Media and Information Literacy MIL

MIL : 1ST QUARTER AY 2024-2025

[INSTRUCTOR : MA’AM MARICON RAFUL] 1ST SEMESTER

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

OUTLINE
I Media and Information Literacy ● Media and Information Literacy accentuate an
A. Introduction to Media and Information Literacy individual’s capability to exercise his/her
II Evolution of Traditional Media to New Media fundamental human rights, specifically the right
A. Pre-Industrial age to express his/her opinion using any kind of
B. Industrial Age
C. Electronic Age media platform and the right to access
D. Information Age information responsibly.
III Types of Media ● It involves necessary skills that let a person
A. Print Media interact using different media platforms and get
a. Text Media
b. Visual Media access to information around the globe.
B. Broadcast Media
a. Audio Media INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA
b. Multimedia AND INFORMATION LITERACY
C. New Media
IV Media Convergence
A. Communication and Media Information
V Media and Information Sources
A. Indigenous Knowledge - Communication is affected by media and
B. Library information because of the advancement of
C. Internet technology and the availability of different
VI Other Classifications of Information Sources
communication services. These allow us to
A. Primary Sources of Information
B. Secondary Sources of Information have access to fast and easy forms of
C. Tertiary Sources of Information communication through the use of different
VII Media and Information Languages media platforms and social media sites like
A. Media Language
Facebook, Messenger, Instagram, Twitter,
B. Media Codes and Conventions
a. Types of Media Codes among others.
- Symbolic Code - However, this form of communication may
- Technical Code have a negative effect on people in terms of
- Written Code
personal relationships that may be strained
b. Types of Media Conventions
- Form Convention by the over-reliance on social media that are
- Story Convention fertile grounds for fake news and hoaxes
- Genre Convention - Therefore, we should always be mindful in
C. Media Producers, Stakeholders, and Audience
taking advantage of the use of
VIII Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and
Information communication technology in appropriate
A. Intellectual Property ways. We must keep in mind the principle of
a. Types of Intellectual Property “Think before you click”.
b. Republic Act No. 8293 or Intellectual Property
B. Media Literacy, Information Literacy, and
Code of the Philippines
B. Fair Use Technology Literacy
C. Netiquette - Media literacy highlights the capacity of an
a. Digital Footprint individual to understand the functions of
b. Data Privacy
media and determine the relevant use and
c. Digital Divide
D. Computer Addiction and Cyberbullying worth of media platforms. This means that
IX Massive Open Online Course an individual knows how to use or manage
A. Types of MOOC media accounts or media platforms.
B. Advantages of MOOC
- Meanwhile, information literacy is the
C. What are some MOOC platforms?
communication or acquiring of data or facts
that relate to the use of media information.
This involves a careful and thoughtful way of
gathering information legally, avoiding such
pitfalls as violating intellectual property rights
and plagiarism.
- Technology literacy, on the other hand, is
the skill of an individual to manipulate
technology independently or with the

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assistance of others in using the technology PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700s)

