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 Prehistoric period

PALEOLITHIC AGE

MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC
LOWER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD UPPER PALEOLITHIC
PERIOD

CHARACTE
Shulk, gandasa, fragmentary device Bone, scrape and
RISTICS OF Panel culture
culture tachycardia culture
CULTURE

Nevasa (Maharashtra),
Didwana (Rajasthan),
Belan Valley, Chota
Narmada Valley, Sohan River Valley, Bankura, Purulia (West
Nagpur Plateau, Central
Singrauli Valley, Chhota Nagpur, Bengal), Bhimbetka
MAIN SITE India, Gujarat,
Kashmir, Punjab, Karnataka and (Madhya Pradesh),
Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh. Chakia, Belan Valley,
Andhra Pradesh
Son Valley (Uttar
Pradesh)

Hand axes and garden stone tools

– have been found from Narmada
Valley. Evidence of cave
The first animal fossils were paintings has been
EVIDENCE
found from the Narmada river found from Key Tools - Blades
AND
valley. Bhimbetka. era of early homo
OTHER
D N Wadia - Father of Sohan Making of tools – sapiens humans
FACTS
Valley from good quality
Chopper-Chopping Pebble Culture quartzite stones
Tools – Recovered from Sohan
River Valley

MESOLITHIC PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS
MAIN SITE OTHER FACTS
OF CULTURE

Adamgarh, Earliest evidence of animal husbandry -

Bhimbetka from Adamgarh and Bagor
(MP), Bagor Entombed human skeleton in a bent
(Rajasthan), state - from Langhnaz
Sarai Nahar Rai, Proof of permanent residence
Microlithic Culture
Mahdaha, (UP), Bone made tools - from Sarai Nahar Rai
Son Valley, and Mahdaha
Krishna Valley, Paired burial - from Mahdaha
Belan Valley Four human skeletons in a grave - Sarai
etc. Nahar Rai

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 New Stone Age
characteristics of
main site other facts
culture

Earliest Neolithic settlement, evidence of wheat -

Maski (Karnataka),
Mehrgarh
Pochampalli (Tamil
Note: The oldest evidence of agriculture being
Nadu), Chirand (Bihar),
practiced in the Indian subcontinent has been
Damdama, Koldihwa
Polished Tool found from Lahuradev (Sant Kabirnagar). The
(Uttar Pradesh),
Culture oldest evidence of rice has also been found from
Burjom and Gufkral
here.
(Kashmir), Langhnaz
Evidence of dog burial along with pits and
(Gujarat), Mehrgarh
humans - from Burzahom
(Pakistan).
Ash Mounds – From Sangankallu, Piklihal, Utnoor

Copperstone Culture 1. Major places – Jorve, Nevasa,

Daimabad, Inamgaon
During this period man started using 2. Evidence of jute has been
tools/tools made of stone and copper. found from Nevasa.
These cultures were agricultural rural 3. Daimabad is the largest Jorve
Jorve
cultures. site.
culture
This era is also called Chalcolithic era. 4. A five-room house, a
settlement surrounded by fort
1. Major places – Ahad, and ditch and a statue of
Balathal and Gilund Mother Goddess have been
2. Ahad is also called found from Inamgaon.
Banas/ Tambavati
Ahad 3. Evidence of a walled
culture house, mud building,
baked bricks and copper
Stone Age: Other Facts
pieces has been found
from Gilund.
Megalithic monument - burial place of the
1. Major places – Kaytha and dead
Eran Father of Indian Archeology - Alexander
Kayatha Cunningham (First Archaeological
2. Evidence of fortified
Culture Surveyor in India)
settlements comes from
(MP) 1901 AD - Archaeological Survey of India
both Kaytha and Eran
sites. (First Director General - John Marshall)
The second ancient Indian Neolithic site
1. Excellent Malwa Pottery with evidence of rice after Lahuradeva is
Malwa
2. Navdatoli – Excavations Koldihwa (paddy husk).
culture
by HD Sankalia

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 Harappan/Indus
Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization

1. Proto- historical civilization

2. Bronze Age Urban Civilization
3. Period - 2300 to 1700 BC. to (based on radio carbon dating)
4. Shape of extension - triangular
Introduction
5. Northern border - Manda (J.K.);
Eastern boundary - Alamgirpur (Meerut);
Western border - Sutkangedor
Southern border - Daimabad (Maharashtra)

Indus Valley Civilization: Site

current
venue Excavator/Explorer River other facts
location

Dayaram Sahni
Semi-industrial city called - Stuart
(under the on the
Montgomer Piggott
Harappa direction of left bank
y (Pakistan) East Mound - Town
Madhoswaroop of Ravi
Western Mound - Fort
Vats) - in 1921

on the
Meaning in Sindhi language -
mohenjodar Rakhaldas right shudder,
Mound of the dead
o Banerjee - in 1922 bank of (Pakistan)
democratic governance system
the Indus

Discivery- N.
Remains of North-Eastern
Majumdar Sindh
Chanhudar Harappan culture (Jhukar-Jhangar)
Excavations - Indus Province
o found
Ernest Mackay - in (Pakistan)
industrial center
1934-35

Major port of Harappan civilization

S R Rao Ahmedabad main point of trade with western
Lothal Bhogava
- in 1955 (Gujarat) asia
Mini Harappa or Mini Mohenjodaro

Discovery-
Amalananda Ghosh on the
Literal meaning – black bangles
in 1951 left bank Ganganagar
Kalibanga Remains of both pre-Harappan and
Excavations - BB of (Rajasthan)
Harappan cultures
Lal, BK Thapar - Ghaggar
1961

R S Bisht Fatehabad Remains of pre-Harappan and

made Saraswati
-in 1973 (Haryana) Harappan culture like Kalibanga

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 Excavator/
venue River current location other facts
Explorer

rectangular city
Divided into three parts
Dholavira JP Joshi - Kutch (Gujarat)
(fort, middle town and lower
town)

Kotdiji Fazal Ahmed Khan Indus Sindh

Rangpur S R Rao Bhadar Ahmedabad

Ropar Yagyadutt Sharma Sutlej Punjab

Alamgirpur Yagyadutt Sharma Hindon Meerut

Makran Beach
Sutkangedor Aurel Stine Dashk
(Pakistan)

Remains recovered from the site of Indus

Valley Civilization
1. large bathroom
1. bull made of shell 2. unicorn animal figure
2. Image of Goddess of Fertility 3. brick staircase
3. circular brick platforms 4. Most Inscribed Seals
4. R-37 cemetery 5. huge granary
5. wheat and barley grains 6. Bronze statue of
Harappa 6. brass hookah dancing woman
7. granary 7. statue of mother
8. Evidence of Swastika and goddess
Chakra 8. Statue of
9. picture of fisherman on pot Mohenjodaro Pashupatinath on
10. Nataraja statue currency
9. cotton cloth
10. clay scale
1. decorated elephant 11. Priest/Yogi Statue
2. bead factory 12. Evidence of the Biggest
3. toy Brick
Chanhu 4. lipstick 13. clamshell track
daro 5. footprints of a dog chasing a 14. evidence of wet clay
cat lamp
6. curved bricks 15. elephant skull
7. four wheeler

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 1. evidence of plowed fields
Daimabad 1. Man, bull, rhinoceros
2. Glass and clay bangles,
(On the figure driving a chariot
silbatta
banks of 2. A seal of Indus script
3. cotton fabric print
river Pravara) 3. pottery
4. ruby and clay beads
5. cylindrical seals
1. plow shaped toys
6. evidence of earthquake
2. seals and butts
Kalibanga 7. rectangular 7 fire altars Banavali
3. lapis lazuli and carnelian
8. Evidence of raw and
beads
baked bricks
9. Mustard Evidence Balakot 1. Shell bangle pieces
10. cylindrical seals
11. alabaster and clay seals Manda 1. bronze screw pin
12. symbolic tombs
1. Proof of vermilion in
13. pieces of pottery Nausaroa
demand of women
1. Persian currency/seal Hulaas 1. seal with indus script
2. painted characters
3. Paddy (rice) and millet Sutkangedor 1. remains of clay bangles
4. seal of persia
5. miniature horse figurine
Lothal
6. three couplet Indus Valley Civilization:
mausoleums
Important Facts
7. port
8. Evidence of bead industry First production of cotton in the world –
9. copper dog Indus residents
Beginning of architecture in India – Indus
1. huge reservoir Valley Civilization
2. Improved Water Buying and selling:- based on barter
Management Mainly worship of humped bull and also
(Achievement of 16 evidence of tree worship
Dholavira beginning of idolatry
Reservoirs)
3. An inscription with 10 Script- iconic (right to left)
large signs of the decimal system of measurement
Units of measurement and weight in
Harappan script
multiples of 16
1. cremation urn from Identity of Meluha – From Sindh region
Surkotada cemetery Lack of knowledge of iron and knowledge of
2. horse bones gold, silver, copper and bronze
lack of lion remains
1. alabaster seal
John Marshall, Ernest Mackay and S.R. Rao
Ropar 2. chert butts
have cited floods as the cause of the
3. Evidence of pet dog burial
decline of civilization.

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 The Vedic Civilization

Vedic Civilization: Introduction Brahmarshi

Pandit Ganganath Jha
country
Vedic culture
Arya (noble, noble) Saptasandhav
creator Dr. Avinash Chandra
Pradesh
Literal meaning of
Knowledge Devika Pradesh
Veda D S Trivedi
(Multan)
Vedic civilization Rural
southern russia garden child
Rig Vedic (1500-
1000 BC) Later Central Asia maxmuller
Vedic period division
Vedic Pandit Bal Gangadhar
(1000-600 BC) North Pole
Tilak

Rigvedic period rivers Swami Dayanand

Tibet
Saraswati
ANCIENT NAME MODERN NAME
Germany Hurt and Penka

Shatudri Sutlej Hungary Giles

Purushani Raavi Rigveda

Askini Chenab Introduction

Vitasta Jhelum Praise of various Gods and Goddesses

Gomti Gomal oldest text in vedic literature

10 Mandals, 1028 Suktas and 10,552 Richas

Kumbh/Kumbha Kabul
Dynasty Mandala – Second and Seventh
Sadanira Gandak (oldest)

krumu Kurram Newest Division – 1st and 10th

Indus Indus 9th Mandala – Dedicated to the god Soma

vision Ghaggar Varna system/Shudra words - in Purusha

Sukta of 10th Mandal

Gayatri Mantra dedicated to the Sun -

ORIGINAL HABITAT OF ARYANS Third Circle

ORIGINAL RESIDENCE SCHOLAR Author of Third Mandala – Vishwamitra

Similarity between Iranian text Jund

Kashmir/Himalaya L. D. Cull Avesta and Rigveda

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 Rigveda In both prose and poetry form

Introduction
Two branches - Shukla Yajurveda (poetry)
The most sacred river - Saraswati and Krishna Yajurveda (prose + poetry).
Other names of Saraswati - Naditama,
Matetama, Devitama Ishopanishad – the last part of Yajurveda
(related to spiritual thinking)
Most Mentioned River – Indus
Indus river was called Hiranyani - because
Atharvaveda
of its economic importance.

