COMPUTER - Intel

FUNDAMENTALS AND - Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

PROGRAMMING
(REVIEWER) RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS – refers - type of memory that stores data
to concepts and principles that underpin how temporarily
computers work, understanding the basic
building block (hardware and software) - very similar to the memory of the human
brain
- Known as the primary storage, the main
CORE CONCEPTS working memory of the computer system
 Basic Operations - made in the form of Integrated Circuits
 Hardware (ICs), same manner as the processor

 Software Dynamic Random-Access Technology

(DRAM) – most common RAM technology
BASIC OPERATIONS
 Dual Inline Memory Module
 Inputting (DIMM) – for desktop computers
 Processing  Small Outline Dual Memory
Module (SODIMM) – for notebook
 Outputting computers
 Storing HHD (Hard Disk Drives) – more
 Controlling traditional data storage mechanics
SSD (Solid State Drives) – newer and more
sophisticated data storage mechanics
Basic operations include the physical
components of a computer including: Metal disk/(Platter) – citer with millions of
tiny iron particles
 CPU (Central Processing Unit) –
the brain of the computer read-write load – used to magnetize the
particles on the disk surface
 Memory (RAM – Random Access
Memory) – temporary storage for IDE (integrated drives electronics) – disk
active data connected to the motherboard using a ribbon
cable
 Storage devices (Hard drives,
SSDs) – permanent storage for data 2 IDE drives (master and slave) – set by
positioning a jumper
 Input devices (keyboard, mouse) –
devices used to enter data SATA (Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment) – allows faster data transfer
 Output devices (monitor, printer) – speeds than IDE drives
devices used to display or produce
results - No master and slave

1. Arithmetic instructions – carries Motherboard – provides connectivity

out addition, subtraction, between the hardware components of the
multiplication, divisions requested computer
by computer programs PSU (Power Supply Unit) - converts the
2. Logical instructions – make main AC to low voltage regulated DC power
decisions by comparing data acting - Rated in watts
in a particular way
3. Move operations – move data from GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) –
place to place within the computer specialized circuits that speeds up the
system processing of images and videos in a
computer system

2 MAIN COMPUTER PROCESSOR INPUT DEVICES

MANUFACTURERS
KEYBOARD – for typing and entering data
MOUSE – used to interact with graphical PROGRAMMING - means giving a
elements in a computer
mechanism the direction to accomplish a
SCAANNER – converts physical task.
documents to digital copy
Computer Programming
JOYSTICK – used for gaming for precise
control of movement on the screen  Instruction – Computer
programming is giving instructions
OUTPUT DEVICES
to computers.
- Hardware components that display  Creation – It’s also about using code
information to users to create software, apps, and
 Monitor
website.
 Multimedia projector
 Printer  Problem Solving – Programming is
 Plotter solving problems with logic and
 Micro films algorithms.
Software – collection of instruction data or WHY DO WE NEED PROGRAMMING?
computer programs that are used to run
machines Career - High demand and lucrative
career opportunities await you.
- A device running programs, scripts
and applications Creativity – Unleash your creativity
and build amazing things.
 Operating systems
 Device drivers Skills – Develop problem-solving
TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE and critical thinking skills.

 Presentation Software – program to Automation – Automate task and

show the information in the form of improve efficiency in your workflow.
slides
 Spreadsheet Software - to perform 1840s, Ada Lovelace - became the first
manipulation and calculations, stored computer programmer,
in intersections rows and columns
Analytical engine - The first computer
 Database Software – collection of
data related to any applications program to Bernoulli numbers.
 Multimedia Software – Programmers - people who write these
combination of text, graphics, audio
instructions
and other multimedia software
 Simulation Software – imitation of Programming Languages – set of language
real world and environment used by programmers in able to write
 Word Processing Software – used
computer instructions
to format and beautify the text
IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER SOME POPULAR LANGUAGES
FUNDAMENTALS INCLUDE:

