VALUE PLACE COLLEGE

E- LEARNING NOTE
INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
SS2
THIRD TERM
2024/2025 SESSION
WEEK 1
Word Processing I
Back to: COMPUTER SCIENCE SS2

Welcome to Class !!

We are eager to have you join us !!

In today’s Computer Science class, We will be learning about Word Processing. We hope you enjoy the class!

What is word processing?

Word processing is the use of computer software to create, edit. View, store, retrieve and print text documents.
A text document is a written communication like letters reports, memo and so on. The software that is used for
word processing is called a word processor.

Examples of word processors

 Microsoft word
 WordStar
 WordPerfect
 Word pro
 Corel WordPerfect
 Lotus notes
 Perfect writer
 MultiMate advantage
  Professional write

Word processors are used in place of typewriters because of the quality of outputs, ability to replicate copies
without having to retype or photocopies.

Application areas of word Processing

Word processing is used in the following areas:

 In offices
 In publishing
 In journalism
 In education
 For writing articles

Version

Microsoft Word Versions: MS office 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010.

Features of word processors

1. Typing document
2. Editing document
3. Storing or saving documents
4. Move, copy and paste
5. Insert, remove words, sentences, paragraph etc.
6. Type, using different fonts types and sizes.
7. Editing features of a word processor
8. Editing features in MS word include:
9. Copy, cut and paste
10. Format painter
11. Find and replace
12. Go to
13. Spelling and grammar
 14. Thesaurus
15. Word count

Copying a document

Copying a document or portion of a document means duplicating the document. The original document will
still remain while the duplicate of it will be found in a new location. To copy a document five major methods
are involved and they are:


o Shortcut method
o Keyboard method
o Drag and drop method
o Ribbon bar method
o Right-click mouse method

Features of word processing

 A good word processor should have the ability to create, save and retrieve documents.
 It should have the ability to find and replace words in a document.
 It should be capable of wrapping your text.
 Generate multiple copies of a document with the aid of the printer.
 Every word processor should have the ability to manage files in the computer.
 Ability to display graphics
 A good word processor should have the ability to spell check your document.
 Ability to mail merge documents
 To format a document and apply headers and footers

WEEK 2

System Development Cycle II - ClassNotes.ng

8–10 minutes

Back to: COMPUTER SCIENCE SS2

Welcome to Class !!

We are eager to have you join us !!

In today’s Computer Science class, We will continue learning about System Development Cycle. We hope you
enjoy the class!

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Systems development is a planned undertaking with a fixed beginning and end that produces the desired result
or product. It may be a large job that involves many people working for a long period or it can also be a small
assignment that one person can finish in a day. The SDLC PROVIDES AN OVERALL FORMALISED
METHOD FOR managing the systems development processes and activities. It represents a detailed and
specific set of procedures, steps, and documents that are required for the development of an information system
development.

The SDLC believes that the development of information systems should follow a structured and methodical
way, requiring each stage of the life cycle from inception of the idea to delivery of the final system, to be
carried out in rigid and sequential order.

Definition of SDLC: The systems development life cycle is the process of understanding how an information
system (IS) can support the business needs of an organization, designing the system, building it and delivering
it to the users.

Objectives of SDLC

The objectives of SDLC are:

1. To ensure high-quality systems are delivered.

2. To provide strong controls over the system development
3. To maximize the productivity of the systems staff

STAGES IN SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

However, there are methods for developing information systems. The oldest and classical method of systems
development life cycle (SDLC) is called the Waterfall Model. The waterfall SDLC is a sequence of stages
that must be followed one after the other. Stage 2(two) can only begin when stage one is completed. Therefore
the output of each stage becomes the input for the next. These stages can be characterized and divided up in
different ways, including the following:

 Investigation stage
 Systems Analysis stage
 Systems Design Stage
 Systems Implementation stage
 Systems Deployment
 Systems maintenance Stage

