fy © 5 e \ im’, < = SESSION: 2025-2026 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TRANSFORMER Submitted to: Submitted by: Teacher Name Student Name Class: XII Roll No: 01=e ABC INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL 7, XYZ Road Civil Lines, Delhi- 112233 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Student Name has successfully,completed his/herPhysics project titled TRANSFORMER underthe supervision and guidance of in the partial fulfillment of the Physics practical assessment conducted during the academic year 2025-2026. EXTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN CHARGEACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my immense gratitude to my Physics teacher Teacher Name for the help and guidance he/she provided for completing this project. I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to do this project. Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done this project along with me. Their support made this project fruitful. - Student Namei Conclusion Precaution ApplicationTOPIC Investigatory project on Transformer Transformer Secondary CircuitINTRODUCTION The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a:stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in someelectronic cireuits, transformers are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmissioneconomically practical. A transformer is most widély used device in both low and high current circuit. Ina transformery the clectrical cnergy.transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the Voltages is called a step-up transformer, A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current cireuits.PRINCIPLE The electric transformer works on the fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction, a concept first discovered by Michael Faraday in the 19th century. The transformer consists of two coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary windings, which are usually wound around a common magnetic core. When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it generates a changing magnetic field around the coil. According to. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage im the secondary winding. The key principle here is thatthe transformer relies;on the mutual induction between the primary and secondary windings through the magnetic flux linkage. 1; changing GalvanometerCONSTRUCTION A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils P, & Pz and S, & S,are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to P;P2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is. connected to S,Sz)the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal.transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to‘magnetic the iron coré’is also negligible. For operation at low frequencyy we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output¢ircuit is called secondary.THEORY When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p;p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good- transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced.e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each.turn of the primary. Thus, if E, and:£, be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary coil and N, and N, are the no. of turns of the primary and secondary coils of the transformer and, d®,,/d,=rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we have, Ey = —N,d&p /dt E, = —N,d®p /dt Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by | we get, E;/Epy = —N;/Np»------ aaecnnnnnnnncnnnnna(3) As E, is the instantaneous Value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E — E,) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m_f. further if R, is the resistance of p,pz , coil, then the instantaneous current J, in the primary coil is given by: Ip = E — Ey/Rp E-E, = IpRpWhen the resistance of the primary is small, IR» can be neglected so therefore, E-E, = 0orE=E, Thus, Back e.m. f = Input e.m.f Hence equation (3) can be written as, _ __ Output emf) en Es/Ep = Es/E = Inputemf N./Np = K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio. In a step-up transformer E,>EsoK >1, hence N, > Np In a step-down transformer E, 1,s0 Ip > Is or Is < Ip Le. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio. Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step- down transformer steps up.the current. Step Up Transformer Primary ‘Socondary 100 ¥ = ‘400 104 Siem wns SA — % cow 1000 W Step Down Transformer Primary SecondaryWORKING A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit. The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by insulated material and woundion a common core. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.EFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power i.e n = Output Power/Input Power = E,l,/Eplp Thus, in an ideal transformerswhere there is no power losses, 1 = 1. But in actual practice; there are many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than one.Material Required Y Iron Rod Y Voltmeter v Ammeter Y Copper wire CIRCUIT DIAGRAM primary circuit secondary circuitPROCEDURE Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer. . Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil, It is a step-down transformer, . Connect p,, Pz to A-C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeterrespectively. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S; and Sp. Now connect S; and 5; to AcC main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer. . Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.OBSERVATION . We will find that ratio of ¥, and V, across the two coils is equal to the ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S. ie, V/V, = Np/N, . The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is called the primary and coil S (in whith AC is induced) is called the secondary. . Since coil S is placed very close tothe coil P, the power in the primary is transferred into the secondary through mutual induction. . Itis clear from equation 1) that by appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e., Np /N;, We can obtain a higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared.to that in P.ENERGY LOSS In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained below. © Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil. © Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core. © Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So, a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil. © Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization, So, Energy is lost due to hysteresis. © Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to humming.APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMER . Electric Power Transmission: Transformers are crucial in power transmission networks to step up voltage for efficient long-distance transmission and step-down voltage for distribution to end-users. Voltage Regulation: Transformers help maintain a stable voltage level by adjusting the voltage.as needed, ensuring consistent and reliable electrical supply. . Power Distribution: They are used.in power distribution systems to provide various voltage levels suitable for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. . Power Supply Units: Transformers are employed in power supply units of electronic devices, converting AC power from outlets to the DC power needed by devices like computers and chargers. Voltage Transformation: Transformers change the voltage levels, allowing electricity to be transmittedat high voltages to reduce energy losses and then be distributed at lower voltages for use. . Industrial Applications: Transformers power various industrial machinery and equipment by adapting electrical voltage to meet specific operational requirements. . Electrical Appliances: Many electronic devices and appliances use transformers to convert electricity to the required voltage for their operation.CONCLUSION © The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage. © The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio(Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage. © There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.PRECAUTION . Ensure proper insulation between primary and secondary coils to prevent short circuits. . While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant . Use appropriate safety measures when working with AC mains, including insulated tools and gloves. . Securely fasten all connections to prevent accidental disconnections during the experiment. . Verify the insulation on the iron rod to avoid electrical shocks and ensure a safe working environment. . Double-check the circuit connections before applying AC mains to avoid potential hazards. . Keep the experimental setup well-ventilated to dissipate any heat generated during the experiment: . Have firefighting equipment nearby and follow emergency procedures in case of unexpected events.REFERENCE NCERT textbook class 12 NCERT physics lab Manuel www.google.com Wikipedia.com https://www.electrical4u.com