Introduction
Mention of river Ganga – once
Yamuna river mentioned – three times
Related to tantra-mantra and vashikaran
Indra - 250 Suktas dedicated
20 Kandas, 731 Suktas and 5987 Mantras
Agni - 200 Suktas dedicated
1200 mantras from the Rigveda
First mention of the word Gotra
Sabha and Samiti - Two daughters of
Asto maa sadgamaya - from the Rigveda
Prajapati
'Sabha' was mentioned 8 times, 'Samiti' 6
Two branches – Pippalad and Shaunak
times

Brahmin texts related to Vedas

Samveda
Rigveda Aitareya, Kaushitaki
Introduction
Taṇḍya/Panchvisha,
Samveda
The oldest work on Indian musicology Jaimini

Collection of mantras sung on the Yajurveda Shatpath, Taittiriya

occasion of yagyas
Atharvaveda Gopath
Three branches - Kauthumiya, Ranayaneey
and Jaimini Aranyaka related to Vedas

Total Richas - 1875 (mostly from Rigveda)

Rigveda Aitareya

Yajurveda Samveda Chhandogya, Jaiminiya

Introduction Yajurveda Brihadaranyaka

Mention of Strots and rituals relating to

sacrifice Atharvaveda --

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 Upanishads related to Vedas Upanishads/Vedanta

Rigveda Aitareya Introduction

Literal meaning- acquiring knowledge by

Samveda Chhandogya
sitting near the Guru
Yajurveda Brihadaranyaka based on philosophy

Atharvaveda Mundaka Upanishad Mention

large-scale Yajnavalkya-Gargi dialogue

Upvedas and priests related to Vedas Brahmacharya, Grihastha and

Chhandogya Vanaprastha three ashrams
Veda upveda priest satyakam-jabal story

Jabal The four ashrams (including

Rigveda Ayurveda Hota Upanishad celibacy)

Samveda Gandharvaveda Udgata The Mundaka

Truth always triumphs
Upanishad
Yajurveda Dhanurveda Adhvaryu
Kath
Yama - Nachiketa incident
Upanishad
Atharvaveda Shilpaveda Brahma
The
Swetasvatara First mention of salvation
Rigveda mandalas and authors Upanishad
Madhuchchamada /
First
Meghatithi Mention in Shatapatha Brahmana
Second Gratismad
theory of reincarnation
third Vishwamitra

IV Vamdev flood story

Pancham Atri Pururava - Urvashi Lecture

sixth Bhardwaj
Description of the Purushamedha sacrifice
Seventh Vashishtha

eighth Kanva and Angiras Wife: Husband's better half

Soma Devta and other

ninth Kuru and Panchala – the best
sages
representatives of Vedic civilization
Indra, Shachi, Vimada and
Tenth
others Rajasuya Yajna

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 Vedic terminology and their meanings Wapti Barber

Dhanva desert
Word Meaning
Nivi undergarment
Aghanya unslaughterable (cow)

dihitti milker (daughter) Vasas waistcoat

Urvara plowed fields

Adhivasas bedspread
Longal Plough

Vrik Bull Nishka neck jewelry

Yaw barley
DASHARAGYA WAR
Godhum wheat
Mention Rigveda (7th mandala)
Hiranya/Suwarana Gold
Bharat Raja Sudas v/s
Between whom
Karish cow dung Manure League of Ten Kings

krishna ayas Iron river bank Parushani (Ravi) banks

Kusid Loan Victory Raja Sudas

Kusidin lender
Sabha, Samiti and Vidath
baconat usurer/interest taker

Tandul Rice This was an institution of

Sabha old and elite people.
Vreehi Rice
It had some judicial powers.
Taksha carpenter
This was the representative
Spash spy
assembly of the general
Aritra rudder public.
It exercised control over the
Samiti
Karma metal workers appointment, dismissal and
control of the king.
Gopa King
Ishaan- Chairman of the
drains formed after committee
Sita
plowing the field
In this the looted items
Vidatha
Wapti Barber were distributed.

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 SIX VEDANGAS MAJOR SACRIFICE

1- Shiksha (nose), 2- Kalpa (hand), Most important yagya

Ashwamedha
3- Vyakarana (mouth), 4- Nirukta (ear), To increase the extent of the
Yajna
5- Chhand (feet), 6- Jyotisha (eye) empire by the king

related to the coronation of

Rajasuya Yajna
the king
FOUR CODES
related to bravery and
1- Rigveda, 2- Yajurveda, 3- Samaveda, 4- Vajpeya Yagya
entertainment
Atharvaveda
AgniStoma Animal sacrifice to fire to
Vedatrayi Yajna please the gods

1- Rigveda, 2- Yajurveda, 3- Samaveda

FOUR PURUSHARTHA

Arya Panchajan 1- Religion, 2- Artha, 3- Kama, 4- Moksha

1- Anu, 2- Druhya, 3- Turvasu, 4- Yadu, 5-Puru

EIGHT TYPES OF MARRIAGE
Major Gods/Deities
1- Brahma, 2- Daiva, 3- Arsha, 4-Prajapatya,
god of earth Prithvi, Soma, Agni, Jupiter 5-Asura, 6-Gandharvas, 7- Rakshasas,
8-Paisach
Surya, Mitra, Varun, Pushan,
Ashwin Deity of the Rig-Veda period
(Varuna is identified as the
god of the sky Indra/
head of the moral system - war leader and rain god
Ritasyagopa and the god of Purandar
the sea) mediator between gods and
fire
Indra, Rudra, Apah, Vayu, humans
god of space
Vata Creator of the sky, earth and sun;
The system of governance described in god of the sea, controller of the
Aitareya Brahmana world, nourisher of the gods and
Varun
regulator of the seasons, symbol of
Area Government Degree truth, change of seasons and
East Samrajya Samrat creator of day and night.

Dyo god of the sky

West Swarajya Swarat
Soma The god of plants
Answer Vairajya Virat
Ashwin overcomer of adversities
South Bhojya Bhoja
Pushan god of animals
middle
Rajya Raja
country Usha Goddess of progress

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 Jainism
Jainism: Introduction Chaturyaam Education

Truth always tell the truth

Sanskrit word 'Jin'
word origin
(meaning-winner)
nonviolence abstinence from violence
The first Tirthankara,
founded by
Rishabhadeva Asteya theft prohibited

The actual founder Mahavir Swami Aparigraha No asset collection

The four Mahavratas were propounded by

total tirthankara 24
Parshvanath.
Mahavir Swami The fifth vow of celibacy was added by
Mahavir Swami.
Birth 599 BC
Parshvanath
birth place Kundgram/Kundalpur (Vaishali)

Childhood Birth Kashi

Vardhamana
names
Ikshvaku dynasty king
Father
Siddharth Ashwasen (Kashi)
Father (Head of the association of
Gyatrak Kshatriyas) follower They were called Nirgrantha.

Trishala / Videhadatta Tirthankar 23rd rank

Mother (sister of Chetak, chief of the
The three jewels
Licchavi republic of Vaishali)
proper
Yashoda (daughter of Kundinya real knowledge
Wife philosophy
clan)
Perfect
Daughter Anojja/ Priyadarshana belief in truth
knowledge
near jrumbhikagram
Kaivalya Equanimity towards
On the banks of Rijupalika
(Acquisition of proper conduct happiness and sorrow
river
Knowledge) arising from worldly matters
under the sal tree

Mahavir name got after attaining knowledge Jain philosophy

Kevalins, Arhats, Jins and principle of

New names Pluralism
Nirgranthas polymorphism

first disciple Jamali (son-in-law)

Septuagint/Syadism theory of relativity
propounded
Anekantvad/Syadvad
theory atheism atheism

527 BC Atmavada/
death recognition of soul
(At Pawapuri near Rajgir) Rebirth

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 Jain literature Anant Chatushtaya
Early - Prakrit or Ardha-
1. infinite knowledge
Magadhi
Language 2. eternal vision
Kannada, Sanskrit and
3. infinite semen
Shauraseni in period of time.
4. infinite happiness
Augment Jain literature is called.

Organ 12 Jain music

conferen
12 place chairman related facts
ce year
appendage Description of Brahmins,
classification of animals etc. collection of
12 Angas
scattered 10
Two sects
First
chhedasutra 6 Patliputra Sthula were
322 BC/
(Bihar) bhadra formed –
300 BC
basic formula 4 Shwetamba
ra and
Nandisutra 1
Digambara.
application
1 II Devardhi A total of 11
gateway Vallabhi
513/526 Kshamasr Angas are
(Gujarat)
Description of the rules of AD amana recorded
Acharangasutra conduct and prohibitions of
Jain monks
President of Jain Association
Biography of Mahavir
Bhagwati Sutra Mahavir Swami ---- Sudharman ---- Jambuswami
16 Mahajanapada

in Sanskrit by Bhadrabahu
Kalpasutra Jain pilgrimage site
Biography of Tirthankaras

Syadvad Birthplace of 5 Tirthankars

by Mallisen Ayodhya Birth of the first Tirthankara
Manjari
Rishabhadeva
justice
by Siddhasena Divakar Sammed
incarnate Parshvanath attains nirvana
Shikhar
Nyayadipika by Dharmabhushan
Mahavir Swami attained
Pavapuri
Panchavinshati Nirvana
by Padmanandi
k
Kailash Nirvana to Adi Nath
Appendix mountain (Rishabhadeva).
by Hemchandra
Parvan
Statue of Gomateshwar
Shravanvelgola
liquid storage by Nemichandra Bahubali

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 Dynasty/ruler who patronized Jainism 20. Munisuvratnath turtle 🐢
Rashtrakutas, Ganga, Chalukyas of 21. Naminath Neelkamal 🔹
Gujarat, Chandela dynasty
Mahapadmananda, Ghanananda, Bimbisar, 22. Neminath Conch 🐚

snake hood 🐍
Ajatashatru, Udayin, Chandragupta
23. Parshvanath
Maurya, Bindusar, Kharavela,
Amoghavarsha, Kumarpal etc. 24. Mahavir Swami lion 🦁