in an efficient and suitable way.
C. Responsible Use of Media and Information ● During pre-industrial age, about 4.5 million years
● Media and information literacy is an essential ago, the early hominids discovered fire,
skill that we need to develop for us to take developed paper from plants, and built weapons.
advantage of the use and benefits of The prehistoric inhabitants used stone tools and
technology in modern society, while avoiding
metals as part of their daily activities like hunting
its pitfalls. Here are some tips for the
responsible use of media and information: and gathering. They also used crude stone tools
1. Ensure personal information safety – to create things considered rock art. These
Do not display or give away your prehistoric arts such as petroglyphs and
personal information on your social pictographs were considered the earliest forms
media account. When you are using of traditional media.
applications and websites, read first the
● Pre-Industrial Age:
“terms of use”. It’s wise to take a close
- Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
look and read all the sections
thoroughly. - Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
2. Get permission – When posting videos - Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
or pictures of other people on your - Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
social media account, do not forget to - Dibao in China (2nd Century)
ask for the owner's approval and of the - Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
people who appeared in the video or
- Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
picture.
3. Think before you click – When posting
INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s - 1930s)
or sharing on social media, think first if
the information you are going to post or ● The industrial age occurs during the industrial
share is accurate, helpful, informative,
revolution in Great Britain. This period brought in
nice, and kind to others. Avoid posting
or sharing inappropriate, uncomfortable, economic and societal changes, such as the
or rude insights on your account. substitution of handy tools with machines like the
4. Keep your password safe – Keep an power loom and the steam engine. The
eye on your account; do not let others transformation of the manufacturing industry, and
know your password. Update your commercial enterprise for mass production of
password often to avoid your account various products occurred. Also, long-distance
from being hacked or used by a poser.
communication became possible via telegraph, a
5. Spread positivity – Share positive and
uplifting posts to your friends. As much system used for transmitting messages.
as possible, avoid negativity and hate in ● Industrial Age:
your account because what you post on - Printing press for mass production (19th
social media becomes a reflection of century)
yourself. - Newspaper - The London Gazette (1640)
THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL - Typewriter (1800)
TO NEW MEDIA - Telephone (1876)
- Motion picture photography/projection
● The term “media” is described as a means of (1890)
communication for people which includes - Commercial motion pictures (1913)
newspapers, radio, televisions, and the internet. - Motion picture with sound (1926)
● In the advent of the “new normal”, the role of - Telegraph
media has been highlighted more than ever. The - Punch cards
society relies heavily on media and information
technology, not only for communication, but also ELECTRONIC AGE (1930s - 1980s)
for information dissemination, distance learning,
● The electronic age started when people utilized
work at home, etc.
the power of electricity that made electronic
devices like transistor radio and television work.

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The creation of the transistor piloted the rise of THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON THE
the electronic age. The power of transistors was VALUES AND NORMS OF PEOPLE
used in radio, electronic circuits, and early
● According to Arias (2016), the influence of media
computers. In this period, people made use of air
may have (1) individual or direct effect, and (2)
access to communication.
social or indirect effect. He argued that the
● Electronic Age:
process of information dissemination has
- Transistor Radio
significance to the beliefs of a person and
- Television (1941)
subsequently to their behavior. The wide spread
- Large electronic computers - i.e. EDSAC
of information helps the creation of shared
(1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
knowledge, hence expanding its impact on the
- Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
norms and values of the people in the society.
- Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett Packard
● This is in line with Bandura's (1986) Social
9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
Learning Theory, wherein media operates by
- OHP, LCD projectors
means of educational models. These
INFORMATION AGE (1900 - 2000s) educational models perform vital functions by
transmitting information, values, and behaviors,
● The information age is a period also known as among others. Information that is recognized to
the digital age. This period signified the use of be publicly accessible improves the
the worldwide web through an internet understanding of shared beliefs.
connection. Communication became faster and
easier with the use of social networks or social TYPES OF MEDIA
media platforms such as Facebook, Messenger,
PRINT MEDIA
Instagram, Twitter, among others. The rapid
technological advancement and innovation with ● This type of media paper and ink is reproduced in
the use of microelectronics lead to the a printing process that is traditionally mechanical
development of laptops, netbooks, mobile such as books, newspapers, magazines, journals,
phones, and wearable technology. newsletters, and brochures. Print media may
● Information Age: include text, graphics, or a combination of both.
- Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet
Explorer (1995) TEXT MEDIA
- Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999),
● A type of print media which is a simple and
Wordpress (2003)
flexible format for conveying ideas, whether
- Social media: Friendster (2002), Multiply
handwritten or printed. Not all text media are print
(2003), Facebook (2004)
media. Text media may also be displayed
- Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
on-screen as part of broadcast media,
- Video: YouTube (2005)
multimedia, or new media.
- Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
● An important feature of text media is typography.
- Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts
Typography is the art and technique of arranging
(2013)
the visual component of the written word. It
- Search Engines: Google(1996), Yahoo(1995)
features textual designs with optical illusions that
- Portable computers- laptops (1980), tablets
improve readability and help convey meaning.
(1993) netbooks (2008),
Fonts and alignment are parts of typography.
- Smartphones
- Wearable technology
VISUAL MEDIA
- Cloud and Big Data
● A type of print media that refers to pictures,
photos, images, and graphics used to channel
communication using the sense of sight. Visuals

