R.P.V.v Hari nagar BE-BLOCK New Delhi-110064 Pee thes 4 hata lease Physics Project Sessiow -2023-24 A project report ow “Transformers” Submitted. by Piyush Classe_12% ‘C’ (‘Science’) CBSE ROLL No-26706144 Under the Guidance of CPGT Physics’)VVVVVVVV VV Table of Contents Certificate Acknowledgement Introduction Principle Construction Theory and working Energy Losses Efficiency Uses of transformer BibliographyParte faa lane R.P.Vw B.E-Block Hari nagar N.D.-110064 Certificate This is to certify that Piyush Kumar Student of class 12" ‘C’(Sci.) has successfully prepared the report on the project Entitled “Transformers” Under the guidance of Mrs. Preeti (PGT Physics).The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours. The report is found worthy of acceptance as final Project report for the subject Physics of class 12th(sci.).Acknowledgement I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude my project guide Mrs. Preeti mam for guiding me immensely through the course of the project. She always evinced keen interest in my project. Her constructive advice & constant motivation have been responsible for the successful completion of this project. My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his co-ordination in extending every possible support for the completion of this project. I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help and support for completion of this project. Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who had helped directly or indirectly towards the completion of this project. Piyush Rumar 12%’C' (Science)INTRODUCTION The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high- voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. Atransformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits. Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.PRINCIPLE It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit. #1 #2 MLE MI = { — = S OX Su iy . { jt leCONSTRUCTION A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p: & p2 and s; & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to pip2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s: so, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy lossesby eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary. ‘an iceal voltage step-covn transformer. The secondary current arises from the ‘acton of the secondary EMF an the (not shown) lead impedance. Npi Ns _!s \% S E. \% He *RB [Ils 2B ee AB ge Me Ip Ne ‘The leat transformer a¢ @circutt elementTHEORY AND WORKING When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil pip2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if & and E, be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and N, are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and, Dépb / d, = rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we have E, = -Np Débe/de q@Es = -Ns Débb/d (2) Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get E./ Ep Ns / Np (3) As is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil pi, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E - E, ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance 0, pip2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by 1=E-E,/R, E-E, = IpRpWhen the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore E-&, =OorE,=E Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written as E; / Ep = E/E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Nz / Np = K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio. Ina step up transformer E, > Eso K > 1, hence N, > No Ina step down transformer E, < Eso K < 1, hence N, < Ny If 1,=value of primary current at the same instant tAnd I,=value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the instant t=, I, and Output power at the same instant = EI. If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output power or Exlp = Esls or E/E = b/ik = K Ina step up transformer Ask > 1, sol, > Ieorl. < Ip Le. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.Thus a step upENERGY LOSSES In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained below. 1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil. 2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core. 3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil. 4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis 5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in theEFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power i.e. 1 = output power / input power = E; I; / Ep Ip Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, n = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current. Step Down Transformer Primary Secondary 1000 —oov " 00 sae = om 2000 w 2000 w BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER Step Up Transformer Primary Secondary 100 ‘ov 104 Sone munis 28 _—_ 1000 W 1000 W ‘BASIC DEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMERTransformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced. Itis called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to humming. USES OF TRANSFORMER A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations * In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc. * In the induction furnaces. * A step down transformer is used for welding purposes. + A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current. *A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. * Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.‘* Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances. * Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc. A Big TransformerBibliography The data used in this project was taken from the following sources: > www.google.com > www.wikipedia.com > www.scribd.com > Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics The End