1. Investigation stage: this stage involves the investigation of the existing system. The existing system is studied
and evaluated to identify its problems and deficiencies. It involves gathering information about the existing
systems. The information could be gathered through Observation(observing the system),
Questionnaire(preparing questionnaires based on the existing system and give to the users to fill) and
Interviewing(asking the users verbal questions about the system). The information gathered is used in a
feasibility study. The feasibility study aims to identify the problems and proffer a feasible solution through a
feasibility report. It also identifies how this problem is to be solved(either manually or computerized), when it is
to be solved and why it should be solved. It defines the objectives and goals that the new system to be
developed will achieve. The feasibility report is the main output of the investigation.
2. Systems Analysis stage: This stage starts with a more detailed investigation into the existing system. The same
facts finding methods of observation, questionnaire and interview are used to gather end-users information
such as data and procedures and processes. The data and procedures are analyzed to define the new system
requirements. The new system requirements are defined as addressing the deficiency in the existing system
with specific proposals for improvement. The output of the analysis stage is the users’ requirements.
 3. Systems Design Stage: At this stage, the proposed system is designed. It involves layout plans for physical
construction, hardware requirements, operating systems, programming, communication, and security. The
design describes the desired features and operations of the proposed system in detail, including screen layouts,
business rules, process diagrams, flow charts, pseudo-code and other documentation such as data dictionary
and so on. The system design stage produces the Systems Specification.
4. Systems Implementation stage: This stage is the stage where programs of the new system are written in the
specified programming language in line with the system’s specifications. It involves testing of all the new
system and adjustments and corrections are made where necessary.
5. Systems Deployment: Here the system that was developed in stage 4(four) is put into use. It involves bringing
all the different parts of the proposed system together. All parts of the system are integrated and tested for
errors, bugs and how they operate. It includes installation and deployment. This is the stage where the
software is put into use and runs the actual business.
6. Systems maintenance Stage: once the new system is deployed and running, it is subjected to exhaustive
evaluation on how it can achieve its set up goals. Areas for improvement will be modified and enhanced.
Sometimes the mistakes or errors can be detected. Procedures and processes may change. Thus the remaining
life of the system is subject to changes, correction, additions, moves to a different computing platform and
more. The system maintenance stage involves all the activities, processes and procedures required by the
system to exist forever.

ADVANTAGES OF SDLC

1. Simple and easy to use

2. Easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model.
3. Phases are processed and completed one at a time works well for the development of smaller information
systems where requirements are very well understood.
4. Provides guidelines for systems development as all the stages and activities are clearly outlined
5. Promotes consistency among systems development projects.
6. Reduces the cost of managing different systems at different stages.
7. Helps in the efficient allocation of resources to systems development projects.

DISADVANTAGES OF SDLC

1. Adjusting scope during the life cycle can kill a project.

2. No working software is produced until during the life cycle
3. High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
4. Poor model for complex and object-oriented projects.
5. Poor model for long and ongoing projects
6. A poor model where requirements are at a moderate to high risk of changing.
7. If followed slavishly. It can result in the generation of unnecessary documents.
8. It takes time to go through the whole long development cycle.
9.

WEEK 3

Program Development
Back to: COMPUTER SCIENCE SS2

Welcome to Class !!

We are eager to have you join us !!

In today’s Computer Science class, We will be learning about Program Development. We hope you enjoy the
class!

Program

A program is a set of instructions given to a computer to perform a specific task. A computer program is a list
of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Everything a computer does is done by using a computer
program. Some examples of computer programs: A web browser like Mozilla Firefox and Apple Safari can
be used to view web pages on the Internet.

Characteristics of a good program

1. Accuracy – The program must do what it is supposed to do correctly and must meet the criteria laid down in its
specification.
2. Readability and Simplicity – The overall simplicity of a programming language strongly affects the readability of
the programs written in that language, and programs, which are easier to read and understand, are also easier
to maintain. A good programming language must be simple and easy to learn and use. It should provide a
programmer with a clear, simple and unified set of concepts, which can be easily grasped.
3. Efficiency – Optimal utilization of resources is essential in any computer program. Programs written in a good
programming language are efficiently translated into machine code, are efficiently executed, and acquire as
little space in the memory as possible.
4. Compactness – In a good programming language, programmers should be able to express intended operations
concisely. A verbose language is generally not liked by programmers, because they need to write too much.
 5. Structured – Structured means that the language should have necessary features to allow its users to write
their programs based on the concepts of structured programming.
6. Usability – The program must be easy enough to use and be well documented, both for end-users, novice and
computer experts.
7. Reliability – The program must always do what it is supposed to do and never crash at any point, either during
usage or whenever.
8. Naturalness – A good language should be natural for the application area, for which it has been designed. That
is, it should provide appropriate operators, data structures, control structures, and a natural syntax to facilitate
the users to code their problem easily and efficiently.