24 Jain Tirthankaras and their symbols

1. Rishabhdev bull 🐂
2. Ajitnath elephant🐘
3. Sambhavnath horse 🦄

4. Abhinandanath Monkey 🐒

5. Sumatinath Chakwa 🦅

6. Padmaprabha lotus 🌷

7. Suparsvnath Swastika ࿗

8. ChandraPrabha moon 🌙
9. Pushpadant Fish (Dolphin) 🐬
10. Shitalnath 🌳
kalpa tree

11. Shreyansnath Rhinoceros 🦏

12. Vasupujya buffalo🦛

13. Vimalnath Pig 🐖

14. Anantnath eagle 🦅

15. Dharmanath thunderbolt

16. Shantinath deer 🦌

17. Kunthunath goat 🐐

18. Arhanath fish 🐟

19. Mallinath urn 🏺

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 Buddhism
Mahatma Buddha (Light of Asia)
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS THE THREE
Birth 563 BC Lumbini (Nepal) JEWELS
1. suffer
Siddhartha (patronymic name 2. Suffering community
Childhood name 1. Buddha
– Gautam) 3. Suffering inhibition
2. Dhamma
4. Suffering Nirodhagamini
Shuddhodhana(Kapilvastu, 3. Sangha
Father Pratipada
Shakya King)
EIGHTFOLD PATH
Mother Mahamaya (Koliya Republic)
understanding the true
upbringing Aunty Prajapati Gautami 1 - Right vision
nature of an object
Yashodhara (Bimba, Gopa, Thoughts free from greed,
Wife 2- Right resolution
Bhadrakachcha) hatred, violence

Son A male name 3- Right speech renouncing unpleasant words

Horse Kanthak (Sarathi - Chana)

4- Right Action pursuit of good deeds
Maha
Leaving home at the age of 29 5- Right Livelihood ethical livelihood
bhinishkramana

Aalar Kalam (studied Sankhya 6- Proper exercise mental/physical health

first guru
philosophy in Vaishali) 7- Right memory sattvik feeling

knowledge of From Rudrakram Putta in 8- Right

concentration
yoga Rajgir Concentration

Sambhodhi Under the Peepal tree on the The Eightfold Path is related to the fourth noble
(Acquisition of banks of river Niranjana in truth 'Dukh Nirodhgamini Pratipada' which is called
Knowledge) Gaya at the age of 35 Madhyam Pratipada or Madhyam Marg. There are
eight steps in Madhyam Pratipada, hence it is also
Introduction of called Ashtangik Marg.
First sermon to five Brahmins
the Dharma
in Rishipatnam (Sarnath) Tripitaka (in Pali language)
Chakra
1 - Vinaya Pitaka association rules
most sermon In Kosala's capital Shravasti
collection of Buddha's
last sermon To Subhadda in Kushinagar 2- Sutta Pitaka
teachings
80 years old in Kushinagar
Mahaparinirvana 3-Abhidhamma Pitaka philosophical theory
483 BC
Events and symbols of Buddha's life

Pregnancy elephant 🐘 Leaving home horse 🐎 Prosperity lion🦁

lotus 🌷 chakra 🔆
peepal tree
Birth Knowledge
🌳 first sermon

birth-youth Bull 🐂 Nirvana footprint 👣 Mahaparinirvana Stupa🔼

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 Viharas donated by rulers Patron of Buddhism

Bimbisara Veluvan Vihar Haryanka dynasty Bimbisara, Ajatashatru

Prasenjit Pubbaram Vihar kosala king Prasenjit

Lichhavi Kutagrashala Vihar Vatsa Naresh Udayan

Anathapindaka Jetavan Vihar Avanti Naresh Chand Pradyot

buddhist philosophy maurya dynasty Ashoka, Dasharatha

atheism no belief in divine power Kushan dynasty Kanishka

ephemeralism Nothing in the world is stable Pushyabhuti

Harsh Vardhan
dynasty
maximum emphasis on self-
Anatheism
consciousness
Chief Bodhisattva
all things in the world are
nihilism 1- Avlokiteshwar 2- Manju Shri
powerless
3- Vajrapani 4- Kshitigarbha
Buddhism believes in reincarnation. 5 - Maitreya (future Bodhisattva)

BUDDHIST SANGEETI

Sangeeti Time venue chairman Patron Work

Buddha's teachings were

First 483 BC Rajgir Maha kassap Ajatashatru compiled separately in Sutta
Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka.

Due to differences among the

monks the Buddhist Sangha
Second 383 BC Vaishali Sabakami Kalashoka
divided into Sthavira and
Mahasanghika.

Compilation of Abhidhamma
third 250 BC Patna Mowgliputtis Ashoka
Pitaka

Division into Hinayana and

first Vasumitra Mahayana
Kundalvan,
IV century (Ashwaghosh- Kanishka Actually in Hinayana there were
Kashmir
ad Vice President) Sthaviravidis and in Mahayana
there were Mahasanghikas.

Chaitya
Vihar
These were a type of mausoleum. In these
mausoleums, after cremation of great men, their Near the Chaityas, residences were built
metallic remains were buried underground. These for Buddhist monks which were called
were centers of worship. Viharas.

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 buddhist literature other buddhist texts

Sutta Pitaka Description of the conversation

Mention principles of buddhism between the Greek ruler
Milindapanho
Menander and the Buddhist
Nikaya total 5 monk Nagasena.

Description of the last period of Information about the history

Deepvansh
Deegh nikaya life, last sermons, death and of Sinhaladweep
funeral of Mahatma Buddha.
Mahavansh Sorted list of kings of Magadha
In this, Mahatma Buddha has
Majjhim been described as an ordinary Story of the Buddha's previous
Jataka Granth
Nikaya human being and sometimes as a birth (Pali language)
god with supernatural powers.
Mahavastu Books related to Vinayapitaka
Using both prose and poetry
styles, this body is merely a written by Buddhaghosa
Sanyukt visuddhimagga (Called Buddhist Siddhanta
compilation of many
nikaya Kosha)
compositions. It mentions the
eightfold path.

There is a description of the

things said by Mahatma Buddha
Anguttar in his sermon to the monks. In
Nikaya this, the sixth century B.C.
Sixteen Mahajanapadas are
mentioned.

Khuddak This is an independent and

Nikaya complete creation.

Author of Sutta Pitaka – Anand

Vinaya Pitaka

Author Upali

In this, rules regarding discipline of monks living

in Buddhist monasteries are given.

Abhidhammapitaka

Compilation Mowgliputtis

Philosophical interpretation of teachings and

principles of Mahatma Buddha and Buddhist
beliefs

Ajivaka sect - Makkhaligoshal

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 Religious Movements :
Miscellaneous
Vaishnav/Bhagwat religion Shaivism

Founder – Vasudev Krishna Shaiva – worshipers of Shiva

First mention of Krishna - Chandogya Rudra - Another name of Shiva in the Rig
Upanishad Veda
Total Alwar Saints – 12 Description of Linga Puja – in Matsya
Major Alwar Saints - Poygai, Poodam, Pey,
Purana
Tirumangai, Andal, Nammalwar etc.
Women Alwar- Andal (South Ki Mira) Shaiva sect
Garun (Vehicle of Vishnu) Coat of arms of the
Gupta rulers most ancient sect
Special importance of Navadha Bhakti pashupat Founder – Lakulish
Major teachers - Ramanuja, Madhva, Vallabha, Pancharthika - follower
Chaitanya etc.
Vesnagar Garun Pillar - This pillar located in Ishtadeva - Bhairava
kapalik
Vidisha is the first stone monument related to of vengeful nature
Bhagwat religion which was established by the
more tamasic than
Greek ambassador Heliodorus. Kalamukh
kapalikas
Matsya, Kurma, Varaha,
prevalent in south india
ten Nrishimha, Vamana, Lingayat
incarnations Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Founder – Basava
Buddha, Kalki

Rajarajeshwar
Jagannath Temple Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu) Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu)
Temple
Deogarh (Uttar
Dashavatara Temple Shiv Temple Bhumra (M.P.)
Pradesh)

Vishnu Temple Tigwa (MP) Nataraja

Chidambaram (Tamil Nadu)
Vishnu Temple Eran (MP)
Temple

Mathura Virupaksha
Dwarkadhish Temple Hampi (Karnataka)
Dwarka (Gujarat) Temple

Purana

Total number 18

Author/compiler Lomaharsha and his son Ugrashrava

Most ancient Puranas Matsya Purana

Vishnu Purana related to maurya dynasty

Matsya Purana Related to Andhra Satavahana/Shunga dynasty

Vayu Purana belonging to the Gupta dynasty

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 Mahajanapada
16 Mahajanapada

Maha
Capital current sector other facts
janapada

Major cities – Champa (Port), Ashwapur,

Modern Bhagalpur and
Anga Champa Bimbisara annexed Magadha during the time
Munger
of Brahmadutta.

Ujjain and Capital of Northern Avanti – Ujjaini

Avanti From Ujjain to Narmada River
Mahishmati Capital of Southern Avanthi - Mahishmati

Vatsa Kaushambi Allahabad and Banda The ruler here was Udayan (Paurava dynasty)

Part between Narmada and The only Mahajanapada which was located in
Ashmak Potan/Paithan
Godavari rivers South India.

between Varuna and Asi rivers

Kashi Varanasi Area around Varanasi
Famous for cotton textiles and horse trading

Sravasti/ Modern Ayodhya, Gonda,

koshal Contemporary ruler of Buddha – Prasenajit
Ayodhya Bahraich

Meerut and South-East It is mentioned in Mahabharata and

Kuru Indraprastha
Haryana Ashtadhyayi.

Ahichhatra/ Bareilly, Badaun and Capital of Northern Panchal – Ahichchhatra

Panchal
Kampilya Farrukhabad Capital of Southern Panchal – Kampilya

Ancient Greek writers called this state as

surasen Mathura modern brajkshetra
Shursenoi and the capital as 'Methora'.

kushinara/ Gorakhpur-Deoria region of

Mall republican system of government
Pavapuri eastern Uttar Pradesh

Mithila/ It was a union of 8 republics in which Videha,

Vajji North Bihar
Vaishali Licchavi and Vajji were prominent.

Kamboj Rajpur/Hatak Kashmir, Kabul Valley region This area was famous for excellent horses.

Shuktimati/ The famous ruler here during the

Chedi Modern Bundelkhand region
Sottivati Mahabharata period was Shishupala.

