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Lecture 8

The document discusses the deflection of helical springs under various loading conditions, including eccentric loading and surge effects. Eccentric loading reduces the safe load and alters spring stiffness, while surge occurs when a sudden load causes uneven deflection across coils, potentially leading to failure if resonance is achieved. Methods to mitigate surge include using friction dampers, high natural frequency springs, and varying coil pitch.

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9 views6 pages

Lecture 8

The document discusses the deflection of helical springs under various loading conditions, including eccentric loading and surge effects. Eccentric loading reduces the safe load and alters spring stiffness, while surge occurs when a sudden load causes uneven deflection across coils, potentially leading to failure if resonance is achieved. Methods to mitigate surge include using friction dampers, high natural frequency springs, and varying coil pitch.

Uploaded by

Ozzie Ozzie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Deflection of Helical Springs of Circular Wire

In the previous article, we have discussed the maximum shear stress developed in the
wire. We know that
Eccentric Loading of Springs
Sometimes, the load on the springs does not coincide with the
axis of the spring, i.e. the spring is subjected to an eccentric
load. In such cases, not only the safe load for the spring
reduces, the stiffness of the spring is also affected. The
eccentric load on the spring increases the stress on one side
of the spring and decreases on the other side. When the load
is offset by a distance e from the spring axis, then the safe
load on the spring may be obtained by multiplying the axial
load by the factor
Surge in Springs
When one end of a helical spring is resting on a rigid support and the other end is
loaded suddenly, then all the coils of the spring will not suddenly deflect equally,
because some time is required for the propagation of stress along the spring wire.
A little consideration will show that in the beginning, the end coils of the spring in
contact with the applied load takes up whole of the deflection and then it
transmits a large part of its deflection to the adjacent coils. In this way, a wave of
compression propagates through the coils to the supported end from where it is
reflected back to the deflected end. This wave of compression travels along the
spring indefinitely. If the applied load is of fluctuating type as in the case of valve
spring in internal combustion engines and if the time interval between the load
applications is equal to the time required for the wave to travel from one end to
the other end, then resonance will occur. This results in very large deflections of
the coils and correspondingly very high stresses. Under these conditions, it is just
possible that the spring may fail. This phenomenon is called surge.
It has been found that the natural frequency of spring should be atleast
twenty times the frequency of application of a periodic load in order to avoid
resonance with all harmonic frequencies upto twentieth order. The natural
frequency for springs clamped between two plates is given by
where d = Diameter of the wire,
D = Mean diameter of the spring,
n = Number of active turns,
G = Modulus of rigidity,
g = Acceleration due to gravity, and
ρ = Density of the material of the spring.
The surge in springs may be eliminated by using the following methods:
1. By using friction dampers on the centre coils so that the wave
propagation dies out.
2. By using springs of high natural frequency.
3. By using springs having pitch of the coils near the ends different than
at the centre to have different natural frequencies.
Energy Stored in Helical Springs of Circular Wire
We know that the springs are used for storing energy which is equal to the work
done on it by
some external load.
Let W = Load applied on the spring, and
δ = Deflection produced in the spring due to the load W.

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