Steps involved in program development

1. Program definition
2. Program analysis
3. Flow chart
4. Desk checking
5. Program compilation
6. Program testing/debugging
7. Program coding
8. Program documentation

Program definition: Is the creation of formal modal of the problem to be solved in the system analysis. It
involves planning, implementation and evaluation of a set of programs to be developed.

Program Analysis: Is the process of automatically analysing the behaviour of a computer program. The main
approaches to program analysis are static program analysis and dynamic program analysis. Main applications
of program analysis are program correctness and program optimization.

Desk checking: Is a tool used to test the logic of a program. This means that the programmer needs to test
whether the code is in its correct order and what output is expected from the program.

Program debugging: Is the art of diagnosing errors in programs and determining how to correct them.

Debugging: Is a methodical process of finding and reducing the numbers of bugs or defects in a computer
program or a piece of electronic hardware thus, making it behave as expected.

WEEK 4
Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet program used for organizing, analyzing, and calculating data. It's a
part of the Microsoft Office suite and is commonly used in business, education, and personal settings. Excel
uses a grid of rows and columns called cells, which can hold various types of data, including numbers, text,
dates, and more.
Key Concepts:

 Workbook: A file containing one or more worksheets.

 Worksheet (Spreadsheet): A grid of rows and columns where data is entered.
 Cell: The intersection of a row and a column, where data is stored.
 Active Cell: The currently selected cell.

Basic Features:

 Data Entry: Entering data into cells, including numbers, text, formulas, and dates.

  Formulas and Functions: Using formulas and functions to perform calculations and analysis.
  Formatting: Changing the appearance of cells, including font, color, alignment, and number formats.
  Charting and Graphing: Creating charts and graphs to visualize data.
  Data Analysis: Sorting, filtering, and analyzing data using built-in tools.
  Data Visualization: Creating charts and graphs to visually represent data.
  Saving and Sharing: Saving Excel files and sharing them with others.

Opening Excel:

1. Click the Start button.

2. Select All Programs, then Microsoft Office, and then Microsoft Excel.

3. Alternatively, you can search for "Excel" in the Start menu.

WEEK 5

Algorithms and Flowcharts

Back to: COMPUTER SCIENCE SS2

Welcome to Class !!

We are eager to have you join us !!

In today’s Computer Science class, We will be learning about Algorithm and FLowCharts. We hope you
enjoy the class!

Algorithm and Flowchart are the two basic terms which aid the development of a software package
conveniently.

Algorithm: Is a stepwise set of finite instructions written to solve a problem, it will be easier to code a
program after writing a well-prepared algorithm. An algorithm is an effective method that can be expressed
within a finite amount of space and time and in a well-defined formal language for calculating a function.
Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty), the instructions describe a computation that,
when executed, proceeds through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing
“output” and terminating at a final ending state. An algorithm is written in simple language and must be
efficient and limited to several steps. An algorithm is a well-defined procedure that allows a computer to solve
a problem. Another way to describe an algorithm is a sequence of unambiguous instructions. The use of the
term ‘unambiguous’ indicates that there is no room for subjective interpretation. Every time you ask your
computer to carry out the same algorithm, it will do it in the same manner with the same result.

Flow chart: Is the diagrammatic representation of an algorithm with the help of symbols carrying certain
meanings. Using a flowchart, we can easily understand a program. A flowchart is a type of diagram that
represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by
connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given
problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in
various fields. A flow chart is not language-specific. The designing of a flow chart is not simple and it is time-
consuming.
Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting simple processes or programs. Like other types of
diagrams, they help visualize what is going on and thereby help understand a process, and perhaps also find
flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it. There are many different types of flowcharts, and
each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational conventions. The two most common types of boxes in
a flowchart are:

 a processing step, usually called activity and denoted as a rectangular box

 a decision usually denoted as a diamond.

