Acknowledgement

Certificate

Index

1 Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Historical Evolution of Indian

4 . Stock market

5. Concept of stock

6. Investors Proference In Stock Market

7 Stock exchanges is India

8 List of 25 Listed companies with Some details about the companies

9 An imagine 25 Compenies portfolio

10 Function of Stock Exchange

11 Investment ots stoc Alteractive

12 Conclusion To Improve working of stock exchanges better.

13 Biblography
 Brief Introduction of Stock Market

The stock market is a marketplace where shares of publicly listed companies are bought and
sold. It plays a crucial role in the economy by enabling companies to raise capital and investors
to earn returns. Stock exchanges like the BSE and NSE in India provide a regulated environment
for trading securities such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. The stock market reflects the
economic health of a nation and is influenced by various factors including corporate
performance, global trends, and government policies.

Detailed Introduction of Stock Market

The stock market is a centralized platform where the buying and selling of shares or stocks of
publicly traded companies take place. It is a critical component of a country’s financial system,
serving both corporations and investors. Companies list their shares on stock exchanges
through a process called Initial Public Offering (IPO) to raise capital for expansion, development,
or debt repayment. Once listed, these shares are traded among investors.

The main stock exchanges in India are the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock
Exchange (NSE). These exchanges operate under the regulation of the Securities and Exchange
Board of India (SEBI), which ensures transparency, investor protection, and fair trade practices.

The stock market is divided into two main segments:

1. Primary Market – Where new securities are issued for the first time.

2. Secondary Market – Where existing securities are traded among investors.

Investors in the stock market include individuals, institutions, mutual funds, and foreign
investors. They buy shares with the expectation of earning profits through dividends or capital
appreciation.

Prices in the stock market are determined by demand and supply dynamics, and influenced by
multiple factors such as company performance, interest rates, inflation, political stability, and
global economic trends. Market indices like the Sensex (BSE) and Nifty 50 (NSE) track the
performance of a selected group of major companies and provide a snapshot of overall market
health.

In conclusion, the stock market serves as a barometer of economic performance, facilitates

capital formation, and offers investment opportunities to individuals and institutions alike. It also
promotes transparency, accountability, and corporate governance in the business ecosystem.

Let me know if you'd like this section tailored for a PowerPoint slide, school project format, or
with illustrations or graphs.

Objective of the Project on Stock Exchange

The primary objectives of this project are:

1. To understand the concept and functioning of the stock exchange as a key component of the
financial system.

2. To study the role of stock exchanges like BSE and NSE in the Indian economy and their impact
on investors and businesses.

3. To analyze how shares are bought and sold in the primary and secondary markets.

4. To develop awareness about investment opportunities and risks involved in stock trading.

5. To gain practical knowledge by tracking the performance of selected companies listed on the
stock exchange.

6. To examine the effect of political, global, and economic events on stock prices and investor
behavior.

7. To promote financial literacy by understanding terms like Sensex, Nifty, dividends, IPOs, market
capitalization, and portfolio diversification.

8. To apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios by maintaining and analyzing a mock

investment portfolio.

9. To encourage research, analytical thinking, and informed decision-making regarding personal

financial planning and investments.

10. To recognize the importance of transparency and regulation in maintaining investor

confidence and market integrity.

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF INDIAN STOCK MARKET: As already stated, the

Indian Stock markets have played a significant role in the early attempts at industrialization in
India in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The early textile mills and the first steel
plants were funded in the stock market. Some of these capital raising exercises were large in
relation to the size of the financial sector in those days. Beginning in the late fifties, the country
embarked on an inward looking socialistic model of development that sought to put the
commanding heights of the economy in the hands of the public sector. The state took control of
the allocation of resources in the economy as the banks and insurance companies were
nationalized and development financial institutions grew in importance. A regime of financial
repression came into being and the stock market stagnated. The period from 1984 to 1992 was
in some ways the high water mark of the Indian capital markets. As the markets responded
enthusiastically to the first whiff of reforms in the mid 1980s and to the major reform initiative of
1991, the stock market soared through the roof. From October 1984 to September 1992, the
stock market index went up more than ten times representing an annual compound return of 34
per cent. The Sensex crossed the 1,000 mark on July 25, 1990; the 4,000 mark on March 30,
1992; the 5,000 mark on October 11, 1999; the 6,000 mark on January 2, 2004; the 7, the 9,000
mark on December 09, 2005; and finally the historic 10,000 mark on February 7, 2006. It created
another landmark when it touched 11,000 on March 27, 2006. The Sensex reached an all time
high of 12,671 in May 2006. To reach from the 11,000 mark to the 12,000 mark only took 19
working days, the shortest time interval for a 1000 point climb in BSE Sensex history, surpassing
the just set record of 29 days that it took to reach 11,000 from 10,000.