Center of woolen textile production and

Gandhara Takshshila Peshawar and Rawalpindi
education

Matsya Biratnagar Alwar, Bharatpur (Rajasthan)

According to the Puranas, first rule-

Brihadratha dynasty
Magadh Girivraj/Rajgriha Patna, Gaya (Bihar)
According to Buddhist texts, first – Haryak
dynasty

Located in Uttar Pradesh – 8 Mahajanapadas; → 2 Mahajanapadas located abroad → Vajji and Malla –
republican

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 Magadha Empire/foreign
invasion

Haryaka dynasty Name in Puranas and

Divyavadan – Kunik
black mourning
The actual founder Capital again shifted to
394 BC
Shrenik (name in Jain literature) Patliputra.
From
According to Mahavansh Tika, he According to Harshacharita,
366 BC
became king at the age of 15. he was killed by
First marriage – Chelna, daughter Mahapadmananda.
of Chetak (Licchavi ruler)
Nandivardhan Last ruler of Shishunaga
Second marriage – to
Bimbisara Mahanandin dynasty
Mahakosala, sister of Kosala king
544 BC
Prasenjit.
From
Third marriage – With Princess Nanda dynasty
492 BC
Kshema of Madra country
Merger of Anga Mahajanapada Ugrasena - in
(by defeating Brahmadatta) Mahabodhivansh
The physician Jivaka was sent to Sarvakshatrantaka and
treat the Avanti king Chanda Ekarat, part of Kali,
Pradyota incarnation of Parashurama
Murder- by son Ajatashatru Mahapadmana (Bhargava) - in the Puranas
nda Kalinga conquest –
described in the
Kunik - Surname Hathigumpha inscription of
Defeated Kosala king Prasenjit
Ajatashatru Kharavela
and married his daughter Vajira.
492 BC Grammarcharya Panini was a
Conquered Vaishali, the capital
From friend of Mahapadmananda.
of Lichchavi Republic
460 BC
Use of new weapons - Rathmusle the last Emperor
and Mahashilakantaka Agramis – Said in Greek
Murder – by son Udayin literature.
Dhananand followers of Jainism
Established Pataliputra At the time of this, 326 BC.
Udayin (Kusumpura) and made it the Alexander attacked North-
460 BC capital. Western India in .
From Pitrahanta (mentioned in
444 BC Buddhist texts) Hakhamani/Iranian invasion
Jain followers
first foreign The kings of Hakhamani
Nag Dashak Last ruler of Haryanka dynasty invasion dynasty

Founder of Hakhamani
shishunag dynasty Cyrus II
Dynasty

The first successful ruler to

infant snake Vaishali was made the
invade India
412 BC second capital
darius the first Three inscriptions –
From Avanti and Vatsa states
Behistun, Persepolis and
343 BC merged into Magadha
Naksherustam

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 Greek invasion

Father – Philip II
Ruler of Macedonia - 359 BC In
Alexander
Invasion of India - 326 BC
Death - 323 BC in

Entry into India through Khyber Pass

Bharat Vijay Abhiyan
Aambhi of Takshashila had surrendered.

War with King Porus

defeat of porus
Hyadespes or Jhelum (Vitasta)
Alexander handed over the conquered territories to his
commander Philip and went back.

Establishment of two cities by Nikaiya - In memory of your victory

Alexander Boukefla – named after his favorite horse

maurya period
Sources of information about Maurya dynasty Maurya dynasty ruler

Founder of Maurya Dynasty

buddhist Deepavansh, Mahavansh,
According to
literature Divyaavadan, Jatak
Mudrarakshasa, he was a
bull, without a family and
Jain literature Kalpasutra, Parishisht Parvan the son of Nandaraja
Related to royal family
Purana, Mudrarakshasa, according to Buddhist text
other
Indica, Kathasaritsagara, Mahabodhivansh
literature
Vrihatkathamanjari William Jones called
Chandragupta
Sandrocottus
Inscriptions of Chandragupta Maurya
Arrian and Plutarch called
Archaeological Maurya, Inscriptions of from 322 BC
Androcottes
sources Ashoka, Inscriptions of 298 BC
Justin mentioned the
Rudradaman, Architecture
meeting between Alexander
and Sandrocottus.
Defeated Dhananand and
Strabo, Diodorus, Curtius, ascended the throne.
Pliny, Arrian, Justin, Plutarch, Conquest of South India
foreign details
Nearchus, Onescritus, (information from Tamil
Aristobulus etc. texts Ahanaanur and
Murananur)

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 Maurya dynasty ruler Ashoka (273 BC – 232 BC)

According to Jain tradition, Ashoka took over

Chandragupta Maurya (322 BC - 298 BC) the rule of Magadha against the wishes of
Bindusara.
Defeated Seleucus Nicator (the then Greek Ashoka names in his inscriptions – Maski,
ruler). Gurjara, Nettoor, Udgolam
As a result of the treaty, Seleucus took 500 Devanampiyadasi – Name in the inscriptions
elephants from Chandragupta and in return of Ashoka
handed over some part of the regions of Aria According to Mahabodhivansh and Taranath,
(Herat), Arachosia (Kandahar), Zedrosia he gained power by killing brothers in a civil
(Baluchistan) and Peripennisdai (Kabul) and war to gain power.
married his daughter Helena to According to Divyavadana text, mother's
Chandragupta. name - Subhadrangi (other name - Dharma)
Chandragupta's governor Pushyagupta had Ashokvardhan name in Puranas
constructed Sudarshan Lake. Devi/Mahadevi – First wife (from
He renounced the body by the 'sanllekhana' this, Mahendra and Sanghamitra
method in Shravanavelgola. were born)
Chanakya, resident of Takshashila, was the Asanghamitra - Queen of Ashoka
prime minister of Chandragupta. wives
Karuvaki - Tivar Ki Maa
Padmavati – Kunal's mother
Bindusara (298 BC – 273 BC) Tissarakkha – damaged the Bodhi
tree

Upagupta - Initiated Ashoka into

successor of Chandragupta Maurya Buddhism.
Other names - Amitraghata Trip to Bodh Gaya in the tenth year
Bhadrasar/Madrasar – stated in Vayupuran of rule
Simhasen – Said in Jain texts Twentieth Year Lumbini Village
Amitrocades- Greek writers said religious (Tax Free Village Declaration)
According to Divyavadan, Ashoka was sent life Order of visiting places associated
to suppress the rebellion in Takshashila. with Mahatma Buddha - Bodh Gaya,
Arrival of Dionysus, ambassador of Kushinagar, Lumbini, Kapilvastu,
Philadelphus to King Ptolemy II of Egypt Sarnath and Shravasti.
Three demands from Syrian ruler Antiochus - Definition of Ashoka's Dhamma -
(sweet wine, dried figs and philosophers) from Rahalovadasutta
Antiochus appointed Deimachus as
ambassador to the royal court. Missionaries sent by Ashoka
Was a follower of the Ajivaka sect.
Mahendra and
Sri Lanka
Sanghamitra

Ashoka (273 BC – 232 BC) Maharakshit Yavana country

son of bindusara Manjhim Himalayan country

According to Sinhalese tradition, Ashoka
Mahadharmarakshita Maharashtra
attained the throne by killing 99 of his
brothers. Manjhantik Kashmir and Gandhara

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 Missionaries sent by Ashoka Inscription point of receipt

Mahadev supercontinent Jaugarh (Brahmi) Ganjam (Odisha)

Sopara (Brahmi) Thane (Maharashtra)

Sona and Uttara golden land
Kurnool (Andhra
Ergudi (Brahmi)
Kalinga war Pradesh)

Around 261 BC, in the 8th year of Maski (Brahmi) Raichur (Karnataka)
When? Ashoka's coronation. invasion of Gurjara (Brahmi) Datia (MP)
Kalinga in
Brahmagiri (Brahmi) Mysore (Karnataka)
Description in the thirteenth record
Bhabru (Brahmi) Bairat (Rajasthan)
the winner Ashoka
Mirzapur (Uttar
Ahraura (Brahmi)
Pradesh)
Records of Ashoka
Jating Rameshwar
Government orders engraved Karnataka
(Brahmi)
on stone slabs
Inscription
Two categories – major and Sasaram (Brahmi) Bihar
minor
Kurnool (Andhra
Rajulmandagiri (Brahmi)
mandates engraved on pillars Pradesh)
column
Script- Brahmi only
article Govimath (Brahmi) Mysore (Karnataka)
Long and short columns

carved in caves Saromaro (Brahmi) Madhya Pradesh

cave article
Script – Brahmi only Nittoor (Brahmi) Karnataka
The Pillar of Ashoka was first Udegolam (Brahmi) Bellary (Karnataka)
Teal Panther
discovered in Delhi in 1750.
Sannati (Brahmi) Karnataka
James Records were first read in
Prinsep 1837 AD Taxila and Langhamana inscriptions –
Aramaic script
Shar-e-Kuna (Kandahar Inscriptions) –
Inscription point of receipt Aramaic script and Greek language
Shahbazgarhi
Peshawar (Pakistan) Ashoka's pillar inscriptions
(Kharoshthi)

Mansehra (Kharosthi) Hazara (Pakistan)

received from meerut
Dehradun meerut Firozshah Tughlaq brought
Kalsi (Brahmi)
(Uttarakhand)
Pillar Delhi
Girnar (Brahmi) Junagadh (Gujarat) Inscription Disintegrated during the reign
of Farrukhshiyar
Dhauli (Brahmi) Puri (Odisha)

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 Ashoka's pillar inscriptions Inscription Subject

Obtained from Topra village Proclamation of Dhamma

topra pillar (Haryana) fourth through the sound of
article Firozshah Tughlaq brought Dharmacharan
Delhi
Information regarding
Received from Kaushambi appointment of Dhamma
Prayag Pillar
Brought to Allahabad fifth Mahamatras
article
(Prayagraj) by Akbar. Maurya period society and
Lauria- Received from Champaran caste system
Nandangarh (Bihar)
self control education
obelisk Peacock picture imprinted
sixth The general public can meet
The shortest column article the king at any time
Rummindei
Subject of mandate – Economic
column article Tolerance for all
received from nepal seventh
communities
received two column articles
one column without text Mention of the emperor's
Rampurva pilgrimages
figure of a lion on a pillar eighth
column article Mention of visit to Bodh
Presently installed in
Rashtrapati Bhavan Gaya

received from allahabad discussion of dhamma

Why is Ashoka's queen ceremony
queen's record Ninth
Karuvaki and son Tivar Mention of true greetings
mentioned? and etiquette

Ashoka called himself the Emphasis on the superiority

Bhabru article
Magadha emperor of Dhamma policy
tenth
Think in the interest of the
Contents mentioned in Ashoka's inscription people - order

Inscription Subject Explanation of Dhamma

Eleventh
condemnation of animal policy
sacrifice
First Equality of all religions,
All human beings are like my twelfth
great discussion of women
children.
Kalinga war
Veterinary medicine, human
Description of neighboring
medicine and public welfare
state
Second work. Thirteenth
Discussion of Chola, Pandya, Description of
Sattiyaputta, Keralaputta (Cher) autochthonous castes that
commit crimes
Order for government officials
third (Yukt, Rajjuk and Territorial) to Inspire people to lead a
fourteenth
visit every fifth year religious life