Functions of Algorithms

y=2x

In this example, the relationship of y to x is that y is twice as much as the value assigned to x, most math
equations are not simple. This is why math functions are referred to as expressions while computer functions
are often called procedures or subroutines. Computer functions are similar to maths functions in that they
may reference parameters which are inputted into this function. If the example above was written as a
computer function, ‘x’ would be the resulting output value. It might look like this – function double (x), y=2*x,
return y. The above example is a very basic function.

An algorithm must be:

1. Precise – the steps are precisely stated(defined).

2. Uniqueness – results of each step are uniquely defined and only depend on the input and the result of
the preceding steps.
3. Finite – the algorithm stops after a finite number of instructions are executed.
4. Input – the algorithm receives input.
5. Output – the algorithm produces output.
6. Generality – the algorithm applies to a set of inputs
7. Lucid, and unambiguous
8. Give the correct solution in all cases
9. An effectively computable operation
10. Well ordered and arranged.
General evaluation

1. What is an algorithm?
2. What is a flow chart?
3. What are the properties of an algorithm?

WEEK 6

Introduction to MS Excel
Since the release of the first version of Excel in 1985, this spreadsheet program has received various updates,
and nowadays it is one of the most used spreadsheet programs. But the question is, what is actual Microsoft
Excel? What are the use cases of this spreadsheet program?

This introduction guide on Excel will help you learn all the key elements of MS Excel, from using Excel
spreadsheets and navigating the ribbon to applying essential tools for daily tasks. It’s a great starting point for
anyone new to Microsoft Excel.

What is MS Excel

As we said Excel is a part of the Microsoft Office suite software and a spreadsheet program that features a grid
of rows and columns, making it easy to input and organize data. With 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns in
Excel 2007 and newer versions, it can handle vast datasets without hassle. Each intersection of a row and
column forms a cell, identified by a cell reference like A1 or D2. These references help users store data,
perform calculations, and link information effortlessly.

Excel is much more than a tool for basic data entry. It enables users to create charts, analyze trends, and
streamline repetitive tasks, making it indispensable for tasks like budgeting, inventory management, and report
generation.

MS Excel

What is the Latest Versions of Excel

As of April 9, 2025, the latest version of Excel is Excel 2024 for both Windows and Mac, which is part of the
Microsoft 365 suite, offering new features and enhancements.

Excel Specifications and Limits

Feature Maximum Limit

Open workbooks Limited by available memory and system resources

Total number of rows and columns on a

1,048,576 rows by 16,384 columns
worksheet

Column width 255 characters

Row height 409 points

Page breaks 1,026 horizontal and vertical

Total number of characters in a cell 32,767 characters

Characters in a header or footer 255

 Feature Maximum Limit

Maximum number of line feeds per cell 253

Sheets in a workbook Limited by available memory (default is 1 sheet)

Colors in a workbook 16 million colors (32-bit with access to the 24-bit color spectrum)

Named views in a workbook Limited by available memory

Unique cell formats/cell styles 65,490

Fill styles 256

Line weight and styles 256

Unique font types 1,024 global fonts available; 512 per workbook

Number formats in a workbook 200–250, depending on the installed language version of Excel

Names in a workbook Limited by available memory

Windows in a workbook Limited by available memory

Hyperlinks in a worksheet 65,530

Panes in a window 4

Linked sheets Limited by available memory

Limited by available memory; summary reports show only the first 251
Scenarios
scenarios

Changing cells in a scenario 32

Adjustable cells in Solver 200

Custom functions Limited by available memory

Zoom range 10% to 400%

Reports Limited by available memory

Sort references 64 in a single sort; unlimited in sequential sorts

Undo levels 100

Fields in a data form 32

 Feature Maximum Limit

Workbook parameters 255 parameters per workbook

Items displayed in filter drop-down lists 10,000

Noncontiguous cells that can be selected 2,147,483,648 cells

Understanding Excel Interface

Here’s a quick guide to understanding the Excel interface, including the ribbon, formula bar, worksheet area,
and key navigation tools.