CONCEPT OF STOCK MARKET: The concept of stock markets came to India in

1875, when Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) was established as „The Native Share and
Stockbrokers Association', a voluntary non-profit making association. We all know it, the local
market in your neighborhood is a place where vegetables are bought and sold. Like local market,
a stock market as a place where stocks are bought and sold. The stock market determines the
day's price for a stock through a process of bid and offer. You bid to buy a stock and offer to sell
the stock at a price. Buyers compete with each other for the best bid, i.e. the highest price quoted
to purchase a particular stock. Similarly, sellers compete with each other for the lowest price
quoted to sell the stock. When a match is made between the best bid and the best offer a trade is
executed. In automated exchanges high-speed computers do this entire job. Stocks of various
companies are listed on stock exchanges. Presently there are 23 stock markets In India. The
Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Calcutta Stock
Exchange (CSE) are the three large stock exchanges. There are many small regional exchanges
located in state capitals and other major cities. Presently Nifty and Sensex are moving around to
5900 and 19600 (July 2013). All activities of Indian stock market are regulated and controlled by
SEBI

INVESTORS PREFERENCE IN STOCK MARKET: Though most of the investors want a safe and
secure return on their investment, they also look for maximum returns. The pure debt investment
brings an average return with lesser liquidity as compared to the equity investments. So in search
of higher return (keeping the risk factor in mind) investor are a heading towards equity
investment on analysis of recent year investment trends, FII, entrance and operations in Indian
stock markets, it has been found that equity is gaining ground in India. The main attraction of
equity among investors are-

1. Higher return (especially I case of capitalization and dividend if any)

2. Higher Liquidity

3. Option to start trading with small investments

4. Daily trading (as it increase chances of more "buy or sell" transaction which leads to fast
profits/loss generation)

Stock Exchanges in India

The stock exchange (also known as stock market or share market) is one of the main integral
part of the capital market in India. It plays a vital role in the growing industries and commerce
which eventually affect the economy. It is a well organized market for purchase and sale of
corporate and other securities which facilitates companies to raise capital by pooling funds from
different investors as well as act as an investment opportunity to investors., Moreover, it ensures
that securities should be traded according to some pre defined rules and regulations.

London Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in the world while the Bombay stock
Exchange is the one oldest in India.

In India, there are 8 active Stock Exchanges out of which NSE (National Stock Exchange) and BSE
(Bombay Stock Exchange) are the two main indices. Most of the trading in the Indian Stock
Market takes place on these two stock exchanges. Both the exchanges follow the same trading
hours, trading mechanisms, settlement process etc.

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is the leading and fastest stock exchange in India as well as
South Asia. It was established in 1875. More than 5,000 companies are listed on BSE. The main
index of Bombay Stock Exchange is Sensex which comprises of 30 stocks.

National Stock Exchange was incorporated in 1992 as a tax paying company and was recognized
as a stock exchange in 1993 under the Securities Contracts (Regulations) Act 1956. NSE is the
12th largest stock exchange in the world with a capitalization of more than $2.27 trillion as on
April 2018. Moreover, it was the first exchange to provide fully automated screen based
electronic trading system. Nifty is the indices to measure overall performance of the National
Stock Exchange which comprises of 50 stock index

1 Reliance Industries (RIL) is a diversified Indian conglomerate with significant operations in oil
and gas, petrochemicals, retail, and digital services. It's one of India's largest private sector
companies, known for its integrated energy value chain and leadership in retail and digital
services. To create the requested graphical presentations of RIL share price, you'll need to
access real-time data from financial websites or platforms and use charting tools to create
graphs for both "fast" (short-term) and "current" (longer-term) views.

Reliance Industries: Company Overview

Diversified Conglomerate:

RIL operates in various sectors, including oil and gas exploration and production, petroleum
refining and marketing, petrochemicals, textiles, retail, and digital services.

India's Largest Private Sector Company:

RIL is a prominent player in the Indian economy, known for its size and profitability.

Global Presence:

It holds a significant position in the integrated energy value chain and is a key player in global
markets.

