public class Character Wrapper Demo { public class Integer Conversion Demo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Declare and initialize a primitive char
char ch = 'A'; // Create an Integer object
Integer intObj = Integer.valueOf(100);
// Create a Character object (wrapper class)
Character charObj = ch; // Convert to byte
byte byteValue = intObj.byteValue();
// Check if the character is a letter
System.out.println(ch + " is a letter? " + // Convert to short
Character.isLetter(ch));
short shortValue =
// Check if the character is a digit intObj.shortValue();
char digit Char = '5';
System.out.println(digitChar + " is a digit? " + // Convert to double
Character.isDigit(digitChar)); double doubleValue =
intObj.doubleValue();
// Convert to lowercase
char lower = Character.toLowerCase(ch);
// Display the results
System.out.println("Lowercase of " + ch + " is " + lower);
System.out.println("Integer object: " +
// Convert to uppercase intObj);
char small = 'b'; System.out.println("Converted to
char upper = Character.toUpperCase(small); byte: " + byteValue);
System.out.println("Uppercase of " + small + " is " + upper); System.out.println("Converted to
short: " + shortValue);
// Check if the character is whitespace System.out.println("Converted to
char spaceChar = ' ';
double: " + doubleValue);
System.out.println("Is space a whitespace? " +
Character.isWhitespace(spaceChar)); }
}
// Check if a character is a defined Unicode character
System.out.println(ch + " is defined in Unicode? " +
Character.isDefined(ch));

// Checking for special character

char special Char = '@';
System.out.println(special Char + " is a letter or digit? " +
Character.isLetterOrDigit(special Char));
}
Practical 6
}
public class Student { # Define a function to add two complex numbers
// Data members def add_complex(c1, c2):
String name; return c1 + c2
int age;
# Input complex numbers from the user
// Default constructor real1 = float(input("Enter real part of first complex
Student() { number: "))
name = "Unknown"; imag1 = float(input("Enter imaginary part of first
age = 0; complex number: "))
System.out.println("Default constructor called."); real2 = float(input("Enter real part of second
} complex number: "))
imag2 = float(input("Enter imaginary part of
// Parameterized constructor second complex number: "))
Student(String studentName, int studentAge) {
name = studentName; # Create complex numbers
age = studentAge; complex 1 = complex(real1, imag1)
System.out.println("Parameterized constructor called."); complex 2 = complex(real2, imag2)
}
# Perform addition
// Method to display student details result = add_complex(complex 1, complex 2)
void display() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age); # Display the result
} print(f"The sum of {complex 1} and {complex 2} is
{result}")
// Main method to test constructors
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Using default constructor
Student student1 = new Student();
student1.display();

// Using parameterized constructor

Student student2 = new Student("Alice", 20);
student2.display();
}
}

Practical 7
// Base class (Parent) // Base class (Grandparent)
class Animal { class Animal {
void eat() {
void eat() {
System.out.println("This animal eats
System.out.println("This animal eats food."); food.");
} }
} }

// Derived class (Child) // Intermediate class (Parent)

class Dog extends Animal { class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { void bark() {
System.out.println("The dog barks."); System.out.println("The dog barks.");
}
}
}
}
// Derived class (Child)
// Main class to run the program class Puppy extends Dog {
public class SingleInheṣṣritanceDemo { void weep() {
public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("The puppy
Dog ṣ= new Dog(); weeps.");
}
// Call method of base class }
myṣDog.eat();
// Main class to run the program
public class Multilevel Inheritance Demo {
// Call method of derived class public static void main(String[] args) {
myṣDog.bark(); Puppy my Puppy = new Puppy();
}
} // Call method of base class
my Puppy.eat();

// Call method of intermediate class

my Puppy.bark();

// Call method of derived class

my Puppy.weep(); Practical 8
}
// Base class // Main class
classRoom { public class RoomCalculation {
double length; public static void main(String[] args) {
double width; // Create an object of Box Room
Box Room my Room = new Box
// Constructor Roomṣ(5.0, 4.0, 3.0);
Room(double l, double w) {
length = l; // Calculate area and volume
width = w; double area = myRoom.calculate
} Area();
double volume = myRoom.calculate
// Method to calculate area Volume();
double calculateArea() {
return length * width; // Display results
} System.out.println("Area of the room:
} " + area + " square meters");
System.out.println("Volume of the
// Derived class room: " + volume + " cubic meters");
class BoxRoom extends Room { }
double height; }