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 Ashoka period province chieftain of the Maurya administration

province Capital chairman concerned department

Uttarapatha Takshshila President head of commerce

avant nation Ujjaini Grandson head of weights and measures

son-in-law head of slaughterhouse

Kalinga Province Tosli
Suradhyaksha head of wine and spirits
Dakshinapath Suvarnagiri
President head of forest and its estate
Prachi (Middle
Patna
Country) Head of Spinning-Weaving
Chairman
Department

Ashoka's successors Lord Chief Head of Metals Department

Kunal Symptom
head of mint
President
Dasharatha
currency head Head of Passport Department
Samprati – Jain follower new president head of shipping department

Shalishak Vice President head of pasture

Devvarma/Brihadratha – the last ruler radicle Accountant General

The township
Chairman of Ports
Maurya administration system manager

→
Raja (head) Amatya (eye) → duty officer
Chairman of Excise and Duty
Saptanga
→
Janapada (thigh) Durg (arm) → Department
Siddhanta
Kosh (mouth)→ Dand/bal/sena
The head of
(Kautilya)
→
(brain) Mitra (ear)
the gods
head of religious institution

The strata
Center → Province (Aryaputra or Tirthas of Maurya administration
divisions of
→
Kumara) Mandal (Province or
the Maurya
→
Regional) Food/Subject Teertha concerned department
administration
(Subject) → →
Local Dronamukh
and their
principal
→ →
Kharvatik Collection → Purohit
Chief religious authority and
Village (Gramani) Prime Minister
officers
Prashasta chief executive officer
Chakra – Provinces were called during the
Maurya period. Senapatu Minister of War Department
Gop- village level administrative employee
Yuvaraja king's successor
Udha Test – This was a method of testing the
Council of Ministers to know their character Minister of Revenue
Samaharta
before their election. Department

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 Major pilgrimage sites of Maurya Mauryan judicial system
administration
Dharmastheey
Teertha Related Department civil court
court
Sannidhata state treasurer
Kantak shodhana Problems like
Pradeshta Judge of Criminal Court court murder and violence

Commander of the
Nayaka Army/Chief of City Mauryan intelligence system
Defense Mahamatyapasar
Intelligence Department
p
Chief Inspector of
karmantik Goodhpurush Spies were called.
Industries and Factories

chief officer in charge of Sarpmahamatya top brass

Dandapal
military supplies
Sansthaa worked together
Vyavaharik chief judge of civil court
Sanchara wandering detective
City Chief Officer or City
Naagrak Rakshin police for peace and order
Kotwal

Durgpala guard of royal forts

Mauryan social system
Antpala guard of border forts
Society divided into 7 castes
Dauvarika head of the palace Philosopher, farmer, Ahir,
according to
artisan and craftsman, soldier,
head of the emperor's megasthenes
Aantarveshika inspector and councilor
bodyguard There was no slavery.
Mantri according to Slaves were employed
Chairman of the Council
Parishada kautilya extensively in agricultural work.
of Ministers
dhyaksha
Chhandvahini Independent living widows
Principal Officer of Forest
Aatvika Rupajiva independent prostitute
Department

Devtakar idol makers

Mauryan military system

Foot soldiers, horsemen,

Chaturan elephants and war chariots
gabal Main part of the army - mauryan economy
according to Chanakya
Agriculture
Chandrag
Justin called it a gang of
upta's principal officer managing
bandits. Sitaadhyaksha
army government land

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 mauryan economy Mauryan coins

Agriculture Karshapana, pana,

of silver
Dharana
Adeva The land in which farming was
matrika done well even without rain. Suvarna and nishka made of gold

maashak and kakani copper coin

land tax 1/6 (major source of state income)

Kshetraka the landowner was called royal currency of maurya Pana

Key tax terminology currency testing officer Roopdarshak

Sita income from government land

Bhaga share of produce

Praveshya Import Tax (20%)

Nishkramya export tax

Pranaya emergency tax

Bali a type of revenue tax

Hiranya cash was taken instead of grain

Irrigation arrangements by the

Setubandha
state

Vishti free labor and forced labor

Durg income received from cities

Udakabhag irrigation tax

Income from fruits, flowers,

Setu
vegetables

Rashtra income received from districts

major trade organizations

Shreni craftsmen's organization

Nigama Traders Association

Sangha Organization of debtors/lenders

Sarthavaha chief merchant of caravan traders

→
Shreni Business organizations
→
Mahashreshthi Chief of Division Court
→
Agronomoi Special Officer of Road
Construction

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 post mauryan period

Shunga dynasty Kanva Dynasty

literary and archaeological sources Kanva ruler
Vayu and
This gives information about the Founder of Kanva Dynasty
Matsya
founder of the Shunga dynasty. Vasudev Establishment of dynasty by killing
Purana
Devbhuti
There is information about the killing
Harsha There were four rulers - Vasudev, Bhumimitra,
of the last Maurya ruler Brihadratha
Charita Narayan, Susarman.
by Pushyamitra Shunga.
Brahmin dynasty ruler
Maha
Discussion of Yavana attack Andhra-Satavahana dynasty
bhashya
andhrabhritya It is said in the Puranas
Kalidasa's drama
Malavikagni
Knowledge of political activities of Satavahana stated in the records
mitra
Sunga period
Capital establishment/paithan
Pushyamitra Shunga is said to have
Language – Prakrit and Script –
Divyavdana destroyed 84 thousand stupas of language/script
Brahmi
Ashoka.
Carle Chaity, Amravati Stupa Art
architecture
It was written by Dhandev, the Development
successor of Pushyamitra Shunga.
Ayodhya sources of information
Discussion of two Ashwamedha
inscription
Yagya performed by Pushyamitra Nanaghat inscription of Queen Naganika
Shunga Nasik inscription of Gautami Balashri
Nasik cave inscription of Vashishthiputra Pulumavi
Garuda of Yavana ambassador Vashishthiputra Pulumavi Ka Karle Guhalekh
Besnagar
Heliodorus on top of the pillar Nashik cave inscription of Yajnashri Shatakarni
inscription
Popularity of Bhagwat religion Two cave inscriptions found from Nashik of Gautami
Shatakarni
Bharhut
information about sunga period satavahana ruler
Inscription

sunga ruler Founder of Satavahana Dynasty

simuk Foundation of dynasty by killing
Patanjali - was the royal priest of Susharman
Pushyamitra
Pushyamitra Information about achievements
battle with kharavela from Nanaghat records
Sunga
Yavana invasion (contemporary - Titles -Dakshinapathapati,
Demetrius) Aprathihatachakra
Shatakarni I Two Ashvamedha and one Rajasuya
Agnimitra Pushyamitra's successor
Yagya
Sunga Hero of Malavikagnimitra Land donation to Brahmins and
Buddhists (first epigraphic evidence
accepted Bhagwat religion
Bhagabhadr of land donation)
Worshiped Vishnu by establishing
a/Bhagwat
Garun Stambh in Vidisha (Besnagar). patron of poets and scholars
Composed a free-flowing poem
According to the Puranas, after Agnimitra, named 'Gatha Saptashati' in Prakrit
Haal
Vasujyeshtha, Vasumitra, Andhraka, Pulindaka, language.
Ghosha, Vajramitra, Bhagwat and Devbhuti (the last He was rich in virtues and
ruler) respectively. Sarvavarman in the royal assembly

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 satavahana ruler Ikshvaku dynasty

greatest ruler of this dynasty Samantha of Satavahanas

Introduction
Information about victory - Nasik Ruled in Krishna-Guntur region
inscription
Founder of the Ikshvaku
In the Nashik inscription, a unique Shantmool
dynasty
Brahmin was said in relation to
Shatakarni, the horse as Veer Nagarjunakonda Stupa was
son of 'Trisamudratoypiyavahana'. purushdutt built
Gautami Titles – Rajaraja, Venkataswami,
Vindhya Naresh Worshiper of buddhism
Shaka ruler Nahapana was
Sri Parvatiya title held by rulers
defeated
Restoration of Chaturvarnya Vakataka dynasty
protector of the Vedas
Vindhyashakti (according to the
founded by
Pulumavi, First Andhra Emperor Puranas)
son of Dakshinapatheshwar also called
Vashishthi Name in Puranas - Puloma Capital Purika (Berar)

lover of business and sailing Vindhyashakti

two branches
Coins have pictures of ships on Besim (Sarvasen)
Yajnashri
them Vakataka ruler
Shatakarni
After this the empire of
Satavahanas divided son of vindhyashakti
Vakatakon's most glorious ruler
Satvahana: Other Facts Pravarasena I assumed the title of Maharaja
Beginning of Feudal Traits 4 Performed the Ashwamedha
Administrat district diet was called sacrifice
ion Amatya and Mahamatya - officers Capital of Vakatakas –
Gaulamik – Rural Administrator Pravarapur
Pravarasena II
first introduction of lead coins composition of setubandh
Karshapan – Silver and Copper poetry
economy Coins Last ruler of Vindhyashakti
Suvarna - Sone Ki Mudra (35 Prithvisena II
branch
Karshapana)

Junagadh/Girnar inscription of Rudradaman

Chedi dynasty of Kalinga (Mahameghavahana
dynasty)

Source Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela

Where Girnar mountain in Gujarat

super cloud
founder of the dynasty Language Sanskrit (oldest in Sanskrit)
vehicle

The Hathigumpha inscription

To preserve the details of
mentions the defeat of three southern the main
Kharavela reconstruction of Sudarshan Lake
kingdoms – Chola, Chera and Pandyas purpose
by Kharavela. Dam

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Foreign invasions in the post-Mauryan period Shaka ruler

→
Indo-Yavan Shaka → Parthian The Kshaharat dynasty was
attack order
→
(Pahlava) Kushan among the Shaka rulers of the
drinking water western region of
Indo-Yavan/Indo Greek Maharashtra.
King's address on coins
Capital- Sakal (modern Sialkot)
Demetrius I
first to enter the Indian border Most famous Shaka king
Rudradaman I Restoration of Sudarshan Lake
after demetrius
euphratides sanskrit lover
made Takshashila his capital
last ruler of this dynasty
was known as Milind
Rudrasinha III Gupta ruler Chandragupta II
demetrius clan
defeated by 'Vikramaditya'
Capital 'Sakal' - Major center of
Minander
education Parthian/Pahlav
The first ruler to issue gold
iran Original habitat
coins
real founder of the Parthian
of Euphrates family mithradates i
Empire
Sunga ruler Bhagabhadra sent
Antialcides most powerful ruler
an ambassador 'Heliodorus' to
the Vidisha court. In the Takhtabahi inscription
Gondofarnes
engraved in Kharosthi script, it
Last ruler of the Yavanas in has been said as 'Guduvhar'.
Heliaklees
Bactria
Kushan dynasty
gift of the greeks
struck the purest gold coins
divine principle of kingship most copper coins minted
Prevalence of king's name, picture, date Last ruler – Vasudev
inscribed on currency Yu Chi branch of China
development of astrology art Kujul
Time calculation, use of Samvat, 7 days of founded by
Kadphises
the week, 12 zodiac signs, calendar year
Inauguration of Yavanika (curtain) in theater real founder of kushan power
Vim Maheshwara title (Shiva
Shaka Kadphises follower)
first introduced gold coins
entry into
from Bolan Pass
india Kanishka