Digital Literacy – basic computer  C++

knowledge is essential for everyday use  Visual Basic
Problem Solving – understanding the  C#
fundamentals helps in trouble shooting  Java
computer issues - Can be used to create both
procedure-oriented and object-
Career Advancement – many jobs require
basic computer skills and strong foundation oriented programs

Understanding Technology – provides

framework for understanding how
technology works Off switch (0)

INTRODUCTION TO Onn switch (1)

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Computers can understand only these on Procedure-oriented programs include
and off switches
- COBOL (Common Business
first programmers had to write a program Oriented Language)
instruction using combinations of 0s and 1s;
- BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose
example: (00101 10001 10000) Symbolic Instruction Code)
Machine Language or Machine Code – - and C.
instructions written in 0s and 1s
Object-oriented programming (OOP)
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES (Low Level
- More advance high-level languages
Programming Language)
can be used to create of object-
- very close to the machine’s native oriented programs
language (binary code).
- requires the programmers to focus on
- provide direct access to the
the objects that the program can use
computer’s hardware, such as
to accomplish its goal
registers and memory locations.
Ex. Machine language (binary - The ability to use an object for more
code) than one purpose enables code-reuse
Assembly Language – (requires an
- Follows a bottom-up approach
assembler to translate it into machine
code - Emphasizes encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES (High
Level Programming Language) Ex. Languages like Java, C++, and
Python.
 more abstract and closer to human
language. Structured Programming is a great for
 hide the details of the underlying simpler, smaller programs
hardware, making programming
Object-Oriented Programming is ideal for
easier.
larger, more complex systems
Ex. (Python, Java, C++, JavaScript, C#)
C++
Programming Paradigms - way to classify
 A cross-platform language that can
programming languages based on their
be used to create high-performance
features
applications.
Twp types of Programming Paradigm  1979 C++ was developed by Bjarne
Stroustrup, as an extension to the C
1. Structured Programming
language.
2. Objected Oriented Programming  C++ gives programmers a high level
of control over system resources and
memory.
Structured Programming  C++ support classes and objects,
while C does not.
 aimed to improving the
clarity, quality, and
development time of a
computer program
 “spaghetti code” - difficult to
both follow and to maintain
APPLICATIONS OF C++
 Follows a top-down approach
PROGRAMMING
1. Emphasizes the logical flow of the
program  Application Software Development
Ex. Languages like C, Pascal, and
ALGOL.
 - used in developing almost all the Program development process
major Operating Systems like - systematic of creating and
Windows, Mac OSX, and Linux. maintaining software applications
 Programming Languages - involves series of phases, often
Development referred to as the Programming
- used extensively in developing new Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
programming languages
 Computation Programming
- best friend of scientist because of STEPS IN PDLC
fast speed and computational
1. Analyze the Problem – you cannot
efficiencies.
solve a problem unless you
 Games Development
understand it
- extremely fast which allows
 OUTPUT – goal of solving
programmers to do procedural
the problem
programming
 INPUT – items needed to
 Embedded System
achieve the goal
- heavily used in developing Medical
 Define the Problem – identify the
and Engineering Applications
business need or problem that the
IDE (Integrated Development software will address
Environment)  Conduct Feasibility Study – assess
the technical, economic and
- is used to edit AND compile the
operational feasibility of the project
code.
 Popular IDE’s include Code:
2. Design the Algorithm – plan the
Blocks, Eclipse, and Visual Studio.
algorithm that will transform the
problem input into its output
# include <iostream>
 Algorithm – a step-by-step
using namespace std;
instruction to accomplish a
task
int main () {
- an English like way of
cout << “Hello World!”
writing and
return 0;
expressing a solution
}
to a problem
- helps construct the
C++ Syntax actual program easily
and clearly
 #include <iostream> is a header file
 Pseudocode – short English