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combined with text are also considered as visual every type of information can be stored,
media. Like text media, visual media are not communicated, and handled digitally.
limited to print media, however. “Visual media” ● Multimedia can be recorded and played,
is a general term for any medium that mainly displayed, interacted with or accessed by
makes use of sight as a channel to receive the information-processing devices, such as
message. high-tech and automated devices, but can also
● An important feature of visual media, in print or be part of a live presentation.
elsewhere, is graphic design. It is the process of ● Multimedia devices are electronic media
visual communication that organizes and equipment used to store and play or display
presents information developed through a multimedia content.
creative process for a particular purpose. ● In the early years of multimedia, "rich media", a
● Examples of Visual Media: term with a similar concept was used in
1. Informational Graphics (Infographic) – is a advertising.
visual representation of information to ● “Hypermedia” is an extension of multimedia,
understand the high-volume and complex where photos or graphics are linked to other
data easily, e.g., graphs, charts. sources of information.
2. Cartoons – a sketch or drawing intended as
satire, caricature, or humor, e.g., comic strip, NEW MEDIA
editorial cartoons in newspapers and
● A term used to integrate the different
magazines.
technologies emerging on one digital platform to
3. Photography – A photograph is an image
organize and distribute content.
created by light captured on a light-sensitive
● Some examples are podcasts, augmented reality,
surface, which is usually photographic film.
video games, blogs, and wikis.
Nowadays, few people use photographic
● There are two common characteristics of new
film. The advent of digital photography via
media: disseminating the information to several
digital cameras and cellular phones has
receivers which is theoretically infinite, in
made taking photographs easier and less
customized ways, depending on the specification
expensive.
for endorsed categories.

BROADCAST MEDIA MEDIA CONVERGENCE

● A type of media that reaches target audiences ● Media convergence refers to the merging of
using airwaves as the transmission medium. different equipment and tools for producing and
Examples of broadcast media are radio and distributing news through digitization and
television. computer networking.
● It allows media texts to be produced and
AUDIO MEDIA
distributed on multiple media devices. This is also
● A type of broadcast media that uses audio or known as technological convergence.
voice recording as a medium in the delivery of ● Media convergence is the synergy of
information. These are devices that appeal to the communication, computing, and content in the
auditory sense. digital world. A smartphone that has a camera,
radio, web browser, video, etc. is an example of
MULTIMEDIA converged media.

● A type of broadcast media concerned with the MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES
computer-controlled integration of text, graphics,
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
drawings, still and moving images (video),
animation, audio, and any other media where ● Indigenous knowledge is the distinctive
knowledge kept to a specific group of people.

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● Other terms used for it (Senanayak, 2006): LIBRARY