// Constructor
BoxRoom(double l, double w, double h) {
super(l, w); // Call constructor of Room
height = h;
}

// Method to calculate volume

double calculate Volume() {
return length * width * height;
}
}

Practical 8
1 2 3

Practical 10
 class MyThread extends Thread {
// Thread 1: Grinding beans // Main class public MyThread(String name) {
class Grinder extends Thread { public class Coffee Machine { super(name);
public void run() {
public static void main(String[] }
System.out.println("Grinding coffee
beans..."); args) {
try { Grinder grinder = new public void run() {
Thread.sleep(2000); // Simulate time Grinder(); for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
} catch (InterruptedException e) { Heater heater = new Heater(); System.out.println(getName() + " is running
System.out.println("Grinding Brewer brewer = new with priority " + getPriority() + ": Count " + i);
interrupted"); Brewer(); try {
}
System.out.println("Beans are ground.");
Thread.sleep(100); // To better see the
} // Start all tasks simultaneously output
} grinder.start(); } catch (InterruptedException e) {
heater.start(); System.out.println(getName() + "
// Thread 2: Heating water interrupted.");
class Heater extends Thread { try { }
public void run() { grinder.join(); // Wait for }
System.out.println("Heating water...");
grinding to complete }
try {
Thread.sleep(3000); // Simulate time heater.join(); // Wait for }
} catch (InterruptedException e) { heating to complete
System.out.println("Heating } catch (InterruptedException public class ThreadPriorityExample {
interrupted"); e) { public static void main(String[] args) {
} System.out.println("Main // Create three threads
System.out.println("Water is hot."); interrupted"); MyThread t1 = new MyThread("Thread-1
}
} (Low)");
}
MyThread t2 = new MyThread("Thread-2
// Thread 3: Brewing coffee // Start brewing after grinding (Medium)");
class Brewer extends Thread { and heating are done MyThread t3 = new MyThread("Thread-3
public void run() { brewer.start(); (High)");
System.out.println("Brewing coffee..."); }
try { } // Set priorities
Thread.sleep(1500); // Simulate time
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
t1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY); //
System.out.println("Brewing Priority 1
interrupted"); t2.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY); //
} Priority 5
System.out.println("Coffee is ready! t3.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY); //
☕"); Priority 10
}
}
// Start all threads
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();}} 2 2
Practical 11
import java.util.Scanner;
// Step 1: Define your own exception
// Custom Exception
class
class AuthenticationFailureException extends Exception
class MyOwnException extends
{
Exception {
public AuthenticationFailureException(String
public My Own Exception(String
message) {
message) {
super(message);
super(message);
}
}
}
}
public class PasswordChecker {
// Step 2: Class with a method that
throws the custom exception
// Method to authenticate password
public class Custom Exception Demo {
public static void authenticate(String inputPassword)
throws AuthenticationFailureException {
// Method to check age for voting
String correctPassword = "Secret123"; //
static void checkAge(int age) throws
Hardcoded correct password for demo
IOException {
if (age < 18) {
if (!inputPassword.equals(correctPassword)) {
throw new IOException("Age
throw new
must be 18 or older to vote.");
AuthenticationFailureException("Authentication failed:
} else {
Incorrect password!");
System.out.println("You are
} else {