Key Initiatives:

RIL is focused on digital services, new energy solutions, and building a consumer-focused retail
ecosystem.

Digital Services:

Its digital services arm, Jio, has become a major force in India's telecommunications and digital
landscape.

Retail:

Reliance Retail is a major player in the Indian retail market, with a wide network of stores and
online platforms.

New Energy:
RIL is investing heavily in new energy technologies, aiming to become a leader in green energy
manufacturing.

2. HDFC Bank, a prominent private sector bank in India, offers a wide range of financial products
and services, including banking, investment, and insurance. It is known for its strong market
position, robust financial performance, and extensive branch network. HDFC Bank's share price
performance can be visualized through graphical representations, which can be found on various
financial websites like Moneycontrol and TradingView.

About HDFC Bank:

Establishment and Growth:

HDFC Bank was established in 1994 as a subsidiary of HDFC Ltd and commenced operations in
January 1995. It has since grown to become one of the largest and most prominent private
sector banks in India.

Financial Performance:

HDFC Bank consistently demonstrates strong financial performance, characterized by steady

revenue growth, robust earnings, and a healthy balance sheet.

Business Focus:

The bank's business focus encompasses a wide range of financial products and services,
including savings accounts, loans (personal, home, auto, etc.), credit cards, investments, and
insurance.

Market Position:

HDFC Bank holds a significant market position in the Indian banking sector, recognized for its
extensive branch network and digital capabilities.

Shareholder Base:

The bank has a substantial shareholder base, including individual investors and institutional
investors.
3 Company Profile: Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)

Basic Information

Full Name: Tata Consultancy Services Limited

Established: 1968

Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Parent Company: Tata Group

Industry: Information Technology (IT) and Consulting

Chairman: N. Chandrasekaran

CEO & MD: K. Krithivasan (as of 2024)

Stock Symbol: TCS (NSE & BSE)

ISIN: INE467B01029

Overview

TCS is one of the world’s largest IT services companies and the largest IT firm in India by
market capitalization. It provides services like:

IT services & consulting

Business solutions

Digital transformation

Cloud and AI technologies

Cybersecurity & analytics

Enterprise application services

It operates in 46+ countries, serving over 1,000 global clients, including many Fortune 500
companies.

Financial Highlights (as of FY 2024)

Revenue: ₹2,41,282 crore

Net Profit: ₹42,147 crore

Employees: Over 6 lakh (one of the largest IT workforces globally)

Market Capitalization: Over ₹13 lakh crore (among top 3 Indian companies by market value)

Graphical Representation: TCS Share Price Trend

Here’s a sample description of TCS’s stock price trend over the last year

Month Share Price (₹)

May 2024 3,250

June 2024 3,340

July 2024 3,410

Aug 2024 3,300

Sept 2024 3,480

Oct 2024 3,550

Nov 2024 3,620

Dec 2024 3,670

Jan 2025 3,720

Feb 2025 3,660

Mar 2025 3,800

Apr 2025 3,950

May 2025 4,000 (approx.)

04 Bharti Airtel is a leading global telecommunications company with operations in 18

countries across Asia and Africa, including India. It offers a range of services, including mobile,
voice and data solutions, national and international long-distance connectivity, broadband, digital
TV, and integrated telecom solutions for enterprise customers. The company's share price,
BHARTIARTL, is currently at ₹1,863.60 and has seen a 0.41% increase from its previous close,
according to The Economic Times.

Key aspects of Bharti Airtel:

Global Presence:

Bharti Airtel has a strong presence in India and 17 other countries, primarily in Asia and Africa,
making it a leading global telecommunications provider.

Service Offerings:

The company offers a comprehensive suite of services, including mobile, data, broadband, digital
TV, and enterprise solutions, catering to diverse customer needs.

Market Capitalization:

Bharti Airtel's market capitalization is ₹11,05,874 Cr.

Share Price Performance:

The stock price has seen fluctuations, with a recent increase of 0.41%, according to The
Economic Times.

Financial Highlights:

The company's financial performance includes key metrics like ROCE (15.4%), ROE (28.3%), and
dividend yield (0.43%), according to Screener.

Shareholder Insights:

Bharti Airtel's ownership structure, as well as its valuation and efficiency, are constantly
monitored by financial analysts.

05 ICICI Bank is a prominent private sector bank in India, offering a wide range of financial
services to retail, SME, and corporate customers. The bank has a significant presence through its
network of branches, ATMs, and other touchpoints. ICICI Bank's share price, as of May 30, 2025,
is ₹1,460, with a slight increase of 0.23%.

