which is even, is divisible by 24.
16789352 is divisible by 8. (viii) Difference between any number and the number obtained
(ii) In the number 576484, the number formed by last by writing the digits in reverse order is divisible by 9.
3 digits, namely 484 is not divisible by 8. (ix) Any number written in the form (10n – 1) is divisible by 3
576484 is not divisible by 8. and 9.
VIII. Divisible by 9: (x) Any six-digits, twelve-digits, eighteen-digits or any such
A number is divisible by 9 only when the sum of its digits number with number of digits equal to multiple of 6, is
is divisible by 9. divisible by each of 7, 11 and 13 if all of its digits are the
same.
Ex. (i) Sum of digits of the number 246591 = 27, which is
For example 666666, 888888, 333333333333 are all
divisible by 9.
divisible by 7, 11 and 13.
246591 is divisible by 9. As 666666 can be written as 666 × 1000 + 666
(ii) Sum of digits of the number 734519 = 29, which is = 666 (1000 + 1) = 666 × (1001) = 666 × (7 × 11 × 13)
not divisible by 9. Hence, 666666 is divisible by all of 7, 11 and 13.
734519 is not divisible by 9.
8: Find the least value of * for which 7* 5462 is
IX. Divisible by 10:
A number is divisible by 10 only when its unit digit is 0. divisible by 9.
Ex. (i) 7849320 is divisible by 10, since its unit digit is 0. Solution:
(ii) 678405 is not divisible by 10, since its unit digit is Let the required value be x. Then,
not 0. (7 + x + 5 + 4 + 6 + 2) = (24 + x) should be divisible by 9.
X. Divisible by 11: x=3
A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the
9: Find the least value of * for which 4832*18 is
sum of its digits at odd places from right and the sum of
its digits at even places also from right is either 0 or a divisible by 11.
number divisible by 11. Solution:
Ex. (i) Consider the number 29435417. Let the digit in place of * be x.
(Sum of digits at odd places from right) –
(Sum of its digits at odd places from right) –
(Sum of digits at even places from right)
(Sum of its digits at even places from right)
= (8 + x + 3 + 4) – (1 + 2 + 8 = (4 + x),
(7 + 4 + 3 + 9) – (1 + 5 + 4 + 2) = (23 – 12) = 11, which which should be divisible by 11.
is divisible by 11. x = 7.
29435417 is divisible by 11.
(ii) Consider the number 57463822. GENERAL OR EXPANDED FORM OF 2 AND
(Sum of its digits at odd places) – 3 DIGITS NUMBERS
(Sum of its digits at even places) (i) In a two digits number AB, A is the digit of tenth place and
= (2 + 8 + 6 + 7) – (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = (23 – 14) B is the digit of unit place, therefore AB is written using
= 9, which is neither 0 nor divisible by 11. place value in expanded form as
57463822 is not divisible by 11. AB = 10A + B
XI. Divisible by 12: Ex. 35 = 10 × 3 + 5
A number is divisible by 12, if it is simultaneously (ii) In a three digits number ABC, A is the digit of hundred
divisible by both 3 and 4. place, B is the digit of tenth place and C is the digit of unit
place, therefore ABC is written using place value in
Properties of Divisibility expanded form as
ABC = 100A + 10B + C
(i) If a is divisible by b then ac is also divisible by b. Ex. 247 = 100 × 2 + 10 × 4 + 7
(ii) If a is divisible by b, and c is divisible by d then ac is These expanded forms are used in forming equations related
divisible by bd. to 2 and 3 digits numbers.
Number System A- 5

10: A two-digit number pq is added to the number 14 : Number of zeros at the end of 126!
formed by reversing its original digits. If their sum is divisible Solution :
by 11, 9, and 2. Find the number pq.
126 126 126
Solution: Let the original number be pq. The value of the number
= 10p + q.
5 52 53
The number formed by reversing the digits = qp. Value of integral value will be
this number = 10q + p. = 25 + 5 + 1 = 31 zeros.
Sum of the two numbers = 11p + 11q = 11 (p + q)
Now, if the sum is divisible by 11, 9, 2, it means that (p + q) 15 : Number of zeros at the end of 90!
must be divisible by both 9 and 2. Hence, p + q = 18. So, it Solution :
means p = q = 9. The original number is 99. 90 90 90
= 18 + 3 = 21 zeros
2
11: In a two digit prime number, if 18 is added, we 5 5 53
get another prime number with reversed digits. How many such
numbers are possible ? POWER OF A NUMBER CONTAINED IN A
Solution: Let a two-digit number be pq. FACTORIAL
10p + q + 18 = 10q + p Highest power of a prime number P in N!
–9p + 9q = 18 q–p=2
N N N N
Satisfying this condition and also the condition of being a = + 2 + 3 + - - - + r , where [x] denotes the
prime number (pq and qp both), there are 2 numbers 13 and P P P P
79. greatest integers less than or equal to x and is a natural
number such that Pr < n.
COUNTING NUMBER OF ZEROS AT THE
16 : Find highest power of 7n in 50!
END OF A FACTORIAL
Solution :
Sometimes we come across problems in which we have to count The highest power 7 in 50!
number of zeros at the end of factorial of any numbers.
50 50
Ex. Number of zeros at the end of 10! = 7 1 8
10! = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 7 72
Here basically we have to count number of fives, because 17 : Find highest power 15 in 100!
multiplication of five by any even number will result in 0 at the
Solution :
end of final product. In 10! we have 2 fives thus total number
Here given number 15 is not a prime number so first
of zeros are 2.
convert 15 as product of Primes 15 = 3 × 5 therefore we
Shortcut :- will find the highest power of 3 and 5 in 100!
Counting number of zeros at the end of n! value will be Highest power of 3 in 100!
n n n n 100 100 100 100
5 5 2
5 54
3 3 32 33 34
The integral value of this number will be the total number of = 33 + 11 + 3 + 1 = 48
zeros. Highest power of 5 in 100!
12 : Number of zeros at the end of 10! 100 100
20 4 24
5 52
10 10
Solution : Integral value So 100! contains (3)48 × (5)24. Hence it contains 24
5 52
pairs of 3 and 5. Therefore, required power of 15 is 24, which
=2+0 is actually the power of the largest prime factor 5 of 15,
So, number of zeros in 10! = 2. because power of largest prime factor is away equal to or
10 less than the other prime factor of any number.
Note:- Here 2 is less than 1 so will not count it.
5 TO FIND THE LAST DIGIT OR DIGIT AT THE
13 : Number of zeros at the end of 100! UNIT’S PLACE OF an
100 100 100 (i) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is 1, 5 or 6, whatever
Solution : be the value of n, it will have the same digit at unit’s place, i.e.,
5 52 53
integral value will be (.....1)n (........1)
= 20 + 4 = 24 zeros. (.....5)n (........5)
(.....6) n (........6)
A-6 Number System
(ii) If the last digit or digit at the units place of a is 2, 3, 5, 7 or 8, Unit digit of 1313 = 3
then the last digit of an depends upon the value of n and Unit digit of 1414 = 6
follows a repeating pattern in terms of 4 as given below : Unit digit of 1515 = 5
So unit digit of given sum will be
n last digit last digit last digit last digit
1 + 6 + 3 + 6 + 5 = 21 i.e., 1
of (....2)n of (....3)n of (....7)n of (....8)n
4x+1 2 3 7 8 24 : Find unit digit of 2121 × 2222 × 2323 × 2424 ×
4x+2 4 9 9 4 2525 .
4x+3 8 7 3 2 Solution :
2525 will give 5 in unit place, when multiplied by an even
4x 6 1 1 6
number i.e. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. It will give zero at unit place. So, zero
(iii) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is either 4 or 9, will be at the unit digit of given question.
then the last digit of an depends upon the value of n and
follows repeating pattern in terms of 2 as given below.
REMAINDER THEOREM
n last digit of (....4)n last digit of (....9)n
a b c
2x 6 1 Remainder of expression [i.e. a × b × c when divided by
n
2x + 1 4 9
ar br cr
n] is equal to the remainder of expression [i.e. ar × br
18 : Find unit digit of 2323. n
Solution : Here, 2, 4, 8, 6 will repeat after every four interval till × cr when divided by n] , where
ar is remainder when a is divided by n.
320 next digit will be 2, 4, 8 , so unit digit of 2323 will be 8. br is remainder when b is divided by n. and
cr is remainder when c is divided by n.
19 : Find unit digit of 133133.
25 : Find the remainder of 15 × 17 × 19 when divided
Solution : by 7.
Cycle of 3 is 3, 9, 7, 1 which repeats after every fourth inter- Solution :
val will 133132, so next unit digit will be 3.
15 17 19
20 : Find unit digit of 96363 ×7373. Remainder of Expression will be equal to
7
Solution : Unit digit of 96363 = 7 1 3 5 15 1
Unit digit of 7373 = 3 2 i.e. 1
7 7 7
So unit digit of 96363 × 7373 = 7 × 3 = 21. On dividing 15 by 7, we get 1 as remainder.
i.e. 1. On dividing 17 by 7, we get 3 as remainder.
On dividing 19 by 7, we get 5 as remainder.
21 : Find unit digit of 1717 × 2727 × 3737.
15
Solution : Unit digit of 1717 = 7 And combined remainder will be equal to remainder of i.e. 1.
7
Unit digit of 2727 = 3
Unit digit of 3737 = 7
So unit digit of 1717 × 2727 × 3737 = 7 × 3 × 7 = 147 26 : Find the remainder of expression 19× 20× 21
i.e., unit digit = 7 9
Solution :
22 : Find unit digit of 1818 × 2828 × 288288.
1 2 3 6
Solution : Remainder of given expression which is
9 9
Unit digit of 1818 is 4.
Unit digit of 2828 is 6. equal to 6.
Unit digit of 288288 is 6 POLYNOMIAL THEOREM
So unit digit of 1818 × 2828 × 288288 .
= 4 × 6 × 6 = 144 i.e., 4 This is very useful theorem to find the remainder.
According to polynomial theorem.
23 : Find unit digit of 11111 + 1212 + 1313 + 1414 + (x + a)n = xn + n c1 xn–1 . a 1 + nc 2 x n–2 a2 + n c3 xn–3 a3
1515 . + ·········· n cn x1a n 1
a n … (i)
1
Solution :
Unit digit of 1111 = 1 x a
n
Unit digit of 1212 = 6
x
Number System A- 7