- local knowledge
- folk knowledge ● A library is “a building, room, or organization that
- people’s knowledge has a collection, especially of books, music, and
- traditional wisdom information that can be accessed by computer
- traditional science for people to read, use, or borrow.”
● Communities generate and transmit this (Cambridge Dictionary)
knowledge in certain periods to be able to adjust ● Aside from books and journals, libraries also
to their agricultural, ecological, and house advanced e-resources. Most libraries offer
socio-economic environments. (Fernandez, 1994) the following services:
● Indigenous knowledge is “generated through a - User services function in linking people to
systematic process of observing local conditions, the information they are looking for.
experimenting with solutions, and readapting - Technical services function in gathering,
previously identified solutions to modified cataloging, and preparing library materials.
environmental, socio-economic and technological - Computer services function in maintaining
situations.” It usually becomes the basis of a databases, software programming, web
certain community for their daily life. page design, and computer hardware
(Brouwers 1993) maintenance in the library.
● Indigenous knowledge is transferred from one - Administrative services function in
generation to another, either orally (oral tradition) managing the library and services,
or through cultural rituals. conveying contracts with sellers, supervising
● Dewalt (1994) identified certain features of library employees, and preparing budgets.
indigenous knowledge that are highly relevant in ● Libraries are classified as academic, public,
conservation and sustainable growth: school, and special.
- Locally appropriate. Indigenous knowledge - Academic libraries serve colleges and
signifies a way of life that has advanced with universities.
the local conditions. - Public libraries serve cities and towns of all
- Restraint in resource exploitation. types.
Production is for survival needs only; only - School libraries serve students from
those necessary for immediate survival are Kindergarten to Grade 12.
taken from the environment. - Special libraries are located in specific
- Diversified production systems. There is environments (e.g., hospitals, corporations,
no abuse of resources; various strategies are museums, military, private business).
utilized to avoid risks.
INTERNET
- Respect for nature. A ‘conservation ethic’
often exists. Here, the land is treated as ● The Internet is “a global computer network
sacred. providing a variety of information and
- Human dependence on nature for communication facilities, consisting of
survival. All species are interrelated; hence, interconnected networks using standardized
one affects the other. communication protocols.” (Oxford Dictionary)
- Flexibility. Indigenous knowledge means ● It is a “network of networks” consisting of millions
adapting to new circumstances and being of smaller domestic, academic, business, and
open to outside knowledge. government networks.
- Social responsibility. There are strong ● Internet is also defined as the “worldwide
family and community ties, and with them, publicly accessible network of interconnected
feelings of obligation and responsibility to computer networks that transmit data by packet
preserve the land for future generations. switching using the standard Internet Protocol
(IP)” (Merriam Dictionary).

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OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF sources are not proof, but rather explanation

INFORMATION SOURCES: on and discussion of evidence.
- Indexes are typically found as one or
A. Primary Sources of Information: more individual volumes at the end of a
● Primary sources refer to “original set. Examples are index, bibliography,
materials”. These are materials from a indexing periodicals, and abstracting
certain period of time that have not been periodicals.
filtered, modified through analysis, - Survey type involves the product of
interpretation, or evaluation. These sources examination or description of someone
are the bases of other research. They are or something. Examples are reviews,
commonly the raw products of written texts treatises, and monographs.
(print or electronic format). Hence, they - Reference type consists of materials
show original thinking, present a discovery, collected from others’ works such as
or impart new information. encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks,
● Examples of primary sources: e-mails, manual and critical tables.
interviews, journal articles, letters, minutes of C. Tertiary Sources of Information:
meetings, conferences and symposia, ● Tertiary sources involve information that
newspaper articles, original documents (e.g., collects and organizes primary and
birth certificate, marriage certificate), secondary sources. Tertiary sources include
photographs, records of organizations, bibliographies of bibliographies, directories
research survey results, speeches, works of and yearbooks, guides to literature, and lists
art, literature, architecture, music, and of research in progress.
websites.
● The following are the other examples of MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
primary sources of information: MEDIA LANGUAGE
- Artifact : It refers to something made
or created by humans, such as a tool or ● Media language denotes how media producers
a work of art, especially an object of make meaning about a certain medium
archaeological interest. (advertisement, TV show, film, etc.) they are
- Diary : It is a record with distinct entries producing and how they transfer that meaning to
organized by date reporting on daily their target audience. It allows the audience to
activities or other periods. It can be convey the meaning of the text through its signs
personal, which may include a person's and symbols.
experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings. ● Signs and symbols used in media texts do not
- Patent : This is the granting of a right to have a single meaning. It is expected that
an inventor by a sovereign authority. audiences have different interpretations and will
This grant affords the inventor exclusive use different meaning systems. In interpreting
rights to the patented process, design, these signs and symbols, audiences may
or invention for a designated period in interpret the media text denotatively or
exchange for a comprehensive connotatively. Denotative meaning is the literal
disclosure of the invention. meaning of the media text while connotative
- Audio/video recording meaning refers to the various interpretations that
B. Secondary Sources of Information: the text suggests to the audience which are often
● Compared to primary sources, secondary associated with their culture, values, beliefs, etc.
sources are not easily defined. Generally,
written after an original product, they usually MEDIA CODES AND CONVENTIONS
aim to give reflection or analysis. In short, ● In interpreting the meaning of the media text, you
they are analyses, interpretations, and have to be able to understand two of the most
evaluations of primary sources. Secondary