About ICICI Bank:

Acronym: ICICI stands for Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India.

History: It was initially a government institution established in 1955.

Services: The bank provides a diverse portfolio of financial products and services, including
commercial banking, treasury operations, and other banking services.

Segments: ICICI Bank operates through various segments, including retail banking, wholesale
banking, treasury, and other banking, as well as life insurance and other financial services
through its subsidiaries.

Financial Performance: The bank's financial performance, including net profit and earnings per
share, can be tracked through various financial reports and analysis tools.

Valuation: ICICI Bank's stock is currently considered to be overvalued based on key valuation
ratios, according to MoneyWorks4me.

Share Price: The share price is influenced by various factors, including market conditions,
economic indicators, and the bank's own performance.
Share Price Analysis:

Current Price: As of May 30, 2025, the share price of ICICI Bank is ₹1,460, with a slight increase
of 0.23%.

Day Range: The day range for ICICI Bank's share price is ₹1,442.50 to ₹1,458.00.

52-Week Range: The 52-week range is ₹1,051.05 to ₹1,471.60.

Volume: The volume of shares traded today is 8,618,343.

Analysts' Ratings: Analysts have given ICICI Bank a strong buy rating, indicating positive outlook
for the stock.

06 State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational public sector bank and financial services
entity. It offers a wide range of products and services to individuals, businesses, and institutions.
TradingView notes the current SBI share price (SBIN.NS) is ₹797.35 (NSE) and ₹797.30 (BSE) as
of May 29, 2025. The market cap is ₹7,11,560 Cr.

SBI's Company Overview:

Public Sector Bank:

SBI is a public sector bank, meaning it's owned and controlled by the government.

Financial Services:

SBI provides various financial services, including banking, insurance, and investment products.

Global Presence:

SBI operates in India and internationally, serving a wide range of customers.

Key Values:

SBI emphasizes values like Service, Transparency, Ethics, Politeness, and Sustainability.
Share Price Performance:

Current Share Price: ₹797.35 (NSE) and ₹797.30 (BSE).

Market Cap: ₹7,11,560 Cr.

TTM P/E Ratio: 8.88.

Industry P/E Ratio: 9.06.

Analyst Ratings:

Strong Buy: 17 analysts.

Buy: 13 analysts.

Sell: 1 analyst.

Shareholding Structure:

Government of India: The single largest shareholder with 61.23% ownership.

Mutual Fund Holdings: 12.16% as of March 31, 2025.

FII Holdings: 9.93% as of March 31, 2025.

Share Price History:

1 Day Return: 0.65%.

1 Month Return: -2.81%.

3 Month Return: 10.34%.

1 Year Return: -5.03%.

3 Year Return: 71.48%.

5 Year Return: 422.09

7 Infosys Ltd. is a global consulting and IT services company, known for its diverse service
offerings and significant market presence. Its share price, typically represented as INFY on the
NSE and BSE, exhibits volatility, with varying daily, weekly, and monthly performance. The
company's financial health is generally considered strong, with a good ROE and healthy dividend
payout.

Company Overview:

Business:

Infosys provides a wide range of IT services, including digital transformation, cloud computing,
and business process outsourcing.

Global Presence:

The company operates globally, with a substantial workforce and a diversified customer base.

Financial Strength:

Infosys has a strong financial performance, with healthy margins, a good return on equity, and a
debt-free status.

Share Price Performance:

Current Price:

The current share price of Infosys is around ₹1,560, with fluctuations throughout the day.

Performance Indicators:

The stock has shown varying performance over different periods, including daily, weekly, monthly,
and annual gains.
Market Cap:

Infosys has a significant market capitalization, reflecting its size and value as a publicly traded
company.

Dividend Yield:

The company offers a healthy dividend yield, making it an attractive investment for income-
seeking investors.

8 The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), a state-owned entity, is India's largest insurance
company and a significant institutional investor. It was established in 1956 to make life
insurance more accessible, especially in rural areas. The company's share price, trading as LICI
on the NSE and BSE, can be found on various financial news websites, such as Mint, Finology,
and The Economic Times.

Share Price and Financial Information:

Current Price: As of May 29, 2025, LICI was trading at ₹942.00, slightly down from its previous
closing price of ₹942.55, according to Mint.

52-Week High/Low: The 52-week high is yet to be determined, and the 52-week low was not
specified in the provided search results.