xn n
c1 x n 1 1
a n
c2 x n 2
a2 n
cn 1 x1 a n 1
an 25100
= 32: Find remainder of .
x 7
… (ii) Solution :
n
a 50
remainder of expression (ii) will be equal to remainder of be- 25100 3 7 4 450
x
7 7 7
cause rest of the terms contain x and are completely divisible by x.
33
3 33
2100 2 2
999 =
7 1 1 2
27 : Find the remainder of . 2
8 7 7 7 7
Solution : Remainder is 2.
99
999 8 1
8 8 350
33 : Find remainder of .
According to polynomial theorem remainder will be equal 7
199 1 Solution :
to remainder of the expression = ,1
8 8 350 (32 )25 (7 2)25 225 (23 )8 2
899 7 7 7 7 7
28: Find the remainder of .
7 (7 1)8 2 1 2
Solution : =
7 7
899 7 1 199 Remainder is 2.
i.e. 1
7 7 7

11 13 17 3250
34 : Find remainder of
29 : Find remainder of . 7
6
Solution : Solution :
11 13 17 5 1 5 (32 )125 (7 2)125 2125 (23 )41 22 1 4
=
6 6 7 7 7 7 7
1 Remainder is 4
1
6
9100 DIVISION ALGORITHM
30 : Find remainder of .
7 Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
Solution : where, Dividend = The number which is being divided
100 Divisor = The number which performs the division process
9100 7 2
Quotient = Greatest possible integer as a result of division
7 7
Remainder = Rest part of dividend which cannot be further divided
3 33
2100 299 2 2 2 833 2 by the divisor
= =
7 7 7 7
Complete remainder
33
7 1 1 2 2 A complete remainder is the remainder obtained by a number by
= 2= . i.e. 2
7 7 7 the method of successive division.
Complete remainder = [I divisor × II remainder] + I remainder
950
31 : Find remainder of . C.R. d1r2 r1
7
Solution : C.R. d1d 2 r3 d1r2 r1

50 16 • Two different numbers x and y when divided by a certain

950 7 2 250 23 22 816 4
= divisor D leave remainder r1 and r2 respectively. When the
7 7 7 7 7 sum of them is divided by the same divisor, the remainder is
16
r3. Then,
7 1 4 1 4
i.e., 4 divisor D r1 r2 r3
7 7
A-8 Number System

35: A certain number when successively divided subtracting any term of the sequence from the next term.
by 3 and 5 leaves remainder 1 and 2. What is the remainder if The following sequences of numbers are arithmeticprogressions:
the same number be divided by 15? (i) 5, 8, 11, 14, ...
Solution : (ii) – 6, – 1, 4, 9, 14, ...
Let x be the dividend. (iii) 10, 7, 4, 1, – 2, – 5, ...
x = 3y + 1 ...(i) (iv) p, p + q, p + 2q, p + 3q, ...
now, y become dividend for 5.
In the arithmetic progression (i); 5, 8, 11 and 14 are first term,
y = 5z + 2 ...(ii) second term, third term and fourth term respectively. Common
putting y in (i) difference of this A.P. is found out either by subtracting 5 from 8,
x = 3(5z + 2) + 1 8 from 11 or 11 from 14. Thus common difference = 3. Similarly,
= 15z + 6 + 1 = 15z + 7 common difference of arithmetic progression (ii), (iii) and (iv) are
when x is divided by 15 gives remainder 7. 5, – 3 and q respectively.
Alternate Method : First term and common difference of an A.P. are denoted by a
d1 = 3, d2 = 5, r = 1 and r 2 = 2 and d respectively. Hence
complete remainder = d1r2 + r1 = 3 × 2 + 1 = 7 d of (i) A.P.= 3, d of (ii) A.P.= 5,
36: A certain number when divided by 899 leaves d of (iii) A.P. = – 3 and d of (iv) A.P. = q
the remainder 63. Find the remainder when the same number is nth TERM OF AN A.P.
divided by 29. To find an A.P. if first term and common difference are given, we
Solution : add the common difference to first term to get the second term
Number = 899Q + 63, where Q is quotient and add the common difference to second term to get the third
= 31 × 29Q + (58 + 5) = 29 (31Q + 2) + 5 term and so on.
Remainder = 5 The standard for m of an A.P. is
Theorem 1: (an + bn) is divisible by (a + b) when n is odd. a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ...
Theorem 2: (an – bn) is divisible by (a + b) when n is even. Here ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference. Also we
see that coefficient of d is always less by one than the position of
Theorem 3: (an – bn) is always divisible by (a – b) when n
that term in the A.P. Thus nth term of the A.P. is given by
is an integer.
Tn = a + (n – 1) d ...(1)
Hence (an – bn) is divisible by both (a + b) and (a – b) when n is
even and (an – bn) is divisible by only (a – b) when n is odd. This equation (1) is used as a formula to find any term of the A.P.
If l be the last term of a sequence containing n terms, then
37: What is the remainder when 3444 + 4333 is divided l = Tn = a + (n – 1) d
by 5 ? To find any particular term of any A.P., generally we put the value
Solution: The dividend is in the form ax + by. We need to change of a, n and d in the formula (i) and then calculate the required
it into the form an + bn. term.
3444 + 4333 = (34)111 + (43)111. Now (34)111 + (43)111 will be divisible For example to find the 25th term of the A.P. 6, 10, 14, 18, ... ; using
by 34 + 43 = 81 + 64 = 145. the formula (i), we put the value of a = 6, n = 25 and d = 4 in
Since the number is divisible by 145, it will certainly be formula and calculate as
divisible by 5. Hence, the remainder is 0. T25 = 6 + (25 – 1) 4 = 6 + 24 4 = 6 + 96 = 102
38: What is the remainder when (5555)2222 + 39: In an A.P. if a = – 7.2, d = 3.6, an = 7.2, then find
(2222) is divided by 7?
5555 the value of n.
Solution: The remainder when 5555 and 2222 are divided by 7 are Solution: a n =a + (n – 1) d
4 and 3 respectively. Hence, the problem reduces to finding 7.2 = – 7.2 + (n – 1) (3.6)
the remainder when (4)2222 + (3)5555 is divided by 7. 14.4 = (n – 1) (3.6)
Now (4)2222 + (3)5555 = (42)1111 + (35)1111 = (16)1111 + (243)1111. n–1 = 4 n = 5.
Now (16)1111 + (243)1111 is divisible by 16 + 243 or it is 40: Which term of the A.P. 21, 42, 63, ... is 420 ?
divisible by 259, which is a multiple of 7. Hence the remainder
Solution: 420 = an = a + (n – 1) d
when (5555)2222 + (2222)5555 is divided by 7 is zero.
[Here a = 21, d = 42 – 21 = 21]
= 21 + (n – 1) 21
PROGRESSIONS
= 21n
Arithmetic Progressions (A.P.) 420
n= = 20
A sequence of numbers which are either continuously increased 21
or continuously decreased by a common difference found by required term is 20th term.
Number System A- 9