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significant aspects of media and information A. Form conventions are ways in which the
language – the codes and conventions. types of media codes are expected to be
● Media codes and conventions are the very arranged. For instance, the title and main
foundations of all the existing media. Media casts are expected to appear at the
codes commonly have an established meaning, beginning of a movie while the credits are
denotation or connotation, to the target audience. expected to appear at the end. A number of
Meanwhile, conventions refer to the possible television series usually begin with a short
methods in which codes are organized in a recap of the previous episode and end with
product. a preview of the next episode.
B. Story conventions refer to the basic
TYPES OF MEDIA CODES structures of narratives. Examples of story
conventions involve narrative structures,
A. Symbolic codes are audience-based. The
character constructions, and point of view.
meaning of the product is not based on the
C. Genre conventions refer to the common
product itself but on the interpretation of the
use of the elements of narratives such as the
audience.
characters, settings, or themes in a certain
- Setting refers to the time and place of the
type of media. Genre conventions can be
narrative or a specific scene.
formal or thematic and are usually linked to
- Mise en scene is a French term that means
the expectations of the audience.
“everything within the frame”. It describes all
the features (set design, costume, props, MEDIA PRODUCERS, STAKEHOLDERS,
staging) within a frame of media products. AND AUDIENCE
- Acting refers to the portrayal of the actors in
● The media producers refer to the people who
creating media products.
initiate, plan, and produce media texts. They need
- Color considerations are highly connotative
to have the skill in assessing the media texts and
when it comes to interpretations. It is also
a thorough understanding of the target product;
usually associated with cultural aspects.
and the processes that go into creating the
B. Technical codes refer to codes specific to a
products.
media form alone. The knowledge and
● Meanwhile, the stakeholders refer to people or
connotations of different camera angles and
organizations that share the same interests or
shots make sense when looking at films and
intentions.
photographs but mean nothing outside those
● The audience, on the other hand, is a significant
forms. The technical codes include camerawork
element in delivering media texts. All media texts
(camera operation, positioning, and movement for
are made with a target audience in mind.
desired specific effects), editing (the process of
● Producers conduct an audience analysis before
selecting, operating, and ordering images and
coming up with a media text. Audience analysis
sound), audio (expression and utilization of
is the process of looking into the demographics
sounds), and lighting (the manipulation of light
(age, gender, social status, etc.) and psychology
based on the target mood).
(values, beliefs, attitude) of the audience.
C. Written codes are the formal written language
Producers also consider the reaction of the
used in creating a media product. It includes the
audience by looking into the following:
printed language (the text visible with the media
- Audience Engagement. This refers to the
frame which is the text you can see within the
reaction of the audience to the media text.
frame) and the spoken language which includes
Different people react in varied ways to the
the dialogues and even the lyrics of the song.
same text.
TYPES OF CONVENTIONS - Audience Expectations. This refers to the
anticipation of the audience about the text.
● Conventions refer to the recognized ways of Producers may satisfy or shatter the
using media codes. audience’s expectations.