eligible to vote.");
System.out.println("Access granted ✅");
}
}
}
}
// Main method
// Main method
public static void main(String[] args) {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int userAge = 16; // You can
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
change this to test
System.out.print("Enter your password: ");
try {
String userPassword = scanner.nextLine();
checkAge(userAge);
} catch (My Own Exception e) {
try {
System.out.println("Exception
authenticate(userPassword);
caught: " + e.getMessage());
} catch (AuthenticationFailureException e) {
}
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}
Practical 12 Practical 13
scanner.close();
 // Checkboxes for hobbies
import java.applet.Applet;
music = new Checkbox("Music");
import java.awt.*;
sports = new Checkbox("Sports");
import java.awt.event.*;
reading = new Checkbox("Reading");
/* <applet code="RadioCheckDemo" width="400"
add(new Label("Select Hobbies:"));
height="300"></applet> */
add(music);
add(sports);
public class RadioCheckDemo extends Applet
add(reading);
implements ItemListener {
String gender = "";
music.addItemListener(this);
String hobbies = "";
sports.addItemListener(this);
reading.addItemListener(this);
CheckboxGroup genderGroup;
}
Checkbox male, female;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) {
Checkbox music, sports, reading;
// Handle gender selection
gender =
public void init() {
genderGroup.getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel(
// Set layout
);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
// Handle hobbies selection
// Radio Buttons (using CheckboxGroup)
hobbies = "";
genderGroup = new CheckboxGroup();
if (music.getState()) hobbies += "Music ";
male = new Checkbox("Male",
if (sports.getState()) hobbies += "Sports ";
genderGroup, false);
if (reading.getState()) hobbies += "Reading
female = new Checkbox("Female",
";
genderGroup, false);
repaint();
// Add gender checkboxes
}
add(new Label("Select Gender:"));
add(male);
public void paint(Graphics g) {
add(female);
g.drawString("Selected Gender: " +
gender, 20, 200);
// Register item listeners
g.drawString("Selected Hobbies: " +
male.addItemListener(this);
hobbies, 20, 220);
female.addItemListener(this);
}
}
Practical 14
import java.awt.*; // Handle window close
import java.awt.event.*; addWindowListener(new
WindowAdapter() {
public class ButtonDemo extends Frame public void
implements ActionListener { windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
Button okButton, resetButton, cancelButton; dispose();
Label messageLabel; }
});
public ButtonDemo() { }
// Set layout
setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Handle button clicks
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent
// Create buttons e) {
okButton = new Button("OK"); String command =
resetButton = new Button("Reset"); e.getActionCommand();
cancelButton = new Button("Cancel");
if (command.equals("OK")) {
// Add buttons to the frame messageLabel.setText("You clicked
add(okButton); OK.");
add(resetButton); } else if (command.equals("Reset")) {
add(cancelButton); messageLabel.setText("Form
reset.");
// Create and add a label } else if (command.equals("Cancel")) {
messageLabel = new Label("Click a button."); messageLabel.setText("Operation
add(messageLabel); cancelled.");
}
// Register listeners }
okButton.addActionListener(this);
resetButton.addActionListener(this); // Main method
cancelButton.addActionListener(this); public static void main(String[] args) {
new ButtonDemo();
// Frame settings }
setTitle("Button Example"); }
setSize(300, 150);
setVisible(true);