41: Is – 150 a term of the A.P. 11, 8, 5, 2, ... ? a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ...
n term of a G.P.,
th

Solution : Here a = 11, d = –3 an = arn – 1

– 150 = an = a + (n – 1) d
= 11 + (n – 1) (– 3) Sum of first n terms of a G.P.,
= 11 – 3n + 3
a (r n 1)
= 14 – 3n Sn = , if | r | > 1
3n = 14 + 150 r 1

164 2 a (1 r n )
n= 54 ,
3 3 and Sn = , if | r | < 1
1 r
which is not possible because n is +ve integer.
If | r | < 1, then sum of infinite terms of the G.P.,
– 150 is not a term of the given A.P.
Sum of First n Terms of an A.P. a
S = 1 r
Sum of first n terms means sum of terms from first term to nth term.
Consider an A.P. whose first term and common difference are ‘a’ If | r | ? 1, then sum of infinite terms cannot exist.
and ‘d’ respectively. Sum of first n terms Sn of this A.P. is given by
1 1 1
n 42: Which term of the G.P. 2, 1, , , ... is ?
Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d] ...(1) 2 4 128
2
If last term of an A.P. containing n terms be l, then nth term 1
Solution: Let the nth term be . Then,
= l = a + (n – 1) d. 128
n n 1
Sn = [2a + (n – 1) d] = [a + {a + (n – 1) d}] an =
2 2 128
n 1
Sn = (a + l) ...(2) arn–1 =
2 128
Arithmetic Mean of n Numbers n 1 7 n 2 7
Arithmetic mean of n numbers a1, a2, a3, a4, ..., an 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2
a1 a2 a3 a4 ... an
= n–2 = 7
n
n = 9.
If A be the arithmetic mean between any two given numbers
a and b; then a, A, b will be in A.P. 43: The third term of a G.P. is 4. Find the product of
a b its first five terms.
b–A=A–a A= Solution: Let a be the first term and r the common ratio. Then,
2
a3 = 4 ar2 = 4
Product of first five terms = a1a2a3a4a5 = a(ar)(ar2)(ar3)(ar4)
Geometric Progression (G.P.) = a5r10 = (ar2)5 = (4)5 = 1024.
A sequence of numbers whose each term (except first term) is 44: Find the sum of the series
found out by multiplying the just previous term by the same 2 + 6 + 18 + ... + 4374.
number. The number by which we multiply to any term to get its
next term is called common ratio of the G.P. a(r n 1) (ar n 1 ) r a
For example, 5, 10, 20, 40, ... is a G.P. whose first term is 5, second Solution: Required sum =
r 1 r 1
term is 10, third term is 20 and so on. Its common ratio is 2, because
to get any term (except first term) we multiply its just previous 4374 3 2
term by 2. = = 6560.
3 1
Common ratio is also found out by dividing any term (except first
term) by its just previous term, [Here a = 2, r = 3, arn –1 = 4374]
Thus Geometric Mean of n Numbers
10 20 40 Geometric mean of n positive numbers a1, a2, a3, a4, ..., an
common ratio = = = = ... = 2
5 10 20 = (a1 . a2 . a3 . a4 ... an)1/n.
First term of a G.P. is denoted by ‘a’ and its common ratio is Let G be the geometric mean (G.M.) between any two given
denoted by r. numbers a and b; then a, G, b are in G.P.
a =5, r = 2
Standard form of a G.P. is
A-10 Number System

b G 2ab
= H= a b ...(3)
G a

G= ab (a b) 2ab
Therefore, A H = 2 (a b)
= ab = G2. Hence G is the
Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
geometric mean between A and H. From these results we see that
Harmonic progression is defined as a sequence, reciprocal of
whose terms in order are in A.P. a b a b 2 ab
A–G = ab =
1 1 1 1 2 2
Thus, if a, b, c, d, ... are in H.P., then , , , , ... are in A.P..
a b c d 2
The standard form of a H.P. is a b
= , which is positive if a and b are
2
1 1 1
, , , ... positive. Therefore, the arithmetic mean of any two positive
a a d a 2d
numbers is greater than their geometric mean.
2 ac Also G2 = AH
Remember that a, b, c are in H.P. b= a c Hence G is the intermediate in value between A and H,
therefore A > G > H.
General Term of a H.P. 45: Find two numbers whose A.M. is 34 and G.M. is 16.
1 Solution: Let two numbers be a and b.
General term (nth term) of a H.P. is given by Tn = a (n 1) d a b
A.M. = 34 = a + b = 68 ... (1)
There is no formula and procedure for finding the sum of any 2
number of terms in H.P.
Questions based on H.P. are generally solved by inverting the G.M. = 16 = ab ab = 256
terms (i.e., converting H.P. into A.P.) and use of formula and
properties of the A.P. a–b = (a b) 2 4ab 4624 4 256 = 3600
Harmonic Mean of n Numbers a – b = 60 ... (2)
By (1) and (2)
Harmonic mean of n numbers (or quantities) a1, a2, a3, a4, ..., an
a = 64, b = 4
n Required numbers are 64 and 4.
= 1 1 1 1
...
1
a1 a2 a3 a4 an Some Important Formulae

To Find a Harmonic Mean Between Two Given Numbers (i) (a) Sum of first n natural numbers
Let H be the harmonic mean between two given numbers a and b;
n (n 1)
1 1 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
2
then a, H, b are in H.P. or , , are in A.P..
a H b (b) Sum of first n odd natural numbers
= 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n2
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 (c) Sum of first n even natural numbers
= =
H a b H H a b = 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n = n (n + 1)
(d) Sum of odd numbers n
2 ab
H= . 2
a b n 1
, if n is odd
2
Relation Between Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), = 2
Geometric Mean (G.M.) and Harmonic Mean n
, if n is even
(H.M.) 2

If A, G, H are the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means (e) Sum of even numbers n
between a and b, then we have
n n
a b 1 , if n is odd
A= ...(1) 2 2
2
= n 1 n 1
G= ...(2) , if n is even
ab 2 2
Number System A- 11

