Indian Institute of Technology Indore
MA-106 (Linear Algebra and ODE)
Assignment 3, Linear Algebra
1. Let W be a subspace of an n-dimensional vector space V
(a) Show that there is a subspace U of V such that W ∩ U = {0} and U + W = V .
(b) Show that there is no subspace U such that U ∩W = {0} and dim U +dim W >
dim V.
Hint: If W is not a proper subspace of V then U = {0}. Let W be proper subspace
of V and {v1 , . . . , vk } be a basis of W . Let {v1 , . . . , vk , vk+1 . . . , vn } be a basis
of V , which contains the basis of W . Then U = L({vk+1 . . . , vn }) is such that
W ∩ U = {0} and V = W + U .
Next dim U + dim W = dim(U + W ) + dim U ∩ W = dim(U + W ) ≤ dim V
2. Let A = {(1, 2, 0), (1, 3, 2), (0, 1, 3)} and B = {(1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 2), (1, 4, 6)} be bases of
R3 . Find: (a) Change of basis matrix P from A to B (i.e. a non-singular matrix
P such that P A = B) (b) Change of basis matrix Q from B to A. Also verify that
P Q = I.
Please read the question as follows:
Let A = {(1, 2, 0), (1, 3, 2), (0, 1, 3)} and B = {(1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 2), (1, 4, 6)} be bases of
R3 . Find: (a) Change of basis matrix P from B to A (b) Change of basis matrix
Q from A to B. Also verify that P Q = I.
Hint: Note that (x, y, z) = α(1, 2, 0) + β(1, 3, 2) + γ(0, 1, 3) implies that α = 7x −
3y + z, β = −6x + 3y − z, γ = 4x − 2y + z. Considering (x, y, z) as the elements of
B and writing the coordinate vector
of these
elements wrt A to give the change of
2 −1 1
basis matrix Q from B to A as −1 1 0. Similarly find change of basis matrix
1
0 2
2 2 −1
P from A to B as 2 3 −1.
−1 −1 1
3. In the previous question find the change of basis matrix from the standard basis of
R3 to A. What do you notice?
Hint: To find the change of basis matrix from standard basis S of R3 to A, we will
express elemts of Ain termsof S, that is we will write them as it is and hence the
1 1 0
chage of matrix is 2 3 1.
0 2 3
4. Let C be an m × n matrix and let T : Rn −→ Rm be the linear transformation
defined by C. Show that the matrix of T with respect to the standard bases of Rn
and Rm is C.
Hint: Note that T is linear transformation which send an element x = (x1 , . . . , xn )
of Rn to a vector in Rm whose coordinate matrix with respect to standard basis is
CX. To find the matrix of T wrt standard basis we need to find the coordinate
vector of T ej , but that is C[ej ], which is the jt h column of matrix C. And hence
we get the matrix of T as C.
5. Find the range and kernel of T : R3 −→ R3 given by
T (x, y, z) = (x + z, x + y + 2z, 2x + y + 3z).
Hint: R(T ) = {T (x, y, z) : x, y, z ∈ R} = {(x + z, x + y + 2z, 2x + y + 3z) : x, y, z ∈
R} = {(x+z, x+y+2z, 2x+y+3z) : x, y, z ∈ R} = {x(1, 1, 2)+y(0, 1, 1)+z(1, 2, 3) :
x, y, z ∈ R} = L({(1, 1, 2), (0, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3)}) = L({(1, 1, 2), (0, 1, 1)}), which is two
dimensional.
Frther N (T ) = {(x, y, z) : T (x, y, z) = 0} = {(x, y, z) : (x + z, x + y + 2z, 2x +
y + 3z) = (0, 0, 0)} = {(x, y, z) : x + z = 0, x + y + 2z = 0, 2x + y + 3z = 0} =
{(x, y, z) : x + z = 0, y + z = 0} = {(−z, −z, z) : z ∈ R} = {z(−1, −1, 1) : z ∈ R} =
L({(−1, −1, 1)}).
6. Let T be a linear transformation from an n dimensional vector space V to an m
dimensional vector space W and let C be the matrix of T with respect to a basis
A of V and B of W . Show that (a) ρ(T ) = rank(C); (b) T is one-one if and only
if rank(C) = n; (c) T is onto if and only if rank(C) = m; (d) T is an isomorphism
(that is, one-one and onto) if and only if m = rank(C) = n.
Please leave this question.
7. Let the linear map T : R2 → R2 be given by T (x, y) = (ax + by, cx + dy). Find the
matrix of T with respect to the standard basis of R2 . Further find the matrix of T
with respect to the basis {(0, 1), (1, 0)} on domain and range of T .
Hint: T (1, 0) = (a, c) = a(1, 0) + c(0, 1) and T (0, 1) = (b,d) = b(1, 0) + d(0, 1),
a b
hence matrix of T with respect to standard basis S is .
c d
Note that T (0, 1) = (b, d) = d(0,
1) + b(1, 0), and T (1, 0) = (a, c) = c(0, 1) + a(1, 0)
d c
and hence the matrix is .
b a
8. Consider the linear map T : C → C given by T(z)=iz. By considering the basis
{i, 1} of C over R on domain and codomain of T find the matrix of T .
Hint: C is two dimensional over R. Consider the basis {i, 1}, then T
(i) = −1 =
0 1
(0)i + (−1)1 and T (1) = i = (1)i + (0)1. Hence the matrix is .
−1 0
9. Does there exist a linear transformation T : R2 → R4 such that R(T ) =
{(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) : x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0}?
Hint: R(T ) = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) : x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0} = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , −x1 − x2 − x3 ) :
x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R} = {x1 (1, 0, 0, −1) + x2 (0, 1, 0, −1) + x3 (0, 0, 1, −1) : x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R} =
L({(1, 0, 0, −1), (0, 1, 0, −1), (0, 0, 1, −1)}). Since these three vectors are linearly in-
dependent the dim R(T ) = 3. But If T is linear dim R(T ) ≤ dim R2 , a contradiction.
Therefore there is no such T .
2
10. Let V be a vector space of dimension n and let A = {v1 , . . . , vn } be an ordered
basis of V . Suppose w1 , . . . , wn ∈ V and let (a1j , . . . , anj )t be the coordinates of
wj with respect to A. Consider the matrix C = [aij ]. Show that {w1 , . . . , wn } is a
basis of V if and only if the matrix C is invertible.
Hint: By the very definition of C the jth column of C is the coordinate vector of wj
with respect to the basis A. Thus C = [[w1 ]A , . . . , [wn ]A ]. If the B = {w1 , . . . , wn }
is an ordered basis then C is the change of basis marix from B to A and hence
invertible.
If C is invertible so is C t , hence all the row vectors of C t are linearly indepedent.
Hence these indepedent vectors {w1 , . . . , wn } are n in number so form a basis.
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