In 78 AD (start of Shaka
In Afghanistan coronation
Samvat)
in punjab
five
in mathura First Capital – Peshawar
branches
in western india Capital (Purushapur)
in upper deccan Second Capital – Mathura

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 Kanishka

Parsva, Ashvaghosha (royal poet),

court
Vasumitra and Nagarjuna and
scholar
Charaka.

follower Mahayana sect (Buddhist sect)

Development of Gandhara and

sculpture
Mathura sculpture

Kanishkapur was established in

new town
Kashmir

Scholar in Kanishka's court

Vice President of the Fourth

Buddhist Council
Ashwaghosh
Creation – Buddhacharita and
Sutralankar

philosopher and scientist

Nagarjuna Composition - Secondary Formula
(Relativity Theory)

Composition – Mahavibhashya
Shastra (Commentary on Buddhist
Vasumitra
Jatakas), it is called the
encyclopedia of Buddhism.

post-Mauryan literature

Gatha Saptashati Condition

Mahabhashya Patanjali

Charak Samhita Charak

Natyashastra Bharata Muni

Milindapanho Nagsen

Kamasutra Vatsyayana

Soundarananda,
Ashwaghosh
Buddhacarita

Swapnavasavadatta Bhas

Charudatta Bhas

Urubangha Bhas

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 Gupta empire
gupta dynasty →
Garuna type Evidence of
victory over Nagavanshi kings,
Founder – Maharaj Shrigupta word 'Parakram' inscribed
Introducti
on
First powerful ruler – Chandragupta →
Archer type 'Apratirath' word
I inscribed

Chandragupta I
Samudragup →
Parshu type the word 'Kritant
ta's coins Parshu'
Gupta ruler who was the first to issue gold coins →
Ashvamedha type Inscribed
with inscription 'Rajadhiraja'
Rajya- In 319 AD (beginning of Gupta →
veena playing type playing the
bhishek Samvat) veena
Vyaghra Hanan type
Title maharajadhiraj
Chandragupta II 'Vikramaditya'
Marriage with Lichchavi princess
Marriage
Kumardevi Before this, there is also mention of the existence
of a ruler named 'Ramgupta'.
Samudragupta
Vikramanka, Vikramaditya
titles
Napoleon of India - Vincent Smith Paramabhagavat, Shakari
bravery number
Aparatiratha other names Devgupta, Devraj, Devashree
titles
Tiger prowess
Ashwamedha Parakrama Capital First – Pataliputra; II – Ujjaini
Kaviraj
Marriage with Naga princess
Mentioned in the seventh verse of Kubernaga
Harishena's Prayag Prashasti Daughter Prabhavati's marriage
Rajya Prasabhodvaran - 9 states of marital with King Rudrasena II of
North India including Ahichchhatra, relationship Vakataka dynasty.
Champavi and Vidisha (Aryavart Son Kumaragupta I married the
State Prasabhodvaran) daughter of Kadamba ruler
victory Sarva Kar Danagyakarana - Punjab, Kakutsavarman.
campaign Border States and Nepal
Kalidasa - great poet, writer
Third phase – Victory over
Kshapanaka - astrologer
Vindhyakshetra
Dhanvantari - Doctor
Grahanmokshanugrah - Victory over
court Varahamihira – Astronomer
Pallavas, Kosal, Kuntur, Mahakantar,
scholar Vetalbhatta - Mantra Shastra
Kanchi and Bengi of South India
(Navratna) Shanku - Craftsman
(Dharma Vijay)
Vararuchi - Sanskrit Grammar
Ghatakarpar - Diplomat
In the fourth stanza there is Amar Singh - Lexicographer
mention of Chandragupta choosing
Prayag his successor. To commemorate the defeat of
Prashasti →
It mentions Ashoka Samudra Shaka Satrap Rudrasimha-III, he
→ → →
Gupta Akbar Birbal Jahangir.
other facts
issued Vyaghra style silver coins
First mention of India and assumed the title of Shakari.

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 Fa-hien (399-414 AD) came to India First epigraphic evidence of Sati practice in
during the reign of Chandragupta Bhanugupta's Eran inscription
Vikramaditya and visited Nalanda, →
Vishnugupta III last ruler of the Gupta
other facts Rajgir, Bodh Gaya, Shravasti and Empire
Kapilvastu.
Chandragupta II was the first ruler Gupta administration
to mint silver coins.
divine principle of kingship
Kumaragupta I The king (emperor) was at the top of the
administration
Son and successor of Chandragupta II Decentralization Administration/Federal System

Mahendraditya, Srimahendra, highest official of

titles Guptakula Vyomashashi, administration
King
Ashvamedha Mahendra Executive, Judiciary and Military
law making rights limited
Detailed description of the well-
Mandsaur
inscription
organized rule of Kumaragupta
(Author - Vatsabhatti)
Country (Gopta) →
Administrative Bhukti/Province (Kumaramatya)
divisions and → Subject/District (Vishayapati)
Peacock Shape in place of Garun's
Mention of performing
officers → Vidhi/Tehsil → Peth →
coins Gram/Gaon (Mahattar/Mukhia)
Ashwamedha Yagya
Karthikeyan's marking administration Officer

Established Nalanda University Maha baladhi

other facts Commander
(Oxford of Mahayana) krit

Skandagupta Mahadanda
judge
nayaka
Kramaditya (other names -
Title
Devaraya) highest officer of police
Dandapashika
department
Capital transferred to Ayodhya
Sandhi Foreign Minister for War and
According to the inner inscription,
vigrahika Treaty
the first Huna attack was
defeated. head of education and religious
In Junagadh inscription, Huns Vinaya sthiti
affairs
have been called Mlechchha.
According to the Junagadh Maha Aksha highest officer of accounting
other facts Patalika department
inscription, the work of revival of
Sudarshan Lake was entrusted to
Bhandagaradhi
Chakrapalit, son of Saurashtra treasury officer
krita
Governor Parnadatta.
Sent messenger to the court of Officer in charge of palace
Mahapratihar
Chinese Emperor Song (466 AD) related matters

→
Other rulers -: Purugupta Narasimha Gupta Agraharic head of charity department
→ →
'Baladitya' Kumaragupta II Buddhagupta →
Bhanugupta etc chaurodharnik head of intelligence department

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 Gupta economy commercial body

Central corporation or
Agriculture Mainstay of economy Shresthi
association of superiors,
Kulik, Nigama
craftsmen and artisans
Land 1/6 of total income (both cash and
Revenue revenue) group of traders of different
poog
castes
Major types of land
group of traders of the same
Aprahat uncultivated wild land Shreni
caste
Vastu habitable land Nigama traders' committee
Khil land that was not plowed Art and Literature of the Gupta Period

Gochara land suitable for grazing animals The Gupta period was the 'Golden Age' in terms of
art and literature.
Kshetra land suitable for farming
architecture
major tax
In Devgarh (Lalitpur) (Lord
Dashavatara
Dhanya king's share in grain Vishnu resting on the bed
Temple
of Sheshnag)
Bhaga about 1/6 of land produce
Best example of Brahman
taxes given to the king in the form
Bhoga cave temple
of daily goods Udayagiri Temple
Huge statue of Varaha
Land tax to be imposed on avatar of Vishnu installed
Udrang
permanent farmers Tigawa's Vishnu in Jabalpur, Madhya
Bhutavaat Temple Pradesh
tax on import of foreign goods
Prataya Shiv Temple of
Satna, Madhya Pradesh
Bhumra
Shulka border tax
Parvati Temple of
Pranaya mandatory tax Panna, Madhya Pradesh
Nachna Kuthar

Bhatta Tax police tax Temple of

Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Bhitargaon
Bali a religious tax
Out of the 29 caves of Ajanta, cave numbers 16, 17
It was imposed on those ryots and 19 belong to the Gupta period.
Upari tax The caves of Ajanta are related to Buddhism, in
who did not own the land.
which the picture of Bodhisattva Padmapani is the
commerce/trade most famous.

major Major works and creators

clothing industry
industries
Book Author
Eastern India - Tamralipti
Hritu Samhara Kalidas
port Western India - Bhrigukchha
(Bharuch) meghdoot Kalidas

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 Book Author Gupta religious situation

Kumarasambhavam Kalidas Gupta ruler follower of Vaishnavism

The idol became the center of worship
Raghuvansham Kalidas Vaishnav and Shaiva religions were
coordinated (Symbol: Statue of Lord Harihar).
Malavikagnimitram Kalidas
Sampradaya originator
Abhijnana Shakuntala Kalidas
Sankhya Kapil
Vikramorvasiyam Kalidas
Nyaya Akshapad Gautam
MudraRakshas Visakhadutta
Yoga Patanjali
Devi Chandraguptam Visakhadutta
Vaisheshika Kanad or Uluk
The Brihat Samhita Varahamihira
Purva Mimamsa gemini
panchasiddhantika Varahamihira
Uttar Mimansa,
Brahmasiddhanta Brahmagupta Vadrayan
Vedanta

Aryabhattiyam Aryabhata Adwaitvada Shankaracharya

suryasiddhanta Aryabhata Vishishtadwaitvad Ramanujacharya

Nyayavtara Siddhasena Dwaitvad Madhvacharya

Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma

Nitisara Kamandaka

Mrichchakatikam shudraka

Yogachara Asang

Other key facts

First proved that the

Earth is round and
rotates on its axis.
Aryabhata
Method of finding
square root, cube root
and sine theory

Sushruta father of surgery

quadratic equation
Brahmagupta formula
rules of zero experiment

Nagarjuna expert in chemistry

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 Post -gupta period
New dynasties emerged after the fall of the Gupta dynasty.

dynasty place chief ruler achievement

Bhattarak, Dharasen,
Ruled the emerging states of the post-Gupta
Maitrak Vallabhi Dhruvasen-I, Dharanpatt
period for the longest period.
Guhsen, Shiladitya I

Harivarma, Ishanvarma, Defeated the Huns and saved Eastern India from
Maukhari kannauj
Sarvavarma their invasion.