(ii) Sum of squares of first n natural numbers • In every 12 hours, the hands of clock coincide 11 times.
n ( n 1) (2 n 1) • In every 12 hours, the hands of clock are in opposite
= 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 = direction 11 times.
6
(iii) Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers • In every 12 hours, the hands of clock are at right angles
22 times.
2
n (n 1) • In every hour, the two hands are at right angles 2 times.
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
3 3 3 3
2 • In every hour, the two hands are in opposite direction
once.
CLOCK • In a day, the two hands are at right angles 44 times.
• If both the hands coincide, then they will again coincide
Introduction
5
A clock has two hands : Hour hand and Minute hand. after 65 minutes. i.e. in correct clock, both hand
11
The minute hand (M.H.) is also called the long hand and the
hour hand (H.H.) is also called the short hand. 5
coincide at an interval of 65 minutes.
The clock has 12 hours numbered from 1 to 12. 11
Also, the clock is divided into 60 equal minute divisions.
Therefore, each hour number is separated by five minute 5
• If the two hands coincide in time less than 65
divisions. Therefore, 11
360 minutes, then clock is too fast and if the two hands
• One minute division = = 6° apart. ie. In one minute, the
5
60 coincides in time more than 65 minutes, then the
minute hand moves 6°. 11
• One hour division = 6° × 5 = 30° apart. ie., in one hour, the clock is too slow.
hour hand moves 30° apart. Another one shortcut formula for clocks
30 1 11
Also, in one minute, the hour hand moves = = apart. Angle = 30H M;
60 2 2
• Since, in one minute, minute hand moves 6° and hour hand H hour
1 M minutes.
moves , therefore, in one minute, the minute hand gains
2 46: At what time between 4 and 5 will the hands of a
1 watch
5 more than hour hand.
2 (i) coincide, and
1 (ii) point in opposite directions.
• In one hour, the minute hand gains 5 60 330 over
2 Solution : (i) At 4 O’ clock, the hands are 20 minutes apart. Clearly
the hour hand. i.e., the minute hand gains 55 minutes the minute hand must gain 20 minutes before two
divisions over the hour hand. hands can be coincident.
But the minute-hand gains 55 minutes in 60 minutes.
Let minute hand will gain x minute in 20 minutes.
Relative Position of the Hands
55 60
So,
The position of the M.H. relative to the H.H. is said to be the 20 x
same, whenever the M.H. is separated from the H.H. by the 20 60 240 9
same number of minute divisions and is on same side (clock- x 21 min.
55 11 11
wise or anticlockwise) of the H.H. 9
Any relative position of the hands of a clock is repeated 11 The hands will be together at 21 min past 4.
11
times in every 12 hours. (ii) Hands will be opposite to each other when there is a
(a) When both hands are 15 minute spaces apart, they are at space of 30 minutes between them. This will happen
right angle. when the minute hand gains (20 + 30) = 50 minutes.
(b) When they are 30 minute spaces apart, they point in
opposite directions. 50 60 6
Now, the minute hand gains 50 min in or 54
(c) The hands are in the same straight line when they are 55 11
coincident or opposite to each other. min.
• In every hour, both the hands coincide once. 6
The hands are opposite to each other at 54 min past 4.
• In a day, the hands are coinciding 22 times. 11
A-12 Number System

47: What is the angle between the hour hand and Solution : In a correct clock, the minute hand gains 55 min. spaces
over the hour hand in 60 minutes.
minute hand when it was 5 : 05 pm.
To be together again, the minute hand must gain 60
Solution : 5.05 pm means hour hand was on 5 and minute hand minutes over the hour hand.
was on 1, i.e., there will be 20 minutes gap.
Angle = 20 × 6° = 120° [ 1 minute = 6°] 60 5
55 min. are gained in 60 min. 65 min.
55 11
Incorrect clock But, they are together after 65 min.
If a clock indicates 6 : 10, when the correct time is 6 : 00, it is said 5 5
to be 10 minute too fast and if it indicates 5 : 50 when the correct Gain in 65 min. 65 65 min .
11 11
time is 6 : 00, it is said to be 10 minute too slow.
• Also, if both hands coincide at an interval x minutes and 5 60 24 10
Gain in 24 hours min. 10 min .
5 11 65 143
5 65 x
x 65 , then total time gained 11 minutes 10
11 x The clock gains 10 minutes in 24 hours.
143
and clock is said to be 'fast'. 50: A man who went out between 5 or 6 and returned
• If both hands coincide at an interval x minutes and between 6 and 7 found that the hands of the watch had exactly
changed place. When did he go out ?
5
x 65
5 11 minutes and Solution : Between 5 and 6 to 6 and 7, hands will change place
x 65 , then total time lost
11 x after crossing each other one time. ie., they together will
make 1 + 1 = 2 complete revolutions.
clock is said to be 'slow'. 60 120
H.H. will move through 2 or minute divisions.
48: My watch, which gains uniformly, is 2 min slow 13 13
at noon on Sunday, and is 4 minutes 48 seconds fast at 2 pm on the 120
following Sunday. When was it correct. Between 5 and 6 minute divisions.
13
Solution : From Sunday noon to the following Sunday at 2 pm = 7 At 5, minute hand is 25 minute divisions behind the hour-
days 2 hours = 170 hours. hand.
4
The watch gains 2 4 48 = 6 minutes in 170 hours. Hence it will have to gain 25
120
minute divisions on the
60 5 13
2 445
The watch gains 2 minutes in 170 50 hours hour-hand minute divisions on the hour hand.
4 13
6
5
Now, 50 hours = 2 days 2 hours 445 445 12
The minute hand gains minute divisions in
13 13 11
2 days 2 hours from Sunday noon = 2 pm on Tuesday.
5340 49
minutes 37 minutes
143 143
49: The minute hand of a clock overtakes the hour
hand at intervals of 65 minutes of the correct time. How much a 49
The required time of departure is 37 minutes past 5.
day does the clock gain or lose ? 143
Number System A- 13

