CHAPTER 2
HISTORY OF TOURISM
EARLY TOURISM
Travel and exploration are basic to human
nature. Man has travelled since he earliest times
although the term tourism was used only in the early
19th century.
Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word
TORAH which means studying, learning and
searching.
EARLY TOURISM
Tourism can trace its ancestry in the Old
Testament.
Noah with his Ark must have been the first large-
scale operator even though his passengers were mostly
animals.
Early tourism has two forms:
Travel for business (trading)
Religious travel
EARLY TOURISM
TRAVEL FOR BUSINESS
Throughout history, merchants
have travelled extensively in order to
trade with other nations or tribes.
The invention of money, writing
and wheel by the Sumerians
facilitated travel and exchange of
goods.
The early Phoenicians toured
the Mediterranean as traders.
EARLY TOURISM
TRAVEL FOR BUSINESS
Both the Greeks and
the Romans were well-
known traders and as their
respective empires increased,
travel became necessary. At
this time, there was also travel
for private purposes.
Examples are the Olympic Games held in 776 BC by the Greeks as
well as the travel by rich Romans for enjoyment and to visit friends
and relatives.
EARLY TOURISM
RELIGIOUS TRAVEL
Travel for religious reasons took
the form of pilgrimages to places of
worship such as Chaucer’s tale of
pilgrimage to Canterbury
(Geoffrey Chaucer).
EARLY TOURISM
RELIGIOUS TRAVEL
Pilgrimages were
made to fulfill a vow as in
case of illness or of great
danger or as penance for
sins.
EARLY TOURISM
Besides Rome and Jerusalem, St.
James of Galicia (Portugal) – St.
James Way to Santiago de
Compostela in north-west Spain was
the foremost destination of English
pilgrims in the 14th century.
EARLY TOURISM
Beginning in 1388,
English pilgrims were
required the obtain and
carry permits, the
forerunner of the
modern passport.
TOURISM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
During the medieval period, travel declined. Travel,
derived from the word travail, became burdensome,
dangerous, and demanding during this time.
After the decline of the Roman empire in the 5th century,
roads were not maintained and they became unsafe. Thieves
inflicted harm on those who dared to travel. No one during this
time travelled for pleasure. Crusaders and pilgrims were the
only ones who travelled.
TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND
ELIZABETHAN ERAS
Travel for education became popular in the 16th
century.
Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking positions in
court were encouraged to travel to the continent to widen
their education.
In time, it became recognized that the education of a
gentleman should be completed by a GRAND TOUR of the
cultural centers of the continent which lasted for three years.
TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND
ELIZABETHAN ERAS
The term was used as early as 1670. While apparently
educational, the appeal became social. Pleasure-seeking
young men of leisure traveled predominantly through
France and Italy to enjoy the cultures and social life of
Europe, with Venice, Florence, and Paris as the key
attractions.
By the end of the 18th century, the practice had
become institutionalized for the upper class of society.
TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND
ELIZABETHAN ERAS
As young men sought intellectual improvement
in the continent, the sick sought a remedy for their
illnesses in ‘spas’ or medicinal baths. The term spa
is derived from the Walloon word ESPA meaning
fountain.
Travelers immersed themselves in the healing
waters. Soon, entertainment was added and dozens
of watering places became resort hotels.
TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution brought about major
changes in the scale and type of tourism
development.
The increase in productivity, regular
employment, and growing urbanization gave more
people the motivation and opportunity to go on
holiday.
TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
To escape from their responsibilities and
the crowded city environment, they
traveled to the countryside or seashore for
their holidays. This led to the creation of
working class resorts near major industrial
centers.
MODERN TOURISM
A. TOURISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Two technological developments
in the early part of the 19th century:
Introduction of the railway
Development of steam power
MODERN TOURISM
A. TOURISM IN THE 19TH
CENTURY
Introduction of the railway
Railroads created not only more
business by providing reliable and
cheap transportation, but also
more competition as various
private companies invested
heavily in hotels, resorts, and
entertainment facilities.
MODERN TOURISM
A. TOURISM IN THE 19TH
CENTURY
Thus, tourism was
transformed from a
small business catering
to the elite into the start
of mass market, that is,
travel by a large number
of individuals.
MODERN TOURISM
A. TOURISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Development of steam power (Steamship)
It provided the increased mobility
needed by the tourism business.
Steamers on the major rivers
provided reliable and inexpensive
transportation that led to the popular
day-trip cruises and the growth of
coastal resorts near large industrial
towns.
MODERN TOURISM
A. TOURISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Thomas Cook
In the later years of the 19th century, the
organization of travel became an established
institution. Travel organizers emerged.
The first and most famous of these was
THOMAS COOK. His first excursion train trip
was Leicester and Loughborough in 1841
with 570 passengers at a round trip fare of
one shilling.
MODERN TOURISM
A. TOURISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Thomas Cook
In 1866, he organized his first American
tour.
In 1874, he introduced ‘circular notes’
which were accepted by banks, hotels,
shops, and restaurants. These were in
effect the first travelers’ check.