Pushyabhuti,
Prabhakaravardhan,
Pushyabhuti Thaneshwar established a vast empire
Rajyavardhan,
Harshavardhan

Mahasena Gupta,
later gupta Magadh There was political rivalry with the Mokharis.
Devgupta, Aditya Sen

There was enmity with Thaneshwar and Kannauj

Gaud (chandra) Bengal Moon
rulers.

Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) dynasty Capital transferred to kannauj

founded by Pushyabhuti Patron Mahayana branch of Buddhism

Capital Thaneshwar, Haryana
daughter's From Dhruvasena II, ruler of
Prabhakar Vardhan marriage Vallabhi.

Title Parambhattarak, Maharajadhiraj Defeat of Harsha, with Chalukya

ruler Pulakeshin II on the banks of
Prabhakar Vardhan had two sons – Rajyavardhan
Narmada
and Harshvardhan. southern
Mention of the said war in Aihole
One daughter - Rajyashri who is married to operation
Grihavarman.
Prashasti
Conquered Kuntala, Chola and
Rajya Vardhana Kanchi

During this time, Malwa ruler Devgupta and Lord Buddha's tooth was brought
Bengal ruler Shashank killed Kannauj ruler kashmir
from here and installed in
Grihavarman and took Rajyashri captive. operation
Sangharam near Kannauj.
Rajyavardhan defeated Devgupta in revenge but
Shashank treacherously killed him. Harsh administration
Harsh Vardhan
According to Hiuen Tsang,
Shiladitya (Addressed by Hiuen Army Chaturangini army (foot, cavalry,
other names
Tsang) chariot and elephant troops)

Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja, Bhandi principal secretary of Harsh

Sakalottarapatheshwara,
titles
Chakravarti, Sarvabhauma, General Secretary (Foreign
Avanti
Parmeshwara, Paramamaheshwara, Secretary)

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 Harsh administration Pala dynasty of Bengal

lion roar commander in chief Gopal Founder (Buddhist follower)

Kuntal supreme officer of cavalry Involved in the triangular conflict

of Kannauj
Skandagupta head of army Establishment of Vikramshila
Dharmapala University in Bhagalpur, Bihar
Material Establishment of Sompur
Banabhatta Harshacharita, Kadambari Mahavihara (present-day
Bangladesh)
Mayurbhatt suryashatak
During this time Arab traveler
Harsh Nagananda, Priyadarshika,
Suleman came to India
Vardhan Ratnavali Devpal
Gave protection to Vajradatt, the
author of Lokeshwar Shatak.
other facts

large in Kannauj and Prayag Second founder of Pala dynasty

religious Credit for starting the Kumbh Mahipal I Rajendra Chola attacked and Pala
gathering Mela ruler was defeated.

Mahamoksha Kaivarta rebellion during this

Every 5th year in Prayag Rampal time
Parishad
last powerful ruler
Hiuen Tsang
'Jimutavahana', the originator of 'Dayabhaga'
Left China by land route in 629 Hindu poetry, was given the patronage of the
india trip AD Pala rulers.
returned in 645 AD
Sen dynasty of Bengal
c-u-ki Travel Details Name
Samantsen Founder (at a place called Raadh)
prince of travelers
Surname followers of Shaiva religion
present Shakyamuni Mention of Vijaysen's glorious
Vijaysen
victories in Devpada Prashasti
hui li Hiuen Tsang's biographer
(Poet Dhoyi)
Mahamoksha Took part in the 6th
Ballalsen composed the book Dansagar
Parishad Mahamoksha Parishad
Establishment of another capital
Lakshmanavati (Lakhnauti) near
tripartite conflict
Gaur, the ancient capital of
After Harsha, Kannauj became the main center of Bengal which was destroyed by
power, to achieve which there was a struggle for Bakhtiyar Khilji.
200 years. Sridhar – court poet
Laxmansen
Completed 'Adbhuta Sagar
Pala, Pratihar and Granth' started by father.
powers involved
Rashtrakuta Poets like Jaidev - Geetagovinda,
beginning of conflict Pala ruler Dharmapala Dhoyi-Pavandoot and Halayudh in
the court.
rights last pratihara ruler Lakshman Samvat started

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 dynasties of kashmir Gurjara-Pratihar dynasty

Karkot dynasty Harishchandra The first man

founded by founded by
Hiuen Tsang went to Kashmir under Described as 'destroyer of
Durlabh Nagabhata I
his rule Mlechchhas' in Gwalior
vardhan
After Durlabhvardhan, respectively, Prashasti
Durlabhak - Chandrapid - Tarapid
The actual founder
Construction of Martand Temple in Vatsaraj Involved in tripartite conflict
lalitaditya Kashmir Kannauj was made the capital
muktapid Kannauj king Yashovarman was
defeated Adivaraha and Prabhasa title
Was defeated by Pala king
jayapid last ruler Devpal and Rashtrakuta king
Mihirbhoj I
Dhruva.
Utpal dynasty
Achievement discussed in its
Avantivar founded by Gwalior Prashasti
man established a city in his name
Defeated Rashtrakuta ruler
queen last ruler Indra III
didda Ambitious ruler of Utpal dynasty Rajguru Rajshekhar (author of
Mahendrapala I
Karpoormanjari, Kavya
Lohar dynasty Mimamsa, Bhuvankosh and
Harvilas) in the royal court.
Sangram
founded by
raj Baghdad resident Almasoodi
came to India
Scholar, poet and conversant in Mahipal I
Almasudi used to call the king
many languages
'Baura'
Harsha Dependent Poet - Kalhan
(Rajatarangini) Yashpal last ruler
He is called Nero of Kashmir.

last ruler Gahadwal dynasty of Kannauj

Jaisingh The description of Rajatarangini Chandradev founded by
ends with its rule.
most powerful ruler
In his writings he was called
Rajtarangini
Govind 'Vividvidyacharaspati'.
This is the first attempt to write a systematic chandra Lakshmidhar - Minister of Peace and
history of historical events in Sanskrit literature. War who composed the
Krityakalpataru
Chapter division in total 8 waves
last powerful ruler
ancient history of Defeated by Muhammad Ghori in the
first three waves
kashmir battle of Chandawar in 1194 AD
Jaichand
Patronage of Sanskrit poet Sriharsha
Karkot and Utpal (Naishadheyacharita, Khandan-Khand
4 to 6 waves
dynasty Khadya).

in the seventh and mention of blacksmith Harish

last ruler
eighth wave dynasty chandra

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 Chauhan dynasty of Shakambhari Last great ruler of Chandela
Paramardide dynasty
Vasudev founded by v Title - Lord of the Ten
Two generals – Alha and Udal
son of Prithviraj I
Ajayraj
Establishment of Ajmer city Parmar dynasty of Malwa

Title – Bisaldev, Kavibandhav Upendraraj

founder
Tomars were abolished and made (Krishnaraj)
feudal lords.
Capital (Paramaras made it the
Composition of Sanskrit drama Dhara
Vigraharaja literary capital of India)
named Harikela
IV
Saraswati temple built in Ajmer Harsha/Siyak
Father of freedom of Parmars
Court poet - Somdev II
(Lalitvigraharaj and
The rise of power of Parmars
Kathasaritsagar)
patron of arts and literature
Nickname – Raipithora Creator of Munjsagar Lake
Vakpati Munj
Birth – Anhilwad At the court - Padmagupta,
Title – Bharateshwar Dhananjaya, Dhanika and
Rajkavi - Chandbardai Halayudha
1186 AD - Attacked Chalukya ruler Title - Kaviraj,
Prithviraj III
Bhima II. Tribhuvannarayana
1191 AD - First Battle of Tarain - Books: Saraswatikanthabharana,
Mu. blonde defeated Shrungaramanjari, Rajamrigank,
1192 AD - Second Battle of Tarain - Yuktikalpataru,
Mu. blonde won king bhoj Samaranganasutradhar, Prakrit
Vyakaran etc
Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti (Bundelkhand) Construction of Saraswati
Temple, Bhojpur Temple and
Nannuk founded by Bhojshala
Bhojsar pond constructed
Khajuraho Capital

Built the famous Vishnu temple

Chalukya/Solanki dynasty of Gujarat (Anhilwad)
yashovarman (Chaturbhuj temple) of
Khajuraho.
Mulraj-I founded by
made Kalinjar the capital
Title- Kalinjaradhipati Anhilwad Capital
Most of the temples of Khajuraho
Dhang Dev
including Jinanath, Vishwanath,
Vaidyanath etc. were built. invasion of mahmud ghaznavi
Took water samadhi in Prayag Somnath temple was looted
Bhima-I Feudal Vimal Shah built the
Defeated Parmar Bhoj and famous Dilwara Jain temple on
Vidyadhar Kalachuri ruler Gangey Dev of Mount Abu.
Malwa.

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 The famous Jain scholar Karka II Last ruler of Rashtrakuta dynasty
Jaisingh
Hemchandra lived in his court.
other dynasties
Jainacharya Hemchandra
Kalchuri-Chedi dynasty
initiated into Jainism
Deserves the title- after Vamrajdev founded by
Kumarpal Final reconstruction of Somnath
Kokkal I The actual founder
temple
Kumarapalacharita – written by Tripuri Capital
Jaisingh Suri
Title - Vikramaditya
Gangeya Dev The first Rajput ruler who issued
Mulraj - II attack of muhammad ghori gold coins

Bhima-II last ruler

lakshmikarna medieval napoleon

Rashtrakuta dynasty Gaud dynasty of Bengal

Contemporary of Emperor
Manyakhet Capital Harshavardhana
Shashanka
Bodhi tree was cut down and
Language Kannada thrown away

founded by Maitraka dynasty of Vallabhi

Performed Hiranyagarbhadan
Dantidurga Bhattarak Founder (feudal lord of Guptas)
Yagya in which Pratihar became
the gatekeeper.
Vallabhi
Dhruva Beginning of tripartite conflict Vallabhi Major center of Buddhism and
education
Comparison with Yaduvanshi
Govind III
Krishna in Radhanpur article Emperor Harsha married his
Dhruvasena II
daughter to
Title: Veer Narayan
Composition- Kavirajamarg Eastern Ganga Dynasty
(Kannada) and Ratnamalika
Amogha Kalinganagar Capital
(Sanskrit)
varsha
Jinsen (Adi Purana) and
Mahaviracharya Anantvarma Built the famous Jagannath
Chodgang temple
(Ganitasarasangraha) at the court

The first Rashtrakuta ruler who The rulers were patrons of religion and art.
Indra III captured Kannauj Konark Sun Temple was built by the rulers of this
almasoodi came to india dynasty.

Defeated the Cholas in the battle Kakatiya dynasty

of Takkolam in 949 AD
Krishna III Rudra I made warangal the capital
Kannada poet Pon (Shanthipuran)
in Rajya Sabha Motupalli Major port in Kakatiya rule

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 Sangama period
Sangam or conference

A total of three Sangams were organized under the patronage of the rulers of the Pandya kingdom.