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- Audience Foreknowledge. This refers to patents, trademarks, or copyrighted works to

the exact information (not expectations) benefit from their own work or creation – may it
which the audience brings about the media be of moral or material interests. Violation of this
output. law or one of the rights is called infringement.
- Audience Identification. This refers to the
connection built by the media text to the TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
audience.
1. Copyright. It is a legal term used to describe the
- Audience Placement. This refers to the
rights that creators have over their literary and
strategies producers use to make the
artistic works. This covers works ranging from
audience feel that the media text is made
books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to
specifically for them.
computer programs, databases, advertisements,
- Audience Research. This refers to the
maps and technical drawings (WIPO, 2016).
monitoring of the audience before, during,
● Registration of copyrighted work or
and after the production of the media text.
displaying of the copyright symbol may not
LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN be mandatory but it is recommended to
MEDIA AND INFORMATION emphasize that the author is claiming
copyright protection in the work.
● Digital citizenship is the “ability to find, access,
Nevertheless, the copyright law still protects
use and create information effectively; engage
with other users and with content in an active, the creator’s work from the moment of
critical, sensitive and ethical manner; and creation and the owners do not lose this
navigate the online and ICT environment safely protection.
and responsibly, being aware of one’s own 2. Patent. It is an exclusive right granted for an
rights” (UNESCO, 2016, p. 15 as cited in Shin, invention. It provides the patent owner with the
T.S. et al. 2019, p.19).
right to consent on the invention or a way for
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) others to use it. In return, the patent owner is
responsible for making technical information
● World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), about the invention available in the published
the global forum for intellectual property services, patent document or in public (WIPO, 2016).
policy, information, and cooperation, defined 3. Trademark. It is a distinguished sign of goods or
Intellectual Property (IP) as referring to the services of one enterprise from those of other
“creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary enterprises. It can be compared to what
and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names, craftsmen used in ancient times as a “signature
and images used in commerce” (World mark” on their product (WIPO, 2016).
Intellectual Property Organization, 2016). ● ™ denotes that the owner of the mark is in
● It can be classified into two categories namely, the process of registration to indicate a claim
(1) Industrial Property which includes patents, of ownership, while ® is only used for marks
trademarks, industrial designs and geographical that have been granted registration.
indications and appellations of origin; and 4. Industrial Design. WIPO (2016) defines Industrial
(2) Copyright which covers literary works (such design as an ornamental or aesthetic aspect of
as novels, poems, and plays), films, music, an item. An industrial design right protects only
artistic works (e.g. drawings, paintings, the appearance or aesthetic features of a
photographs, and sculptures) and architectural product, whereas a patent protects an invention
design. that offers a new technical solution to a problem.
● In the Philippines, IP is protected under two laws In principle, an industrial design right does not
– the Intellectual Property Code (RA 8293) and protect the technical or functional features of a
the Cybercrime Prevention Act (RA 10175). product. Such features could, however,
Both laws protect intellectual property rights, potentially be protected by a patent.
allowing the rightful creators or owners of

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5. Geographical Indications and Appellations of FAIR USE