MODERN TOURISM
A. TOURISM IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Other tour companies, which appeared in Britain at this time where :
- DEAN AND DAWSON in 1871
- POLYTECHNIC TOURING ASSOCIATION in 1872
- FRAMES in 1881
In the US, American Express was founded by Henry Wells and William Fargo.
As the 19th century drew to a close, photography and guide books
became popular. The most popular among these was BAEDECKER, first published
in 1839, which became the leading guide for European countries at the end of the
century.
MODERN TOURISM
B. TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
• Beginning of the 20th century- pleasure travel
continued to expand, encouraged by the increasing
wealth, curiosity, and outgoing attitudes of the people
as well as the increasing ease of such movement.
MODERN TOURISM
• World War 1 (early post-war)- New forms of mass
communication stimulated curiosity about other countries. In
addition to the influence of posters and the press, the
cinema, radio and television widened knowledge and interest
in travel.
• World War 1 (late post-war)- the railways as a means of
travel declined with the introduction of the motor car.
Motorized public road transport and improved road
conditions led to the popularity of seaside tours.
MODERN TOURISM
B. TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
• World War 2 (early post-war)- Increased interest in travel.
Another outcome of the war was the progress in aircraft
technology. Air travel had become comfortable, safer,
faster, and cheaper. With the introduction of BOEING 707
jets in1958, the age of air travel for the masses arrived,
hastening the decline of sea travel.
MODERN TOURISM
B. TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
• Air travel became an instrument in the growth of
intercontinental travel in the 1960s and
1970s. It brings distant exotic islands closer
and replacing week-long sea voyages with a
few hours of air travel.
MODERN TOURISM
B. TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
• After post war recovery years- increase in private car
ownership.
- Travelers switched to the use of private cars and this
change affected both coach and rail services.
- Encouraged the growth of excursions and short-stay
holidays.
- The demand for hired cars on holidays overseas also
increased substantially.
MODERN TOURISM
B. TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
• Post-war economic recovery- increase discretionary
income and leisure time, which many people converted
into increased recreation and travel.
- Governments have created more vacation time by
incorporating isolated public holidays into the familiar ‘long
weekends’ throughout the year. By the 1970s, two vacations
a year were a common occurrence.
MODERN TOURISM
B. TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY
- Business travel also flourished, leading to the
demand not only for individual travel, but also for conference
and incentive travel on a world-wide scale.
- The Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and
Indonesia have strengthened their tourist attractions to appeal
to new markets.
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Tourism in the Philippines began
when the original inhabitants of the
country roamed around in search of food.
A more recognizable form of
tourism appeared in the Philippines when
the country was discovered by Ferdinand
Magellan and when galleons or wooden
boats sailed between Mexico and the
Philippines during the galleon trade.
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
During the American
occupation of the Philippines,
Americans were able to reach
Manila after two weeks on board
the Pan-American Airways air-
clippers.
In the 1920s the steamship
and the airline pioneers, the ‘China
Clipper’ and the ‘Manila Clipper’
brought some passengers to Manila
via Hong Kong.
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Travelers from the US, China, Japan, and Europe were
provided inland tours by entrepreneurs with their unregistered private
cars and coaches called ‘colorum’.
Colorum means illegal tour handling and the illegal use of
private vehicles for public use.
There were only a few tourist attractions in the Philippines.
These were Manila, Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna Lake Tour, Tagaytay
and Taal Volcano, Mt. Mayon tour, Legaspi tour, Baguio City, and
Banaue tour. Other popular tours in the South in the1920s were Cebu
City and Zambaonga City.
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
In 1947, a more orderly tourism activity started.
Steamships and airlines began to service the Philippines from
other countries; thus, giving impetus to tourism.
In 1952, the first tourism association in the Philippines
was organized. This was the PHILIPPINE TOURIST AND
TRAVEL ASSOCIATION (PTTA), which was organized to put
together all existing travel establishments serving both
domestic and international travellers. The PTTA was funded by
the government to promote the country’s tourism industry.
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Later the government organized the Board of
Travel and Tourist Industry (BTTI) to regulate,
supervise, and control the tourist industry and to
subsidize the PTTA as its promotional arm.
In the late 1950s, more hotels and restaurants
and entertainment facilities were established.
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippines has undergone economic, social, and political
crises starting in the 1960s up to the 70’s, which hindered the
development and promotion of tourism.
It was only 1972, after the declaration of martial law when
tourism in the Philippines prospered. This was due to favourable
conditions, such as safety of tourists, better services and sanitation
facilities, more financial support, and the vigorous cooperation of the
private sector.
A temporary ‘tourist boom’ existed in the Philippines in the
early 70s.
ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
The NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANIZATION
(NTO) of the Philippines or DEPARTMENT OF
TOURISM is the agency who embarked on several
plans and programs to ensure the pleasant and
hospitable entry, safety, and departure of tourists, as
well as to assure a harmonious, positive, and
constructive development of the tourism industry.