1. Minimum difference between x and y such that 1x 71y 61 is 12. Let x and y be positive integers such that x is prime and y is
exactly divisible by 11 is composite. Then
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0 (a) y – x cannot be an even integer
2. Two different numbers when divided by the same divisor, (b) xy cannot be an even integer.
left remainder 11 and 21 respectively, and when their sum (c) (x + y)/x cannot be an even integer
was divided by the same divisor, remainder was 4. What is (d) None of the above statements is true.
the divisor? 13. The sum of 52 + 62 + 72 + ... + 152 is
(a) 36 (b) 28 (a) 1110 (b) 1120
(c) 14 (d) 9 (c) 1310 (d) 1210
3. A number when divided by a divisor, left remainder 23. When 14. If x 959 y is divisible by 44 and y >5, then what are values of
twice of the number was divided by the same divisor, the digit x and y ?
remainder was 11. Find the divisor. (a) x = 7, y = 6 (b) x = 4, y = 8
(c) x = 6, y = 7 (d) None of these
(a) 12 (b) 34
15. The unit’s digit in the product (3127)173 is :
(c) 35 (d) data inadequate
(a) 1 (b) 3
4. A number when divided by 5 leaves a remainder 3. What is (c) 7 (d) 9
the remainder when the square of the same number is 16. The unit’s digit in the product (771×659×365) is :
divided by 5? (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
(c) 0 (d) 4 17. Let n( > 1) be a composite integer such that n is not an
5. Find the unit digit in the product (2467)153 × (341)72. integer. Consider the following statements
(a) 6 (b) 7 I : n has a perfect integer-valued divisor which is greater
(c) 8 (d) 9 than 1 and less than n .
6. Which digits should come in place of * and $ if the number
II : n has a perfect integer-valued divisor which is greater
62684*$ is divisible by both 8 and 5?
(a) 4, 0 (b) 0, 4 than n but less than n
(c) 2, 0 (d) 4, 4 Then,
7. There is one number which is formed by writing one digit 6 (a) Both I and II are false (b) I is true but II is false
times (e.g. 111111, 444444 etc.). Such a number is always (c) I is false but II is true (d) Both I and II are true
divisible by: 18. If a, a + 2 and a + 4 are prime numbers, then the number of
(a) 7 and 11 (b) 11 and 13 possible solutions for a is
(c) 7, 11 and 13 (d) None of these (a) one (b) two
(c) three (d) more than three
19. If the numerator and the denominator of a proper fraction
8. If the product of first sixty positive consecutive integers be
are increased by the same quantity, then the resulting
divisible by 8n, where n is an integer, then the largest
fraction is :
possible value of n is
(a) always greater than the original fraction
(a) 18 (b) 19
(b) always less than the original fraction
(c) 17 (d) 16 (c) always equal to the original fraction
9. The digit in the unit’s place of the number represented by (d) none of these
(795 –358) is: 20. If x = – 0.5, then which of the following has the smallest
(a) 0 (b) 4 value ?
(c) 6 (d) 7 1
10. In the product of first forty positive consecutive integers 1
(a) 2x (b)
be divisible by 5n, where n is an integer, then the largest x
possible value of n is 1
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) (d) 2x
x2
(c) 10 (d) 7
11. A number A4571203B is divisible by 18. Find the value of A 21. What is the number of terms in the series 117, 120, 123,
and B. 126,.............., 333 ?
(a) 8, 4 (b) 6, 8 (a) 72 (b) 73
(c) 4, 6 (d) 6, 6 (c) 76 (d) 79
A-14 Number System
22. At what approximate time between 4 and 5 am will the 32. Consider the following statements:
hands of a clock be at right angle? If p is a prime such that p + 2 is also a prime, then
(a) 4 : 40 am (b) 4 : 38 am I. p (p + 2) + 1 is a perfect square.
(c) 4 : 35 am (d) 4 : 39 am II. 12 is a divisor of p + (p + 2), if p > 3.
23. What will be the acute angle between hands of a clock Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
at 2 : 30 ? (a) Only I (b) Only II
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(a) 105° (b) 115°
33. If three sides of a right angled triangle are integers in their
(c) 95° (d) 135° lowest form, then one of its sides is always divisible by
24. At what time between 9’o clock and 10’o clock will the (a) 6 (b) 5
hands of a clock point in the opposite directions ? (c) 7 (d) None of these
4 4 34. What is the number of prime factors of 30030?
(a) 16 minutes past 9 (b) 16 minutes past 8 (a) 4 (b) 5
11 11
(c) 6 (d) None of these
5 5 35. Which one of the following is a prime number ?
(c) 55 minutes past 7 (d) 55 minutes to 8 (a) 161 (b) 171
61 61
(c) 173 (d) 221
25. A clock gains 15 minutes per day. It is set right at 12 noon.
36. Consider the following statements:
What time will it show at 4.00 am, the next day ?
I. The product of any three consecutive integers is
(a) 4 : 10 am (b) 4 : 45 am divisible by 6.
(c) 4 : 20 am (d) 5 : 00 am II. Any integer can be expressed in one of the three
26. At what time between 3 and 4 o’clock, the hands of a clock forms 3k, 3k + 1, 3k + 2, where k is an integer.
coincide ? Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(a) Only I (b) Only II
4 5
(a) 16 minutes past 3 (b) 15 minutes past 3 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
11 61 37. Consider the following statements:
5 I. If n is a prime number greater than 5, then n 4 – 1 is
4
(c) 15 minutes to 2 (d) 16 minutes to 4 divisible by 2400.
60 11 II. Every square number is of the form 5n, (5n – 1) or
27. Consider the following assumption and two statements: (5n + 1), where n is a whole number.
Assumption: A number, ‘ABCDE’ is divisible by 11. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Statement I: E – D + C – B + A is divisible by 11. (a) Only I (b) Only II
Statement II: E – D + C – B + A = 0 (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
Which one of the following is correct ? 38. What is the harmonic mean of 10, 20, 25, 40 and 50?
(a) Only statement I can be drawn from the assumption (a) 25 (b) 30
(b) Only statement II can be drawn from the assumption (c) 26.1 (d) 21.3
(c) Both the statements can be drawn from the 39. Consider the following statements:
assumption (I) There is a finite number of rational numbers between
(d) Neither of the statements can be drawn from the any two rational numbers.
assumption (II) There is an infinite number of rational numbers
28. If k is any even positive integer, then (k2 + 2k) is between any two rational numbers.
(a) divisible by 24 (III) There is a finite number of irrational numbers
(b) divisible by 8 but may not be divisible by 24 between any two rational numbers.
(c) divisible by 4 but may not be divisible by 8 Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(d) divisible by 2 but may not be divisible by 4 (a) Only I (b) Only II
29. If n is a positive integer, then what is the digit in the unit (c) Only III (d) Both I and II
place of 32n + 1 + 22n + 1 ? 40. If m and n are natural number, then m n is
(a) 0 (b) 3 (a) always irrational
(c) 5 (d) 7 (b) irrational unless n is the mth power of an integer
30. If the 14th term of an arithmetic series is 6 and 6th term (c) irrational unless m is the nth power of an integer
is 14, then what is the 95th term? (d) irrational unless m and n are coprime
(a) – 75 (b) 75 41. Every prime number of the form 3k + 1 can be represented
(c) 80 (d) – 80 in the form 6m + 1 (where, k and m are integers), when
31. For a positive integer n, define d (n) = The number of (a) k is odd
positive divisors of n. What is the value of d [d {d (12)}]? (b) k is even
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) k can be both odd and even
(c) 4 (d) None of these (d) No such form is possible
Number System A- 15