Analyst Ratings: Analyst ratings vary, with some recommending a "buy" and others a "hold" or
"sell", according to Mint.

Market Capitalization: The market capitalization of LIC is not specified in the provided search
results, but it is a large-cap company with significant assets under management.

Dividend Yield: The dividend yield for LIC is 1.27%, according to Mint.

9 Bajaj Housing Finance Ltd (BHFL) is a subsidiary of Bajaj Finance Ltd and a leading non-
deposit-taking Housing Finance Company (HFC) in India. It is registered with the National
Housing Bank (NHB) since 2015 and focuses on mortgage loans. As of May 29, 2025, the share
price is ₹123.10, which is slightly lower than its previous closing price.

About Bajaj Housing Finance:

Subsidiary of Bajaj Finance: BHFL is a subsidiary of Bajaj Finance Ltd, a diversified NBFC.

HFC Focus: It is a non-deposit-taking HFC, specializing in mortgage loans.

Registered with NHB: It has been registered with the National Housing Bank since 2015.

Market Leadership: BHFL is the 2nd largest HFC in India.

Classified by RBI: Classified as an Upper-Layer NBFC by the RBI.

Share Price Information:

Current Price: As of May 29, 2025, the share price is ₹123.10.

Previous Closing: ₹123.80.

Market Cap: ₹102571.04 Cr.

52-week High/Low: ₹188.45 (High) and ₹103.00 (Low).

Analyst Rating: The average broker rating is "Sell".

Key Metrics: TTM P/E: 44.51, Sector P/E: 15.36, Dividend Yield: 0.00%, D/E ratio: 4.11.

10 Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), a prominent Indian fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG)
company, is headquartered in Mumbai. The company's stock, traded under the ticker
HINDUNILVR, has seen various price movements, including a recent fluctuation between
₹2355.50 and ₹2376.0

Key Information:

Ticker Symbol: HINDUNILVR (NSE)

Sector: Household & Personal Products

Market Capitalization: ₹5,56,313 Cr

Financial Performance: HUL's quarterly sales have shown growth, with an increase in revenue and
operating profit.

Valuation: ICICI Direct values HUL at ₹2780, based on a P/E ratio of 55x FY25E EPS.

Analysts' Targets: Analysts have an average share price target of ₹2775.82, representing an
upside of 16.62% from the last price.

Recommendation: As per analysts' ratings in the last 6 months, the recommendation is to HOLD
Hindustan Unilever.

11 ITC Limited is one of India's leading private sector conglomerates, headquartered in Kolkata.
Established on August 24, 1910, as the Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited, it has since
evolved into a diversified enterprise with interests spanning multiple sectors.

Company Overview

Founded: August 24, 1910

Headquarters: Virginia House, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Chairman & Managing Director: Sanjiv Puri

Employees: Over 36,500 (as of 2023)

Revenue: ₹69,446 crores (as of March 31, 2024)

Net Profit: ₹20,422 crores (as of March 31, 2024)

Historical Evolution
Originally established as the Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited, the company
underwent several name changes reflecting its diversification:

1970: Renamed to India Tobacco Company Limited

1974: Became I.T.C. Limited

2001: The abbreviation 'ITC' ceased to be an acronym, symbolizing the company's multi-business
portfolio

Business Segments

ITC operates across various sectors:

Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG): Brands include Aashirvaad (staple foods), Sunfeast
(biscuits and noodles), Bingo! (snacks), Fiama and Vivel (personal care), Savlon (healthcare), and
Classmate (stationery)

Hotels: Operates over 100 hotels under brands like ITC Hotels, Welcomhotel, and Fortune Hotels.
Notably, ITC Hotels was demerged into a wholly-owned subsidiary effective January 1, 2025

Paperboards and Packaging: Provides eco-friendly paperboards, specialty papers, and packaging
solutions

Agri-Business: Engages in sourcing and exporting agricultural commodities. The e-Choupal

initiative connects directly with rural farmers via the Internet, offering them information and
services to enhance productivity and market access

Information Technology: ITC Infotech offers IT services and solutions to clients worldwide

Sustainability Initiatives

ITC is recognized for its commitment to sustainability:

Carbon Positive: For 19 consecutive years

Water Positive: For 22 consecutive years

Solid Waste Recycling Positive: For 17 consecutive years

These initiatives underscore ITC's dedication to environmental stewardship and sustainable

business practices.