Sangam chairman venue Member other facts

The sage Compiled texts – Akattiyam, Mudunarai,

First Madurai 549
Agastya Paripadaal, Mudukuruku

Compiled Literature - Tolkappiyam

The sage
Second kapatpuram 59 which was composed by Tolkappiyar, a
Agastya
disciple of sage Agastya.

Excellent works compiled - Nedunthoke,

third Naqqeerar Madurai 49
Kurunthoke, Enkurunnaur, Pari-padal

Sangam period literature Author -

jeevkachintamani
collection of ten short Tiruttakkadevar (Jain)
verses
Patthupattu Information about Pandya Other major literature
king Nedunzeliyaan and
Tirukkural or Kural Thiruvalluvar
Chola king Karikala

collection of eight poems Ahananuru Rudrasarman

Names of the kings of the
That's it Sangam period and Marugarrupadaya nakkirar
description of the
immediate society
Sangam period political history
a collection of eighteen
short poems
Padinen- Three important kingdoms mentioned in Sangam
Among these, Tirukkural by
keelkanku literature – Chola, Chera and Pandya
Thiruvalluvar is an excellent
work
Chola kingdom
Sangam period epic

Creator – Ilangoadigal Between Pennar and Vellaru

location
(brother of Chera ruler Shen rivers
Guttavan)
Shilappadikaram romantic epic state symbol Tiger
The hero and heroine are
Kovalan and Kannagi
respectively Defeated the contemporary
Pandya kings,
Creator – Sitalaisattanar Karikala Establishment of the coastal
(Buddhist) capital Puhar
Manimekhalai
Further story of Brahmin followers
Shilappadikaram

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 Cher State pattinam coastal city

Coastal area of ​modern Podial public place

location
Konkan and Malabar
Salai main road
insignia Bow
Teru main street of the city
Udiyangeral first chera king
Anady army captain
Lal Cher Nickname
Shenguttavan 'Pattini Puja' or Kannagi Puja Major cities of Sangam period
was started during his reign.
It was the capital of Cholas
Uraiyur
Saiyyyy last ruler big center of cotton clothes

Pandya kingdom Puhar coastal capital of cholas

(Kaveripatnam) famous port
nedion first pandy ruler
Madurai Capital of Pandya rulers
promoted Vedic religion
Vanji or
sent a messenger to the capital of cheras
Nedunzelian Karaiyur
court of the Roman emperor
Augustus Korkai coastal capital of pandyas

Last known Pandya ruler of Mushiri/Muziris Famous port of Cherka period

Nallivakodan
Sangam era
Confluence tax system/revenue
Confederate system of government
Two famous measurements of
Maa and Veli
a royal assembly in the land
Nalvai
capital
iray land tax
Amaicchar Minister
Ulgu or
toll and customs duty
Shungam
Dootaar Ambassador

Orrar spy Kudmai or Padu taxes paid to the king

Mandalam state (whole) Iradu extortionate

Nadu province Sangam period society

Ur (Perur) city ​or big village Arsar the ruler was called

sirur small gram shuddoom Brahmin

Mudur old village Vellala Farmer

Avai assembly of small villages Vinegar Businessman

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 pulayun artisan class

Sangam religious system

Major Gods of South India

Murugan Subramaniam - other names
Symbol – Rooster

Velanadal dance in worship of murugan

Marudrama rain god

Goddess of Smallpox (Shitala

Mariamma
Mata)

Sangam Period economy

west coast Naura, Tondi, Mushiri, Nelsinda,

ports etc

Rome, Egypt, Arabia, China and

Business
Maldives

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 Dynasties of South
India (Second Phase)

Pallava dynasty Baikunthaperu

Producer – Nandivarman II
mal Temple
The actual founder
Title- Avanisingh and
Chalukya dynasty of Badami
Pottaryan
Singh vishnu
'Bharavi', the author of Time 6th to 8th century
Kiratarjuniya in the royal
court center of
Badami or Vatapi
excellence
Kanchi Capital
founded by Pulakeshin I
Contemporaries of Emperor Title held by the Chalukya rulers
Mahendravar Harsha and Pulakeshin II Prithvivallabh
of Badami
man-I Good painter, poet and
musician The real founder of the
Chalukyas of Badami
Pulakeshin I
Vatapiakonda title - Defeated Ashwamedha, Vajpeyi and
Chalukya ruler Pulakeshin II Hiranyagarbha sacrifices
Narasimhavar and captured his capital
man - I Vatapi. first creator of steam
Kirtivarman I
Maharaj - Hiuen Tsang used to Bhai Manglesh ruler after death
say Moholcha – name given by Hiuen
Tsang
sent an embassy to China
Titles- Satyashraya and Param
Chinese Pagoda – Vihara built
Bhagavat
at Nagapattinam for Chinese
Name in Chalukya texts –
Buddhist travelers Pulakeshin II
Parameshwara
Narasimhavar Built Kailash Temple in Kanchi
Aihole inscription (author
man-II and Shore Temple (coastal
Ravikirti) – Mention of war with
temple) of Mahabalipuram.
Harsha on the banks of
Dandin at the royal court
Narmada
(Dasakumaracharita and
Avanti Sundari) His younger brother
Jayasimhavarman established
Undefeated Vikramaditya I
last ruler the Chalukya dynasty of
Pallava Gujarat.

Pallava culture Last ruler of Chalukya dynasty

Kirtivarman II
of Badami
Construction of monuments
in Mamalla style (builder – Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani
Narasimhavarman I)
Saptaratha Total 8 temples in Father of independence of Chalukya
Tailap II
Temple Mahabalipuram dynasty of Kalyani
Draupadi chariot is the Vilhan and Someshwar III wrote its
smallest, devoid of Vikramaditya
biography
ornamentation VI
Jayasimha – Vikramaditya's assistant

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 The royal poet and author of The capital of Sri Lanka,
Vikramankadevcharita, Vilhana, Anuradhapura, was demolished and
Vikramadity the new capital "Polonnaruwa" was
and Vijnaneshwar, the author of
a VI built, which was renamed Jagannatha
Mitakshara, resided in the Raj
Mangalam.
Sabha.
The title of 'Jagannath' in honor of
Someshwar the victory over Northern Sri Lanka
Last ruler of Chalukya of Kalyani Rajraj-I
The first ruler who measured the land
IV
of the entire kingdom
Chalukya dynasty of Vengi laid the foundation of the Chola navy
Construction of Brihadeshwar or
Vishnuvardhan founded by Rajarajeshwar temple of Lord Shiva
completely made of granite.
Vijayaditya II most famous ruler 1015 AD: Sent an embassy to China.

Vijayaditya last ruler Historian Smith called him the

Napoleon of the South
The Chalukyas of Vengi were the first to use Gangakondacholapuram title – on the
Telugu language in their inscriptions. success of the Ganga Valley
Campaign
Chola Empire
Conquered entire Sinhaladweep (Sri
Lanka)
Cholas were feudatories of Pallavas.
Defeated the rulers of Pandyas,
Vijayalaya founded by Cheras and Vengi.
Rajendra I Most important victory – Srivijaya of
Tanjore Capital Kadaram, with this victory the Cholas
gained control over Malaya, Java and
Kanchi Sub-Capital Sumatra.
Bay of Bengal converted into Chola
Defeated the Pandyas and Pallavas Lake
Aditya - I
and acquired the title of Kodandram. Attack on North-East India to bring
sacred Ganga water
North of this, detailed description of
Construction of Cholagangam Pond
rural local administration is found in
Sent an embassy to China in 1033 AD
two inscriptions obtained from Merur.
Parantaka - I Defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Title – Vijayrajenda
Krishna-III at the Battle of Takkolam Rajadhiraj Martyrdom while fighting against
Title- Maduraikonda, Veerachola, aI Chalukya king Someshwara in the
Veeranarayana battle of Koppam

Defeated the Chalukyas in the

Parantaka II Title – Maduraikondarajakesari Koppam battlefield and was crowned.
Rajendra II During this time there was a famine
Original Name – Arimolivarman in the Chola kingdom.
Titles - Chola-Martand, title of Prakeshari
Cholendrasingh, Rajmartand,
Choledev, Rajashraya, Veerarajen Land donation to 40,000 Vedic
Rajraj-I Ravikulamanikya, Shivpadshekhar. dra - I Brahmins
Rajraj- title held at the coronation Original name – Rajendra
Defeated Kerala ruler Bhaskar Varma. Kulottung Declared independence by marrying
King Pandya defeated Amar Bhujang aI his daughter to Sinhala ruler
Defeated Sri Lankan King Mahendra-V Vijayabahu

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 Original name – Rajendra Kurram Many village unions under Nadu
Shaivite
Taniyur Kurram formed in big cities
Declared independence by marrying
Kulottun his daughter to Sinhala ruler local administration
ga I Vijayabahu
got the land measured twice Notable feature of Chola administration
Sent a group of 72 traders to China Description of Chola village administration in
in 1077 AD Uttarmerur inscription

Kamban, the author of Tamil This was an organization of common

Ramayana (Ramavataram), resided people.
Kulottun Ur
in the court. Alugaanam was the working
ga III committee of Ur.
During this time there was a severe
famine in the Chola Empire.
This Agrahar (land given to
Rajendra Brahmins) was in villages.
Last ruler of Chola dynasty Tenure – up to 3 years
III
Perungari- The gathering was called.
Adhirajendra was the last ruler of the Vijayalaya Sabha
Perumakkal – used to call the
dynasty and later the Chola-Chalukya members of the assembly.
descendants became the fate makers of the Chola Wariyar - a person appointed by the
kingdom. Kulottunga was the prince of the assembly for a particular task
Chalukyas of Vengi.
Nagaram It was limited to commercial cities.
Chola administration
nostalgic organization for the care of
Of, Perumal warium foreigners and monks
or Peruman word used for king
Adigal garden committee
Tott Variyam
Member Number – 12
Officials in the Chola
Ariyan Pon Variyam gold committee
administration were called.

Perundanam top ranking employees pond committee

Eri Variam It collected a tax called ariam.
Shirudanam lowest ranking employee Member Number – 6

Orders given to local Samvatsara annual committee

Shrimukh
institutions Variyam Member Number – 12

Vellum Servants of the royal palace Major terminology of Chola period

administrative units Kadmaai Lagan (land revenue)

The entire Chola empire was Padikaval village defense tax

Mandalam
divided into 9 divisions.

Kottam or Division of Mandalam into Brahmadeya, Mangalam or Chaturvedi Mangalam

Valanadu Kottam land given to brahmins

Assembly of Nadu for whose

Nattar expenses a tax called
Naduvinyogam is levied

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