Practical 14
import java.awt.*; // Handle window close
import java.awt.event.*; addWindowListener(new
WindowAdapter() {
public class ButtonDemo extends Frame public void
implements ActionListener { windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
Button okButton, resetButton, cancelButton; dispose();
Label messageLabel; }
});
public ButtonDemo() { }
// Set layout
setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Handle button clicks
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent
// Create buttons e) {
okButton = new Button("OK"); String command =
resetButton = new Button("Reset"); e.getActionCommand();
cancelButton = new Button("Cancel");
if (command.equals("OK")) {
// Add buttons to the frame messageLabel.setText("You clicked
add(okButton); OK.");
add(resetButton); } else if (command.equals("Reset")) {
add(cancelButton); messageLabel.setText("Form
reset.");
// Create and add a label } else if (command.equals("Cancel")) {
messageLabel = new Label("Click a button."); messageLabel.setText("Operation
add(messageLabel); cancelled.");
}
// Register listeners }
okButton.addActionListener(this);
resetButton.addActionListener(this); // Main method
cancelButton.addActionListener(this); public static void main(String[] args) {
new ButtonDemo();
// Frame settings }
setTitle("Button Example"); }
setSize(300, 150);
setVisible(true);

Practical 15
import java.awt.*; // Disable Black menu item if (command.equals("Red")) {
import java.awt.event.*; blackItem.setEnabled(false); setBackground(Color.RED);
statusLabel.setText("Selected
public class ColorMenuDemo extends // Add menu to menu bar Color: Red");
Frame implements ActionListener { menuBar.add(colorMenu); } else if (command.equals("Green"))
MenuBar menuBar; {
Menu colorMenu; // Set menu bar to the frame setBackground(Color.GREEN);
MenuItem redItem, greenItem, setMenuBar(menuBar); statusLabel.setText("Selected
blueItem, blackItem; Color: Green");
Label statusLabel; // Add action listeners } else if (command.equals("Blue")) {
redItem.addActionListener(this); setBackground(Color.BLUE);
public ColorMenuDemo() { statusLabel.setText("Selected
// Create the label to show greenItem.addActionListener(this); Color: Blue");
selected color blueItem.addActionListener(this); }
statusLabel = new Label("Select a }
color from the menu."); // Frame settings
add(statusLabel, setTitle("Color Menu Demo"); // Main method
BorderLayout.SOUTH); setSize(300, 150); public static void main(String[] args) {
setLayout(new BorderLayout()); new ColorMenuDemo();
// Create menu bar and menu setVisible(true); }
menuBar = new MenuBar(); }
colorMenu = new Menu("Colors"); // Handle window close
addWindowListener(new
// Create menu items WindowAdapter() {
redItem = new MenuItem("Red"); public void
greenItem = new windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
MenuItem("Green"); dispose();
blueItem = new MenuItem("Blue"); }
blackItem = new });
MenuItem("Black"); }

// Add menu items to menu // Handle menu item clicks

colorMenu.add(redItem); public void
colorMenu.add(greenItem); actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
colorMenu.add(blueItem); String command =
colorMenu.add(blackItem); e.getActionCommand();

Practical 15
Practical 16
import java.awt.*; Answer 3:- import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*; import java.awt.event.*;

public class GridDemo extends Frame { public class NumberButtons extends Frame
{

public GridDemo() { public NumberButtons() {

// Set the layout to 5 rows and 5 columns // Use FlowLayout or GridLayout for
setLayout(new GridLayout(5, 5)); better alignment
setLayout(new FlowLayout());

// Add 25 buttons to the frame // Create and add buttons labeled 0 to

for (int i = 1; i <= 25; i++) { 5
add(new Button("Button " + i)); for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
Button btn = new
} Button(String.valueOf(i));
add(btn);
// Frame settings }
setTitle("5x5 Grid Layout");
// Frame settings
setSize(400, 400); setTitle("Number Buttons (0 to 5)");
setVisible(true); setSize(300, 100);
setVisible(true);
// Close operation
// Close the window on click
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() { addWindowListener(new
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent WindowAdapter() {
we) { public void
dispose(); windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
dispose();
} }
}); });
} }

public static void main(String[] args) {

public static void main(String[] args) { new NumberButtons();
new GridDemo(); }
} }
} Practical 17
 import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*; import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class KeyEventDemo extends Frame
implements KeyListener { public class MouseMotionDemo extends Frame implements
MouseMotionListener {

String message = ""; String message = "";

int x = 0, y = 0;
public KeyEventDemo() {
setTitle("Key Event Demo"); public MouseMotionDemo() {
// Set frame layout and size
setTitle("Mouse Motion Listener Demo");
// Set size and layout setSize(400, 300);
setSize(300, 200); setVisible(true);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
// Add mouse motion listener
// Add key listener to frame addMouseMotionListener(this);
addKeyListener(this);
// Close operation
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
setVisible(true); public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
dispose();
// Close the window when clicked }
addWindowListener(new });
WindowAdapter() { }
public void // Called when mouse is dragged
windowClosing(WindowEvent we) { public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
dispose(); x = e.getX();
} y = e.getY();
}); message = "Dragging at (" + x + ", " + y + ")";
} repaint();
}

// KeyListener methods // Called when mouse is moved

public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) { public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) {
message = "Key Pressed"; x = e.getX();
repaint(); // Triggers paint method to y = e.getY();
display message message = "Moving at (" + x + ", " + y + ")";
repaint();
} }

public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e) {} // Paint the message

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e) {} public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString(message, x, y);
// Paint method to display message }
public void paint(Graphics g) { public static void main(String[] args) {
g.drawString(message, 100, 100); new MouseMotionDemo();
} }
}
Practical 18 public static void main(String[] args) {
Practical 20
new KeyEventDemo();
}
Practical 24
Practical 25