WEEK 8

Top MS Excel Formulas and Functions

Table of Contents
What is Excel Formula?

Formulas in Excel

Top Excel Formulas and Functions

Conclusion

FAQs

Microsoft Excel is the go-to tool for almost every data professional. It's a widely used software application in
industries today, built to generate reports and business insights. And it also supports several in-built
applications that make it easier to use.

One such feature that allows Excel to stand out is are it's formulas. In this lesson we will look into the top
Excel formulas that one must know while working on this tool.

What is Excel Formula?

In Microsoft Excel, a formula is an expression that operates on values in a range of cells. These formulas return
a result, even when it is an error. Excel formulas enable you to perform calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. In addition to these, you can find out averages and calculate
percentages in excel for a range of cells, manipulate date and time values, and do a lot more.

Formulas in Excel

There is another term that is very familiar to Excel formulas, and that is "function". The two words, "formulas"
and "functions" are sometimes interchangeable. They are closely related, but yet different. A formula begins
with an equal sign. Meanwhile, functions are used to perform complex calculations that cannot be done
manually. Functions in excel have names that reflect their intended use.

The example below shows how we have used the multiplication formula manually with the ‘*’ operator.
 Sample Formula: "=A2*B2"

Fig: Microsoft Excel Formula

This example below shows how we have used the function - ‘PRODUCT’ to perform multiplication. As you
can see, we didn’t use the mathematical operator here.

Sample Formula: "=PRODUCT(A2,B2)"

Excel formulas and functions help you perform your tasks efficiently, and it's time-saving. Let's proceed and
learn the different types of functions available in Excel and use relevant formulas as and when required.

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WEEK 9

Top Excel Formulas and Functions

There are plenty of Excel formulas and functions depending on what kind of operation you want to perform on
the dataset. We will look into the formulas and functions on mathematical operations, character-text functions,
data and time, sumif-countif, and few lookup functions.

1. SUM

The SUM() function, as the name suggests, gives the total of the selected range of cell values. It performs the
mathematical operation which is addition. Here’s an example of it below:
 =SUM(C2:C4)

Fig: Sum function in Excel

As you can see above, to find the total amount of sales for every unit, we had to simply type in the function
“=SUM(C2:C4)”. This automatically adds up 300, 385, and 480. The result is stored in C5.

2. AVERAGE

The AVERAGE() function focuses on calculating the average of the selected range of cell values. As seen
from the below example, to find the avg of the total sales, you have to simply type in:

=AVERAGE(C2, C3, C4)

Fig: Average function in Excel

It automatically calculates the average, and you can store the result in your desired location.

3. COUNT

The function COUNT() counts the total number of cells in a range that contains a number. It does not include
the cell, which is blank, and the ones that hold data in any other format apart from numeric.

=COUNT(C1:C4)
 Fig: Microsoft Excel Function - Count

As seen above, here, we are counting from C1 to C4, ideally four cells. But since the COUNT function takes
only the cells with numerical values into consideration, the answer is 3 as the cell containing “Total Sales” is
omitted here.

If you are required to count all the cells with numerical values, text, and any other data format, you must use
the function ‘COUNTA()’. However, COUNTA() does not count any blank cells.

To count the number of blank cells present in a range of cells, COUNTBLANK() is used.

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4. SUBTOTAL

Moving ahead, let’s now understand how the subtotal function works. The SUBTOTAL() function returns the
subtotal in a database. Depending on what you want, you can select either average, count, sum, min, max, min,
and others. Let’s have a look at two such examples.

Fig: Subtotal function in Excel

 WEEK 10
21st Century skills are 12 abilities that today’s students need to succeed in their careers during the Information
Age.

The twelve 21st Century skills are:

1. Critical thinking
2. Creativity
3. Collaboration
4. Communication
5. Information literacy
6. Media literacy
7. Technology literacy
8. Flexibility
9. Leadership
 10. Initiative
11. Productivity
12. Social skills

These skills are intended to help students keep up with the lightning pace of today’s modern markets. Each
skill is unique in how it helps students, but they all have one quality in common: they are essential in the age
of the internet.

On this page, we’ll take a look at what’s included in 21st Century skills, how they help students, and why
they’re so important.