42. If k is a positive integer, then every square integer is of 53. What is the number of divisors of 360 ?
the form (a) 12 (b) 18
(a) only 4k (b) 4k or 4k + 3 (c) 24 (d) None do these
(c) 4k + 1 or 4k + 3 (d) 4k or 4k + 1 54. A student was asked to multiply a number by 25. He
43. If b is the largest square divisor of c and a2 divides c, instead multiplied the number by 52 and got the answer
then which one of the following is correct (where a, b and 324 more than the correct answer. The number to be
c are integers) ? multiplied was (CDS)
(a) b divides a (b) a does not divide b (a) 12 (b) 15
(c) a divides b (d) a and b are coprime (c) 25 (d) 32
44. Consider the following statements: 55. The difference between the squares of two consecutive
I. 7710312401 is divisible by 11. odd integers is always divisible by (CDS)
II. 173 is a prime number. (a) 3 (b) 7
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? (c) 8 (d) 16
(a) Only I (b) Only II 56. What is the maximum value of m if the number
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II N = 35 × 45 × 55 × 60 × 124 × 75 is divisible by 5m?
45. Consider the following statements: (CDS)
I. To obtain prime numbers less than 121, we have to (a) 4 (b) 5
reject all the multiples of 2, 3, 5 and 7. (c) 6 (d) 7
II. Every composite number less than 121 is divisible by 57. A person goes to a market between 4 p.m. and 5 p.m.
a prime number less than 11. When he comes back, he finds that the hour hand and
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? minute hand have interchanged their positions. For how
(a) Only I (b) Only II much time (approximately) was he out of his house?
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (CDS)
46. Consider the following statements: (a) 55.25 minutes (b) 55.30 minutes
I. No integer of the form 4k + 3, where k is an integer, (c) 55.34 minutes (d) 55.38 minutes
can be expressed as the sum of two squares.
2
II. Square of an odd integer can expressed in the form 58. When a ball bounces, it rises to of the height from
8k + 1, where k is an integer. 3
Which of the above statements is/are correct? which it fell. If the ball is dropped from a height of 36 m,
(a) Only I (b) Only II how high will it rise at the third bounce? (CDS)
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II 1 2
47. 710 – 510 is divisible by (a) 10 m (b) 10 m
3 3
(a) 10 (b) 7
(c) 5 (d) 11 1 2
48. If N2 – 33, N2 – 31 and N2 – 29 are prime numbers, then (c) 12 m (d) 12 m
3 3
what is the number of possible values of N, where N is 59. A light was seen regularly at an interval of 13 seconds.
an integer ? It was seen for the first time at 1 hour 54 minutes 50
(a) 1 (b) 2 seconds (a.m.) and the last time at 3 hours 17 minutes 49
(c) 6 (d) None of these seconds (a.m.). How many times was the light seen?
49. Consider all those two-digits positive integers less than (CDS)
50, which when divided by 4 yield unity as remainder. (a) 375 (b) 378
What is their sum ? (c) 383 (d) 384
(a) 310 (b) 314 60. Consider the following statements for the sequence of
(c) 218 (d) 323 numbers given below : (CDS)
50. What is the remainder when 41012 is divided by 7? 11, 111, 1111, 11111, ...
1. Each number can be expressed in the form (4m + 3),
(a) 1 (b) 2 where m is a natural number.
(c) 3 (d) 4 2. Some numbers are squares.
51. What is the remainder when (1723 + 2323 + 2923) is divided Which of the above statements is/are correct?
by 23 ? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) 2 (d) 3 61. Consider the following statements : (CDS)
52. p,q and r are prime numbers such that p < q < r < 13. In 1. There exists only one prime number p such that (17p
how many cases would (p + q + r) also be a prime + 1) is a square.
number ? 2. If x is the product of 10 consecutive prime numbers
(a) 1 (b) 2 starting from 2, then (x + 1) is also a prime number.
(c) 3 (d) None of these
A-16 Number System
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 66. Let S be a set of first fourteen natural numbers. The possible
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only number of pairs (a, b), where a, b, S and a, b such that ab
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 leaves remainder 1 when divided buy 15, is (CDS)
62. Out of 532 saving accounts held in a post office, 218 (a) 3 (b) 5
accounts have deposits over ` 10,000 each. Further, in 302 (c) 6 (d) None of the above
accounts, the first or sole depositors are men, of which the 67. A clock strickes once at 1 o’clock, twice at 2 o’clock and
deposits exceed ` 10,000 in 102 accounts. In how many thrice at 3 o’clock and so on. If it takes 8 seconds to strike
accounts the first or sole depositors are women and the at 5 o’clock, the time taken by it to strike at 10 o’clock is
deposits are up to ` 10,000 only? (CDS) (CDS)
(a) 116 (a) 14 seconds (b) 16 seconds
(b) 114 (c) 18 seconds (d) None of the above
(c) 100 68. What is the maximum value of m, if the number N = 90 × 42
(d) Cannot be determined from the given data × 324 × 55 is divisible by 3m? (CDS)
63. What is the remainder obtained (CDS) (a) 8 (b) 7
when 1421 × 1423 × 1425 is divided by 12? (c) 6 (d) 5
(a) 1 (b) 2 69. If a and b are negative real numbers and c is a positive real
(c) 3 (d) 4 number, then which of the following is/are correct? (CDS)
64. What is the remainder when 496 is divided by 6? 1. a – b < a – c
(CDS) a b
(a) 4 (b) 3 2. If a < b then .
c c
(c) 2 (d) 1
65. Let a two-digit number be k times the sum of its digits. If the 1 1
3.
number formed by interchanging the digits is m times the b c
sum of the digits, then the value of m is (CDS) Select the Correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 9 – k (b) 10 – k (a) 1 (b) 2 only
(c) 11 – k (d) k – 1 (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3
Number System A- 17

1. (a) As 1x 71y 61 is exactly divisible by 11. 9. (b) Unit digit in 74 is 1. So, unit digit in 792 is 1.
(1 + 7 + y + 1) – (x + 1 + 6) = 0 or multiple of 11 for Unit digit in 795 is 3.
minimum difference Unit digit in 34 is 1.
9+y–7–x=0 Unit digit in 356 is 1.
x – y= 2 Unit digit in 358 is 9.
2. (b) Divisor = [Sum of remainders] Unit digit in (795 – 358) = (13 – 9) = 4.
– [ Remainder when sum is divided]
10. (b) Product of first forty positive integers
= 11 + 21 – 4 = 28
1×2×3× ----×40= 40!
3. (c) Let the original number be N, divisor be ‘d’ and
quotients be ‘k’ 40 40
Highset power of 5 8 1 9
Then N = kd + 23 ....(i) 5 52
2N = 2 (kd + 23)
largest possible value of n is 9
= 2kd + 46 11. (b) The number is divisible by 18 i.e., it has to be divisible
Now, Rem [2N/d] = 11 by 2 and 9.
Rem [(2 kd + 46)/d] = 11 B may be 0, 2, 4, 6, 8.
Rem [46/d] = 11 A + 4 + 5 + 7 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 3 + B = A + B + 22.
d = 35 A + B could be 5, 14 (as the sum can’t exceed 18, since
divisor = 35 A and B are each less than 10).
4. (d) Let the number be 5q + 3, where q is quotient So, A and B can take the values of 6, 8.
Now, (5q 3)2 25q 2 30q 9 12. (d) x is prime say 7
= 25q2 + 30q + 5 + 4 y is not prime but composite no. say 8, 9, 21
= 5[5q2 + 6q + 1] + 4 (a) 9 – 7 = 2 (b) 7 × 8 = 56
Hence, remainder is 4 21 7
5. (b) Clearly, unit’s digit in the given product = unit’s digit (c) 4
7
in 7153 × 172.
By hit and trial all the 3 options can be proved wrong
Now, 74 gives unit digit 1.
13. (d) Sum of square of first 'n' natural number
7153 gives unit digit (1 × 7) = 7. Also 172 gives unit digit 1.
Hence, unit’s digit in the product = (7 × 1) = 7. n(n 1)(2n 1)
=
6. (a) Since the given number is divisible by 5, so 0 or 5 must 6
come in place of $. But, a number ending with 5 is
S = 52 6 2 ... 152
never divisible by 8. So, 0 will replace $.
Now, the number formed by the last three digits is 4*0, = (1
2
22 ... 15) 2 (12 2 2 ... 4 2 )
which becomes divisible by 8, if * is replaced by 4.
Hence, digits in place of * and $ are 4 and 0 respectively. 15 16 31 4 5 9
S=
7. (c) Since 111111 is divisible by each one of 7, 11 and 13, 6 6
so each one of given type of numbers is divisible by = 1210
each one of 7, 11, and 13. as we may write, 222222 14. (a) Here 44 = 11 × 4
= 2 × 111111, 333333 = 3 × 111111, etc. the number must be divisible by 4 and 11 respectively.
8. (a) Product of first sixty consecutive integers = 601 Test of 4 says that 9y must be divisible by 4 and since
8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23 y > 5, so y = 6
highest power of 2 is 60! Again , x 9596 is divisible by 11, so x + 5 + 6 = 9 + 9
x= 7
60 60 60 60 60 Thus x = 7, y = 6
2 3 4
2 2 2 2 25 15. (c) Unit digit in (3127)173 = Unit digit in (7)173. Now, 74
= 30 + 15 + 7 + 3 + 1 = 56 gives unit digit 1.
(7)173 = (74)43 × 71. Thus, (7)173 gives unit digit 7.
56 16. (c) Unit digit in 74 is 1.
highest power of 80 or (23) = 18
3 Unit digit in 768 is 1.
Unit digit in 771 = 1 × 73 = 3
A-18 Number System
Again, every power of 6 will give unit digit 6. 23. (a) At 2'O Clock, Minute Hand will be 10 × 6 = 60°
Unit digit in 659 is 6. behind the Hour Hand.
Unit digit in 34 is 1.
Unit digit in 364 is 1. Unit digit in 365 is 3. 1
In 30 minutes, Minute Hand will gain 5 × 30
Unit digit in (771 × 659 × 365) 2
= Unit digit in (3 × 6 × 3) = 4. = 150 + 15 = 165°
17. (d) Let n = 6 Angle between Hour Hand and Minute Hand
Therefore n 6 2.4 = 165 – 60 = 105°
Now, the divisor of 6 are 1, 2, 3
If we take 2 as divisor then 24. (a) At 9’o clock, the Minute Hand is ahead of Hour Hand
n 2 1.
by 45 minutes. The hands will be opposite to each
Statement I is true.
other when there is a space of 30 minutes between
If we take 3 as divisor then 6 3 2.4, i.e. n n them.
Therefore statement II is true This will happen when the Minute Hand gains 15
18. (a) a, a + 2, a + 4 are prime numbers. minutes space over Hour Hand.
Put value of ‘a’ starting from 3, we will have 3, 5 and 7 Time taken by Minutes Hand to gain 15 minutes
as the only set of prime numbers satisfying the given
relationships. 1 15 4 4
15 1 15 15 1 16 minutes.
11 11 11 11
1
19. (a) Let us take a proper fraction, such as .
2 4
Hence the Hands are opposite to each other at 16
1 2 3 11
Now, the new fraction = minutes past 9.
2 2 4
25. (a) The clock gains 15 min in 24 hours.
3 1 Therefore, in 16 hours, it will gain 10 minutes.
Thus,
4 2 Hence, the time shown by the clock will be 4.10 am.
20. (b) Putting the value of x = – 0.5 in all the options. 26. (a) Since, in one hour, two hands of a clock coincide only
1 1 once, so, there will be value.
(a) 21 / 0.5
2 2 (b) 2
4 0.5 2
Required time T = (H 30 A ) minutes past H.
1 1 11
0.5
(c) 4 (d) 2 Here H = initial position of hour hand = 3
2
( 0.5) 2
(Since 3 o’clock)
So, clearly (b) is smallest. A° = required angle = 0° (Since it coincides)
21. (b) 117, 120, 123, 126, ........., 333
Given series is an A.P series with first term, 2
T= (3 30 0) minutes past 3
a = 117, last term =333 and common difference, d = 3 11
last term, = a + (n – 1)d
where, n = number of terms. 4
= 16 minutes past 3
117 + (n – 1)3 = 333 11
(n – 1)3 = 216 n = 73 27. (c) We know that, if the difference of the sum of odd
22. (b) Here H × 30 = 4 × 30 = 120°. digits and sum of even digits is either 0 or mlultiple
(Since initially the hour hand is at 4. H = 4). of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.
Required angle A = 90° and since, H × 30 > A° so, Given number is ABCDE.
there will be two timings. Here, A + C + E – (B + D) = 0 or divisible by 11
2 Hence, both statements are true.
Required time T = (H × 30 ± A) minutes past 28. (b) If k is any even positive integer, then (k2 + 2k) is
11
divisible by 8 but may not be divisible by 24.
H.
Let k = 2
2 k2 + k.2 = 4 + 4 = 8
One timing = (4 × 30 + 90) minutes past 4
11 So it is divisible by 8 but not be divisible by 24, in
this case.
2
= 38 minutes past 4. 29. (c) 32n + 1 + 22n + 1 = 3 × (3)2n + 2 × (2)2n
11 = 3 × (9)n + 2 × (4)n
Or 4 : 38 approx.
Number System A- 19