Origin. These are signs used on products
possessing qualities, a status, or characteristics ● Fair use is a legal principle stating that one can
that are essentially attributable to that location of use a copyrighted work without a license for the
origin. Generally, a geographical indication following purposes: commentary, criticism,
includes the name of the place of origin of the reporting, research, and teaching. Furthermore,
goods (WIPO, 2016). the copyrighted material must observe conditions
such as (1) amount and substantiality of the
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8293 OR INTELLECTUAL portion taken; (2) purpose and character of
PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES one’s use; (3) nature of the copyrighted work;
and (4) potential market effect (Stim, 2016). In
The copyrighted works are under this Term of
general, one must own the majority of the new
Protection (Source: Official Gazette, 2012, section
content, give full credit to the original source, and
213):
use the content for non-profit purposes to
COPYRIGHT VALIDITY PERIOD consider it fair use.
● In order to clarify the terms and conditions in
LITERARY During the lifetime of the author plus 50
WORKS years after death control of the creative work between the author
and the general public, one needs permission
ART 25 years from the date of creation from the copyright holder which is called a
PHOTOGRAPHIC
license. Some content creators choose to license
50 years from publication their work more freely by giving their work a
WORK
Creative Commons license or even putting their
AUDIO-VISUAL
50 years from publication work in Public Domain. These CC licenses are
WORK
copyright licenses providing a simple and
SOUND standardized way to give the public permission to
50 years from year recording took place
RECORDING share and use the creative work. This is easier for
both the author and the public compared to an
BROADCAST
20 years from date of broadcast agreement in traditional licenses which are more
RECORDING
restrictive.
Valid for 10 years and may be renewed
TRADEMARK - Creative Commons is an American
for a periods of 10 years
non-commercial organization that aims to
INVENTION Valid for 20 years from filing date
PATENT application expand the range of creative works available
for others to build upon and to share legally.
● Intellectual property is essential in creating a
The organization has released several
culture of creativity, progress, and innovations as
any content creator’s exclusive rights to their own copyright-licenses known as Creative
creation are secured and protected through the IP Commons licenses free of charge to the
law. This means one’s original work cannot be public (CreativeCommons.org as cited in
legally copied or used for profit. Otherwise, one Ping, 2016).
can be penalized on grounds of infringement.
Copyright law allows the owner to control access NETIQUETTE
to his or her own work and consequently
provides strong penalties for infringement of ● Netiquette or network etiquette is a set of rules
owners’ rights. However, the law also includes for behaving properly online (Shea, 1997 as cited
certain exemptions to the rule and considerations in E-Learning Guide on Media and Information
in the use of the copyrighted materials from the Literacy, 2017).
owner’s control, which are under the doctrine of ● Here are the Ten Core Rules of Netiquette by
Fair Use. Virginia Shea:

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Data Privacy Act of 2012. If precautionary

measures are not observed in sharing personal
information, your online security can be
compromised.

DIGITAL DIVIDE

● As part of being mannerly towards others online,

it is also helpful to know that not everyone has
the same access to high-speed internet, or even
so, regular digital access, or advanced digital
knowledge so we are called to be understanding,
helpful,and polite to the digitally disadvantaged.
● Simply put, Netiquette reminds you to respect This digital inequality or gap between groups in
and protect your own privacy, as well as others’. terms of knowledge, usage, and access to ICT
You must “self-reflect before you self-reveal”
due to circumstances like location, income, and
(Common Sense Education).
● In practicing the rules of Netiquette, you must age is called Digital Divide.
consider being careful in managing your virtual
self and digital footprints, as well as being COMPUTER ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING
mindful of data privacy.
● Virtual Self is how you present yourself on online COMPUTER ADDICTION
platforms. Whatever you say or do on the Internet
can be viewed and others can easily pass ● Computer Addiction is the “overdependence or
judgment without even knowing who you are a damaging need to do something on computer
outside the virtual environment. or internet” (E-Learning Guide on Media and
Information Literacy). Its impact could be linked
DIGITAL FOOTPRINT to sleep deprivation, anxiety and even
● Digital footprint is any data record of the things depression. Setting a limit and immersing yourself
you do online. Anything on the Internet with your with outside activity can obviate addiction.
name creates a trail of data about you. This could Remember, anything beyond moderation is not
be information in your personal website, any good. To put it simply, learning to properly use
activity in social media, your browsing history, digital resources is responsible internet behavior.
online subscription, and the like. Because of this,
you must be vigilant in sharing personal CYBERBULLYING
information to avoid potential dangers such
sharing may pose. There had been viral videos ● Cyberbullying is the use of digital means of
with private or sensitive content because their
communication that could hurt or harass a
owners could have been careless with their digital
footprint. Your digital footprint can remain on the person. Examples of this are sending hurtful texts
Internet for life. or SNS messages, posting embarrassing photos
or videos, and spreading mean or malicious
DATA PRIVACY rumors online. Such acts comprise cyberbullying
if the offender does them intentionally and
● Not only virtual self and digital footprint are
repeatedly, and should be addressed at once.
incorporated in netiquette. Respecting and
managing data privacy is also a responsible MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE
behavior on the Internet. The respect should be
mutual between the media user and the producer. ● MOOC is an acronym for Massive Open Online
Data privacy or the fundamental right of an Course.
individual to protect private information from ○ The word “massive” means large number or
disclosure to information and communication amount, “open” means accessible to all,
systems is under Republic Act No. 10173 or the “online” means connected to or available