You'll also be able to download a free guide on how you can teach 21st Century skills in middle or high school
courses.

To start, let's dive into the three categories within 21st Century skills.
The Three 21st Century Skills Categories

Each 21st Century skill is broken into one of three categories:

1. Learning skills
2. Literacy skills
3. Life skills
Learning skills (the four C’s) teach students about the mental processes required to adapt and improve upon a
modern work environment.

Literacy skills (IMT) focuses on how students can discern facts, publishing outlets, and the technology behind
them. There’s a strong focus on determining trustworthy sources and factual information to separate it from the
misinformation that floods the Internet.

Life skills (FLIPS) take a look at intangible elements of a student’s everyday life. These intangibles focus on
both personal and professional qualities.

Altogether, these categories cover all twelve 21st Century skills that contribute to a student’s future career.

This is not an exhaustive checklist of career readiness and employability skills — but they're the career
readiness skills that overlap with 21st Century skills!

Let’s take a closer look at each category.

Category 1. Learning Skills (The Four C’s)

The four C’s are by far the most popular 21st Century skills. These skills are also called learning skills.

More educators know about these skills because they’re universal needs for any career. They also vary in terms
of importance, depending on an individual’s career aspirations.

The 4 C's of 21st Century Skills are:

 Critical thinking: Finding solutions to problems

 Creativity: Thinking outside the box
 Collaboration: Working with others
 Communication: Talking to others
 WEEK 11

Graphic Package

Back to: DATA PROCESSING SS 2

Welcome to class!

In today’s class, we will be talking about a graphic package. Enjoy the class!

Graphic Package

Graphics (Introduction to CorelDraw)

Computer Graphics are graphics created using a computer and, more generally, the representation and
manipulation of image data by a computer.

Examples of graphics packages

1. Paint
2. CorelDraw
3. Adobe Photoshop
4. Harvard graphics
5. Print Master
 6. Ventura
7. Photoshop Pro
8. Adobe Page Maker

Features of CorelDraw or CorelDraw environment

1. Title Bar: The title bar displays the name of the CorelDraw file on which you are working. It is also used to
reposition the CorelDraw window on the screen.
2. Menu Bar: There are 11 pull-down menus in the menu bar. All menu commands are found in these pull-down
menus.
3. Rulers: Rulers serve as positioning and sizing aid. They can be turned off optionally. Also, you can drag
guidelines off the rulers to serve as drawing aids.
4. Scroll Bars: The scroll bars allow you to shift the page horizontally and vertically.
5. Drawing Windows: The large white portion of the screen is the drawing windows. The rectangle with the drop
shadow is the printable page.
6. Roll-up Window: The Transform (Position) roll-up is shown on the left. Although they are not a permanent part
of the interface (they can be if you want). You can use them to control many of CorelDraw’s operations. Their
beauty lies in the fact that they can remain active for playing quick “what-ifs” without going through the longer
process of invoking a standard menu dialog box.
7. Status Bar: Status bar shows the fill pattern, outline location, movement and absolute coordinates of the
selected object.
8. Colour Palette: The colour palette allows for the quick application of a coloured fill or outline colour. Selecting
the scrollbar at the bottom of the palette opens an expanded colour palette.
9. Page Counter: CorelDraw allows you to create drawings consisting of multiple pages. The total number of
pages is displayed in the page counter box along with arrows that allow you to page forward or back in your
document.
10. Standard Toolbar: Toolbar provides quick access to commonly used features. Almost all of these can be
accessed through the Menu Bar. CorelDraw provides a series of different toolbars for your use. Additionally,
the toolbar is completely customizable. You can add buttons to invoke just about any command that you
regularly use.

NOTE: There are keyboard shortcuts that are often faster than toolbar usage. Once memorized, you won’t
need to waste precious time with a Toolbar button.

Ctrl + S = Save; Ctrl + P=Print; Ctrl + Z=Undo; Ctrl + X = Cut; Ctrl + C =Copy; Ctrl + V= Paste

Evaluation

1. Differentiate between a standard toolbar and status bar

2. What is a page counter?

General evaluation

1. Give four examples of graphic package.

2. Mention four features a graphic package.