Journal Bearing

Transmission (Single stage gear reducer)

Journal

Bearing
Lubricant
 Bearing
 A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion,
and reduces friction between moving parts.

 Widely used to support shaft

 Classification of bearing

1) Classification by contact type

sliding bearing : Supported by the pressure of lubricant
https://www.pumpsandsystems.com/combined-
rolling bearing : Supported by Ball or Roller thrust-journal-bearing-assembly-reduces-cost-risk-
large-pump-users
2) Classification according to working load
Load perpendicular to the axis radial bearing
Load parallel to the axis thrust bearing

Shaft
 Sliding bearing (Journal bearing) Rolling bearing
Contact area
load

https://www.ritbearing.com/products/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cN1E8KUvmk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDC99hfsxgU
Journal bearing pressure
- Dynamic pressure bearing : 0 i 1 Oil Oil
Pressure generated by the rotation of the shaft, Journal
for High speed, light load [general machinery] Journal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqcb1UGWM2Q
- Hydrostatic bearing : Pump
Lubricating oil by pump,
for low speed, heavy load [radar tracking device]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OY170iaGSA
Journal bearing
 Design of journal Bearings-Dynamic pressure Bearings

(1) Condition:

(2) Journal dimensions ( Bearing]

[Radial Journal] d, l   , p Heat generation

(3) lubrication : (Lubricant Viscosity), p [Bearing pressure]

 , Frictional coefficient, (Cooling flow),

Oil Oil

Journal
Journal
 Radial journal Thrust journal
Bearing design

Journal : Axial area in contact with the bearing

bearing pressure
• Pressure caused by lubrication of the bearing
: it depends on RPM of the shaft and contact position of bearing
• Journal bearing : Mean pressure based design

• if over pressure
 Breakage of oil film between bearing and journal
 Limit the bearing pressure
Radial bearing design

Bearing pressure :
 Depends on the position of the contact surface,
 maximum pressure is generated at the lower center

Assume : constant pressure

Projection

force

Pressure
Radial bearing design

Bending strength

Equivalent
force

Moment at A-A cross section

- : Limit stress
- : Limit pressure
Radial bearing design

 Considering frictional heating - : Sliding velocity between the shaft and bearing
- : Frictional coefficient
 Friction from power - : Load

 Frictional heat generation

 Frictional heating on the projection area

The heating should be controlled by m /s ) pm

2

Heat
Mm
2

- : diameter of the journal [mm]

Pressure Velocity
- : width (mm)
P
p - : rpm
dl
- : pressure (kgf/mm2)
Radial bearing design

- : diameter of the journal [mm]

Pressure Velocity
- : width (mm)
P
p - : rpm
dl
- : pressure (kgf/mm2)

l should be limited

..
Rotsher’s l and d

Low velocity l = (0.25 ~ 1.0) d General suggestion

v < 1m/sec l ≒ 1.5 d
l  0 .6 ~ 3 .0 d
v = 2 ~ 4m/sec l = (1.8 ~ 2.5) d
v > 5m/sec l = (2.5 ~ 4) d
Thrust bearing design

(1) Bearing pressure

 Wear (마멸) leads to high pressure

Before wear After wear

wear due to
the differences
in radial speed
and friction

Pressure is
Constant pressure
concentrated on the
center
 Pivot journal bearing Pivot journal bearing Collar journal bearing
without hole with hole
Thrust bearing design

 Pressure

Pivot journal bearing Pivot journal bearing

Collar journal bearing
without hole with hole

Reduce stress
concentration

- d1 : Inner. d1 - Z : Number of Collar


- d2 : Outer d2
* Limit pressure : p - Pivot : 0.15 ~ 0.2kg/mm2
- Collar : 0.03 ~ 0.06kg/mm2
 Journal dimension
Pivot journal bearing Pivot journal bearing
Collar journal bearing
without hole with hole
Thrust bearing design

(2) Considering frictional heating

 Mean velocity = Velocity at the mean radius of the journal
 Journal diameter

Pivot journal bearing Pivot journal bearing

without hole with hole or Collar journal bearing

Pressure

Mean
velocity

Heating
coefficient

Diameter
( Pivot journal: Z = 1 ]
 Bearing metal
bearing metal
 Metal that becomes a sliding surface by directly contacting the shaft

Shape
 bush
• Easy exchange
• Split where the minimum wear
• Lubrication hole: installed at the lowest bearing pressure
• Oil groove: installed on the inner surface to form an oil film
https://www.indiamart.com/pr on the entire surface of the journal
http://www.harfords.co
oddetail/white-metal-bush- m.au/service/white-
bearing-15153356812.html metal-bearings/

Oil groove

Lubrication hole
Bearing metal
 Bearing metal
• sufficient strength and stiffness to withstand the load
• easy to form oil film
• Less frictional coefficient and wear
• High thermal conductivity for cooling
• Good fatigue resistant
https://www.isodametal.co.jp/en/
• Low cost
Bearing lubricant
 Lubricant

• Suppress friction and wear

• Prevents rust on the bearing surface
• Cooling and heat dissipation in the bearing  uniform load condition