library that lets us work with input
statement
and output objects
- means false code
 using namespace std means that we
- cannot be understood
can use names for objects and
by the computer
variables from the standard library.
 Flowchart – uses
 int main() - called a function. Any
standardized symbols to
code inside its curly brackets {} will
visually depict an algorithm
be executed.
- Shows a logical
 cout (pronounced “see-out” is an sequence of
object used together with the instructions which a
insertion operator (<<) computer has to
 Every C++ statement ends with follow
semicolon ;  Flowline – lines that connect
 Return 0 ends the main function. different symbols that the
flowchart contains
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
OVAL – start/ end
ARROW – shows the connection between  Typos – simple mistakes in typing
the representative shapes  Missing or extra characters –
forgetting necessary characters
PARALLELOGRAM – input/ output
 Incorrect capitalizations – using
RECTANGLE - process wrong case
 Mismatch symbols - using wrong
DIAMOND – decision
symbol
BENEFITS OF FLOWCHART
5. Maintain and Update the Program
 Clarity – provides a clear
- Software project is
and concise visual
almost complete, the
representation
different phases
 Understanding – understand
become
the sequence of steps and
documentation for
relationships
others
 Problem solving – used to
 Maintaining and Updating –
identify the inefficiencies and
ensuring the program remains
bottlenecks
functional, relevant and meets
 Communication – effective
evolving users need
tools for communicating the
process
C++ Expression – an operator and
any of its operands taken together to
3. Implement the Algorithm – desk-
constitute an operation
check the algorithm before
implementing it
An expression is any word or group
 Desk-check – facts that the
of words or symbols that is a value
programmers review the
algorithm
 Arithmetic expression – contains
4. Test and Verify the Program – to
arithmetic operators, gives a numeric
evaluate and verify the program by
interpretation to the operands
entering your C++ instruction into
 String expression - contains string
the computer
operators, gives a string
 Testing and verification –
interpretation to the operands
crucial step in the software
 Logical expression - contains
development process to
rational and logical operators, gives a
ensure that the program
logical interpretation to the operands
functions correctly
TRUE (1) or FALSE (0)
 Debugging – process of
locating and correcting bug ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
 Syntax error – occurs when
(+ add) (- subtract) (* multiply) (/ divide)
you break some of the
programming language rules (% modulus/remainder) (++ increment
 Logical error – occurs from operator) (-- decrement operator)
a variety of reasons such as,
forgetting to enter
instructions Relational Operators – used for comparing
- Occurs as a result of two or more numerical values
calculation statements
- Used for decision
that are correct
making process
syntactically but
incorrect == checks if the value are equal or not
mathematically (is equal to)
COMMON CAUSES OF SYNTAX != check if the values of the operands are
ERRORS equal or not equal (not equal to)
( > ) greater than float myFloatNum = 5.9
( < ) less than char myLetter = ‘D’ ;
>= greater the or equal boolean myBool = true;
<= less than or equal string myText = “Hello”

Logical Operations BOOL EXAMPLE

&& - logical AND operator # include <iostream>
ll – logical OR operator using namespace std;
! – logical NOT operator
int main() {
A C++ Identifier is a name used to identify int x = 10;
a variable function
int y = 9;
cout << (x>y);
int – stores integer numbers
return 0
float – stores floating point numbers
}
double – stores double precision floating
point numbers
EXAMPLE OF CHARACTER
char – stores a single point character
# include <iostream>
bool – stores a boolean character (true or
false) using namespace std;
Components of C++ - program comments
are explanatory statements that you can
int main() {
include in the C++ code
char a=65, b=66, c=67;
A line containing only white space possibly
with a comment is known as blank space cout << a;
Whitespace - term used in C++ to describe cout << b;
blanks, tabs, newlines characters and
cout << c;
comments
return 0
Variables – nothing but reserved memory
locations to store variables }

- BERNA Biiiii ( ;
TYPE KEYWORD
Boolean bool
Character char
Integer Int
Floating point float
Double floating double
point
Value less void
Wide character wchar_t

int myNum = 5;