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 REVIEW WELL, FELLOW STUDENTS!

through a system, and “course” means the ADVANTAGES OF MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE
act of moving in a path from point to point. COURSE (MOOC)
● Therefore, MOOC refers to a route or pattern of
1. Relax requirements – MOOC can be taken by
getting content or information available through
anyone who is interested in the subject matter
an online system that can be accessed by many
and able to access the course, regardless of age,
people.
background, or location.
● MOOC is also described as a pattern for
2. Video format availability - Teaching in a modern
providing learning information or content online to
video format (not just texts like those that you’d
any person who needs to take up a course with
find in other e-learning courses).
no limit on attendance.
3. Accessibility - learning content from top
TYPES OF MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE universities like Harvard, Stanford, etc.can be
opened through an online format.
1. xMOOCs 4. Repetition - an MOOC will often run two or three
● xMOOC stands for eXtended MOOC. times a year, ensuring that students would not
● xMOOCs are based on traditional university miss their chance.
course structures and make use of 5. High quality - MOOCs are led by subject matter
established teaching approaches and experts (SMEs) and supported by teaching
materials. assistants, so that students have access to
● Students will watch pre-recorded lectures, first-rate educational resources.
complete required readings, and participate 6. Feasibility - an MOOC usually requires 1-2 hours
in discussions as produced and managed by of study a week for about 5 weeks, making
a course instructor or an instructional team learning doable even for busy students.
from a higher education institution. 7. Self-paced - an MOOC enables students to work
● These are typically self-contained and rarely through the course materials and assessments at
utilize content external to the main content their own pace.
delivery and learning platform. 8. Online collaboration - learners across the globe
2. cMOOCs work together on common goals without the need
● cMOOC stands for Connectivist MOOC. to meet each other in person.
● cMOOCs are based on the connectivist
learning model that favors collaboration WHAT ARE SOME MOOC PLATFORMS?
among learners as a form of active learning.
1. Coursera has over 20 million learners /
● Students in cMOOC work together to locate,
participants. Courses were created by the
evaluate, and contribute to the course
universities of Stanford, Princeton, Yale, London,
content by uploading materials in the form of
Munich, Zurich, and many more.
tweets, blog posts, wikis and others, to the
2. EdX has around 10 million learners/participants.
course using the learning platform.
Courses were created from Harvard, MIT,
● A cMOOC instructor or instructional team
Berkeley, and Oxford, among others.
facilitates learning by finalizing, aggregating,
3. Udacity was created as an MOOC platform at
and assessing the students’ contributions to
Stanford. Now mostly programming courses in
the course.
cooperation with industry partners such as
Google, Facebook, or Daimler. Course topics
include artificial intelligence and self-driving cars.
4. FutureLearn is a MOOC platform (UK-based)
which includes various British and European
universities. Courses offered are shorter in
duration compared to others.

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 REVIEW WELL, FELLOW STUDENTS!

REFERENCES

Notes from the discussion/learning mats by:

MA’AM MARICON RAFUL

PowerPoint presentation / Module

DISCLAIMER:

The author assumes full responsibility for any errors or

inaccuracies in this reviewer. The subject teacher bears no
responsibility for any mistakes or omissions in the content.

MA. ANDREA M. BALOD | STEM 12 - JADE 12