So, prime factors of 30030 are

n Unit digit of (9)n Unit digit of (4)n 2, 3, 5, 11, 7, and 13
1 9 4 So, number of prime factors of 30030 is 6.
35. (c) 161, 171, 221, are divisible by 7, 3 and 13 respectively.
2 1 6
But 173 is not divisible by any others numbers
3 9 4
except 1 and 173.
4 1 6 36. (c) I. The product of any three consecutive integers
5 9 4 is divisible by 3! i.e., 6.

II. Here, 3k = ..., 6, 3, 0,3, 6,...

n
Thus, when n is odd, then unit digit of (9) = 9 and
(4)n = 4 3k + 1 = ..., 5, 2,1, 4, 7,...
and when n is even, then unit digit of (9)n = 1 and
(4)n = 6 and 3k + 2 = ..., 4, 1, 2,5,8,...
Hence, when n is odd positive integer, then
3k ,3k 1,3k 2
3 × (unit digit of 9) + 2 × (unit digit of 4)
= 3 × 9 + 2 × 4 = 35
..., 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,...
Hence, unit digit of (3)2n + 1 + (2)2n + 1 = 5
Also, when n is even positive integer, then Hence, it is true.
3 × (unit digit of 9) + 2 × (unit digit of 4) 37. (c) I. Given, n is a prime number greater than 5.
= 3 × 1 + 2 × 6 = 15 Now, n4 – 1 = (n2 – 1) (n2 + 1)
Hence, unit digit of (3)2n + 1 + (2)2n + 1 = 5 = (n – 1) (n + 1) (n2 + 1)
30. (a) T14 = 6 Put n = 7 (prime number greater than 5)
a + 13d = 6 n4 – 1 = (7 – 1) (7 + 1)(49 + 1)
and T6 = 14 a + 5d = 14 = 6 8 50 = 2400
On solving equations (i) and (ii), we get So, statements I is true.
a = 19, d = – 1 II. Given, n W (whole number)
T95 = a + 94d = 19 – 94 = – 75 i.e., n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
31. (d) d [d {d (12)}] = d [d (6)] For n = 0,
( positive integer divisor of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12) 5n, (5n – 1), (5n + 1) = 0, – 1, 1 = (0)2, – 1, (1)2
= d (4) ( positive integer divisor of 6 = 1, 2, 3, 6) For n = 1,
= 3 ( positive integer divisor of 4 = 1, 2, 4) 5n, (5n – 1), (5n + 1) = 5, 4, 6 = 5, (2)2, 6
32. (c) On taking p = 11, For n = 2,
p + 2 = 13 (prime number) 5n, (5n – 1 ), (5n + 1 ) = 10, 9, 11
I. 11 × 13 + 1 = 144 (a square number) = 10, (3)2, 11
II. 11 + 13 = 24 (12 is a divisor of 24) For n = 3,
Hence, both statements I and II are correct. 5n, (5n – 1), (5n + 1) = 15, 14, 16 = 15, 14, (4)2
33. (b) Let the lowest sides of a right triangle be 3, 4, 5. For n = 4,
By Pythagoras theorem, (3)2 + (4)2 = (5)2 5n, (5n – 1), (5n + 1) = 20, 19, 21
Hence, one of its sides is always divisible by 5. For n = 5,
34. (c) 30030 5n, (5n – 1), (5n + 1) = 25, 24, 26 = (5)2, 24, 26
... so on.
2 15015 So, statements II is true.
38. (d) Let the number are a1 = 10, a2 = 20, a3 = 25, a4 = 40
3 5005 and a5 = 50.
Number of observations
5 1001 Harmonic mean
1 1 1 1 1
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
11 91
5
7 13 1 1 1 1 1
10 20 25 40 50
13 1
A-20 Number System
Values of f (k) for k = 1, 2, ...... cannot be
5 expressed as sum of squares, since
20 10 8 5 4 12 + 22 = 5, 12 + 32 = 10, 22 + 32 = 13
200 II. f (k) = 8k + 1
For k = 1, f (1) = (8 × 1) + 1 = 9 = (3)2
5 200 1000
21.27 21.3 For k = 2, f (2) = (8 × 2) + 1 = 17
47 7 For k = 3, f (3) = (8 × 3) + 1 = 25 = (5)2
39. (b) We know that, between any two rational numbers, For k = 4, f (4) = (8 × 4) + 1 = 33
there are an infinite number of rational and irrational For k = 5, f (5) = (8 × 5) + 1 = 41
numbers. f (k) = 8k + 1 is square of an odd integer only
Hence, statement II is correct. for some values of k. So, only Statement I is
correct.
40. (b) If m and n are natural numbers, then m n is irrational 47. (d) an – bn is divisible by (a+b) & (a–b) if n is even
unless n is mth power of an integer. 710 – 510 is divisible by (7+5) i.e. 12.
41. (b) Every prime number of the form 3k + 1 can be 48. (a) By Hook and Crook N = 6
represented in the form 6m + 1 only, when k is even.
N2 – 33 = 62 – 33 = 36 – 33 = 3, which is prime.
42. (d) For square integer 25, 4k + 1 mean 4 × 6 + 1
N2 – 31 = 62 – 31 = 36 – 31 = 5, which is prime.
and for 36
N2 – 29 = 62 – 29 = 36 – 29 = 7, which is prime.
4k mean 4 × 9
So, N = 6 only. possible value
Now, if k is a positive integer, then every square
Hence, only one value is the possible value.
integer is of the form 4k or 4k + 1
49. (a) Let the two-digits numbers less than 50 which when
43. (c) Here b is the largest square divisor of c and a2 divided by 4 yield unity as remainder be 13, 17, ...,
divides c then, it is sure that a divides b. 49. Here, first term, a = 13, common difference,
44. (c) Statement I: d = 4 and n = 10.
Divisibility rule of 11: The difference between the
sum of even places and the sum of odd places is 0 n
Required sum [a a n ]
or that number is divisible by 11. 2
13 10
[13 + 49]
2
+ + + + 10 62
310
7 7 1 0 3 1 2 4 0 1 2