 Friction

• friction force according to vertical force

Actual contact area

Area of the object

Coulomb law 
Bearing lubricant
Friction according to the contact surface

a) solid friction b) fluid friction C) boundary friction

- dry friction
- No lubricant - Thin oil film
 No oil film - Full oil film -Between
(Perfect lubricant) the solid and fluid frictions

- High friction - Friction

(Solid > Boundary > Fluid )
- Wear and friction - Low friction
- Frictional coefficient - Frictional coefficient - Frictional coefficient
μ : 1 ~ 0.1 μ : 0.01 ~ 0.001 μ : 0.1 ~ 0.01
Bearing lubricant
Cylindrical sliding friction surface

• Sliding surface of bearing

Horizontal Sloped sliding Cylindrical sliding friction

- Radial bearing
- Collar thrust bearing - Thrust bearing
Bearing lubricant
 The process of creating an oil film on a cylindrical sliding surface

- The shaft is not rotating, and contacts the bearing

Stop

- The shaft starts rotating

- The shaft is affected by viscous lubricant.
Starting Move in the opposite direction
- Shaft moving  Hydraulic pressure
 Oil film formation  Separation of shaft and bearing

- Viscous lubricant is filled in the gap between the shaft and the bearing.
Low  sloped sliding surface
speed - The pressure is formed in the lower half of the two circles.
- Maximum pressure: near the straight line connecting the two centers

- The bearing load is very small and the rotational speed increases.
High - The center of the two circles approaches concentrically
speed
Bearing lubricant
Lubricant theory

 In case of low loading and high speed rotation : Petroff’s equation

 In case of high load and low speed rotation : Reynolds’equation

(1) low loading and high speed rotation

a) Petroff’s equation
 Assumption : The center of the shaft and bearing coincide

- : Length
- : gap
N
- : Viscosity
- : RPM
- : Load
Bearing lubricant -
-
: Length
: gap
N
- : Viscosity
- : RPM
- : Load
Shear stress
 Frictional coefficient
Newton (fluid) Coulomb (friction)
- Lubricant - Frictional torque

η : Absolute viscosity
- Shear resistance torque P

2r

Petroff’s
equation
Bearing lubricant
b) Safe lubricant
 Change of friction coefficient according to the characteristics of the bearing

Boundary friction 안전영역Safe

(Thin oil film)
(Petroff’s equation)
(Petroff 식 적용)

Safe
(Full oil film)

N  N
 p 
  min p

N  N 
 p   4 ~ 5  p 
  design   min
Bearing lubricant
(2) High load, low speed rotating
a) Reynolds’s equation
 Mechanical theory for lubricant of bearing
 Reynolds’s equation
- Newton’s fluid
- Incompressible, Viscosity is constant
- Pressure does not change according to the axial direction
Bearing lubricant
 Equilibrium - : Thickness of the oil film
- : Journal speed
Bearing
Journal (rotating)
Journal

Lubricant

Journal (fixed)
Assumption

- No lubricant flow in z-direction (axial direction)

- The pressure changes according to the circumferential direction.
- The pressure is constant according to the radial direction.
Bearing lubricant
 Reynolds’s equation
- Equilibrium in x-direction (circumferential direction)

Newton

[Assumption] Pressure constant for y-direction

 p in independent on y  integration for y

Boundary condition
Bearing lubricant
- Flow for x direction

(Incompressible condition)

Reynolds for one dimensional

z direction

 For 2-dimensional
Bearing lubricant b) Sommerfeld number
 Sommerfeld’s one dimensional solution

- : Center of the shaft

- : Center of the bearing
- : Shaft radius
- : Bearing radius
- : eccentric

Maximum oil film

e
n=
Minimum oil film
c
: gap

: eccentricity ratio
Bearing lubricant
 Load of bearing

[ Reynolds ]

&

- : oil film pressure

Bearing lubricant
 Sommerfeld number

&

Generally using

 Sommerfeld number n is constant

T
- Frictional coefficinet

T
Frictional torque

- Minium oil film

Bearing lubricant
Check

Operation variable Checking variable

 Viscosity  Sommerfeld Number

 Pressure  Fricational coefficient
 RPM  Minium oil film
 Bearing dimesions  Temperature
 Lubricant flow

 Sommerfeld number

Petroff’s
equation
 Raimondi & Boyd Chart
 SAE Viscosity-temperature

Absolute viscosity

Temperature (degree)
 Raimondi & Boyd Chart
Minimum oil film thickness variable and eccentricity diagram

Eccentric ratio
Pressure
Minimum oil film variable

Bearing characteristics
 Raimondi & Boyd Chart
 Location chart of minimum film thickness

Location chart of minimum film

Bearing characteristics
 Raimondi & Boyd Chart
 Friction coefficient variable

Friction coefficient variable

Bearing characteristics
 Raimondi & Boyd Chart
 Flow Variable

Flow variable

Bearing characteristics
 Raimondi & Boyd Chart
 Maximum oil film pressure diagram

Pressure ratio

Bearing characteristics
Reference

Wikipedia

정남용, 기계설계, 학진북스

Shigley, Mechanical design, MacGrow Hill

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