+ + + + 41012 43 337 1
43 337
4
50. (d) = =
7 7 7

13 (64)337 4 (9 7 1)337 4
= =
Difference = Sum of odd place – Sum of even place 7 7
= 13 – 13 = 0, it is divisible by 11.
Statement II: (ax 1)n
We know that then its Remainder is 1
173 is square of approximately 13. a
So, below 13 prime number are - =1×4=4
2, 3, 5, 7, 11
Now, 173 is not divisible by 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11. 1723 2323 2923
51. (a)
So, it is a prime number. 23
So, both the statements I and II are correct.
45. (c) Both the statements given are correct. As 121 is the 17 23 (0) 23 (29) 23
=
square of 11. So, to obtain prime numbers less than 23
121, we reject all the multiples of prime numbers less
than 11 i.e., 2, 3, 5 and 7. Similarly, every composite 17 23 (29) 23 (17) 23 (6)23
=
number less than 121 is divisible by a prime number 23 23
less than 11 i.e., 2, 3, 5 or 7.
an bn
46. (a) I. f (k) = 4k + 3 is divisible by a + b if n is add. So 1722
For k = 1, f (1) = 4 × 1 + 3 = 7 n
For k = 2, f (2) = 4 × 2 + 3 = 11 + 623 is divisible by (17+6) = 23. So remainder = 0
For k = 3, f (3) = 4 × 3 + 3 = 15 So remainder is always zero.
Number System A- 21

52. (b) The prime numbers less than 13 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11. Interval between light seen = 11869 – 6890
Also, using the condition, p < q < r < 13 and p + = 4979
q + r is a prime number Number of times light was seen
Hence, only two possible pairs exist i.e. (3, 5, 11) and
(5, 7, 11). 4979
+ 1 = 384
53. (c) 360 = 23 × 32 × 5 13
Number of divisors = (3 + 1) (2 + 1) (1 + 1) 60. (a) 11, 111, 1111, 11111, ...
= 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 1 Each number is divided by 4 then their remainder
are always 3.
54. (a) Let a number be x So, it can be written as = 4 m + 3
multiply by 25 we get another number y. So statement is true.
According to question 2 No, this type of numbers are not squares. So it is
x × 25 = y ....(i)
not true.
Again x × 52 = 324 + y ....(ii)
Only 1 is true.
Now subtract equation (i) from equation (ii)
61. (c) Statement 1
x × 52 – x × 25 = 324 + y – y
27x = 324 Yes, there exists only one prime number p such that
(17p + 1) is a square.
324 Let p = 19
x 12
27
17 19 1 324 which is square of 18, so it is
55. (c) Let two consecutiveodd numbers = (2x + 1) and (2x + 3)
According to question true.
= (2x + 3)2 – (2x + 1)2 Statement 2
= 4x2 + 12x + 9 – 4x2 –1 – 4x Product of first 10 consecutive number
= 8x + 8 = 8(x + 1) x (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29) = 6469693230
So, it is divisible by 8. x + 1 = 6469693231
56. (c) N = 35 × 45 × 55 × 60 × 124 × 75 Divisibility by 7: The difference of the numbers upto
7 5 9 5 11 5 12 5 124 5 5 3 thousands place and remaning part of the number if it is
divisible by 7 then the number is divisible by 7
= 56 × 7 × 9 × 11 × 12 × 124 × 3
6469693 2 31
m = 6, The given number has maximum factor of 5
is 6.
Thousand part Remaining part
57. (d) Let us assume that he was out of house for ‘t’ min.
Difference = 6469693 – 231
So angle formed by min. hand = 6 × t
= 6469462
Angle formed by hour hand = 0.5 × t
Now, 0.5 × t + 6 × t = 360 Again difference = 6469 – 462
6.5 t = 360 = 6007
Again difference 7 – 6 = 1 which is not divisible by 7.
360 Therefore, number 6469693231 is not divisible by 7
t 55.38 min
6.5 So it is a prime number
58. (b) When a ball is dropped So both statements are true.
from a height = 36 m 62. (b) Number of account up to ` 10,000
2 = 532 – 218
1st bounce back = 36 = 24 m = 314 accounts.
3
Rest of accounts of men deposits
2 = 302 – 102 = 200 accounts
2nd bounce back = 24 = 16 m
3 Number of accounts of women deposits = 314 – 200
= 114
2 32 2
3rd bounce back 16 = = 10 m. 1421 1423 1425
3 3 3 63. (c)
st 12
59. (d) 1 time seen
= 1 hour 54 min 50 sec When we divide 1421, 1423 and 1425 then 5,7 at 9
= 3600 sec + 54 × 60 sec + 50 sec are the remainders respectively.
= 6890 sec
2nd time seen = 3 hour + 17 min + 49 sec 5 7 9 315
3
= 11869 sec. 12 12
A-22 Number System

496 8
10 =16 seconds
64. (a) Time taken to reach 10’O Clock =
6 5
When 41 is divided by 6 then remainder = 4 Option (b) is correct.
42 is divided by 6 then remainder = 4 68. (b) Here N = 90 × 42 × 324 × 55
43 is divided by 6 then remainder = 4
Now 90 = 3 × 3 × 10 = 32 × 10
44 is divided by 6 then remainder = 4
................................................................ 42 = 14 × 3 = 14 × 31
................................................................ 324 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 4 = 34 × 4
496 divided by 6 then remainder = 4 55 = 11 × 5
65. (c) Let two digit number = 10y + x N = 32 × 31 × 34 × 10 × 14 × 4 × 11 × 5
According to question, N = 37 × 10 × 14 × 4 × 11 × 5
Ist condition, 10y + x = k(x + y) ...(1) Maximum value of m = 7
2nd condition, 10x + y = m(x + y) ...(2) Option (b) is correct.
Adding (1) and (2) we get 69. (b) Since a, b are negative numbers.
11x + 11y = (k + m) × (x + y) a < 0 and b < 0
11(x + y) = (k + m) (x + y) C is a positive real number
c>0
k + m = 11
(1) a – b < a – c
m = 11 – k –b<–c
Option (c) is correct b> c
66. (d) Here S be a set of 14 Natural Numbers i.e. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
---- 14} It is not true as b < c
Possible no. of pairs. a b
(2) if a < b this is true.
{a, b} is {(2, 8), (7, 13)} c c
Pairs = 2
1 1
Option (d) is correct. (3)
b c
67. (b) Time taken to reach 5’O Clock = 8 seconds
1 1
8 Since c > b this is not true.
c b
Time taken to reach 10’O Clock = seconds
5 option (b) is correct.