12 Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T) is a prominent Indian multinational conglomerate

headquartered in Mumbai. Established in 1938 by Danish engineers Henning Holck-Larsen and
Søren Kristian Toubro, the company has evolved into a diversified enterprise with a global
footprint, operating in over 50 countries.

Company Overview

Founded: 1938

Incorporated: February 7, 1946

Headquarters: L&T House, Ballard Estate, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Chairman & Managing Director: S. N. Subrahmanyan

Employees: Approximately 407,438 (as of 2024), including 348,094 workmen

Revenue: USD 17 billion (as per the 2024 Annual Review)

Core Business Segments

L&T's diversified operations encompass several key sectors:

Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC): Specializing in large-scale infrastructure

projects, including transportation systems, power plants, and water treatment facilities.

Hi-Tech Manufacturing: Producing heavy engineering equipment, defense systems, and precision
machinery.

Information Technology & Digital Services: Through subsidiaries like LTIMindtree and L&T
Technology Services, offering IT solutions and engineering services.
Financial Services: Providing a range of financial products and services via L&T Finance
Holdings.

Real Estate & Infrastructure Development: Engaging in real estate projects and urban
infrastructure development.

Global Presence

L&T operates in over 50 countries, delivering projects and services across various continents. Its
international ventures span infrastructure development, engineering services, and technology
solutions, reinforcing its status as a global player in multiple industries.

Notable Projects & Innovations

Defense Manufacturing: L&T has been instrumental in developing indigenous defense

equipment, including the Zorawar light tank, designed in collaboration with DRDO for deployment
in high-altitude terrains.

Shipbuilding: The company has constructed advanced naval vessels, such as the Samarthak-
class Multi-Purpose Vessels for the Indian Navy, enhancing maritime capabilities.

Digital Platforms: Initiatives like L&T-SuFin provide integrated platforms for industrial product
transactions, combining financing and logistics support to empower businesses, especially
MSMEs.

Financial Highlights

Order Book: As of the fiscal year ending March 31, 2025, L&T secured orders worth ₹356,631
crore, marking an 18% year-on-year growth.

Quarterly Performance: For the quarter ended December 31, 2024, the company reported
consolidated revenues of ₹64,668 crore, with international revenues constituting 51% of the total.

Sustainability & Corporate Responsibility

L&T is committed to sustainable development, integrating environmental and social governance

into its operations. The company's initiatives focus on reducing carbon footprint, promoting
energy efficiency, and contributing to community development. Its Integrated Report details
performance across economic, environmental, and social parameters, reflecting its dedication to
responsible business practices.
13 HCLTech is a leading global technology company headquartered in Noida, India. Established
in 1991 as a spin-off from HCL Enterprise, it has grown into one of India's top IT services firms,
operating in over 60 countries with a workforce exceeding 227,000 professionals as of March
2024 .

Company Overview

Founded: 1991

Headquarters: Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Chairperson: Roshni Nadar Malhotra

CEO & Managing Director: C Vijayakumar

Employees: Over 227,000 (as of March 2024)

Revenue: $13.3 billion for FY2023–24

Stock Listings: NSE: HCLTECH, BSE: 532281

Business Segments

HCLTech operates through three primary divisions:

1. IT and Business Services (ITBS): Offers digital transformation, cybersecurity, application

services, and infrastructure management.

2. Engineering and R&D Services (ERS): Provides product engineering, platform development, and
next-gen technology solutions.

3. HCLSoftware: Develops and markets enterprise software products, including those acquired
from IBM, such as HCL Notes, BigFix, and AppScan .
 Global Presence

HCLTech has a robust international footprint, with operations in over 60 countries and more than
200 delivery centers and 150 innovation labs worldwide . The company serves clients across
various industries, including financial services, manufacturing, life sciences, healthcare,
technology, telecom, media, retail, and public services .

Financial Highlights

FY2023–24 Revenue: $13.3 billion, marking a 5.4% year-over-year growth .

Q3 FY2024–25 Revenue: $3.5 billion, with a total contract value of new deal wins at $2.1 billion
and an EBIT margin of 19.5% .

Leadership

Chairperson: Roshni Nadar Malhotra, the first woman to lead a listed Indian IT company .

CEO & Managing Director: C Vijayakumar, who joined HCL in 1994 and became CEO in 2016 .

Strategic Focus

HCLTech emphasizes innovation in areas such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and
digital transformation. The company's CloudSMART offerings enable organizations to optimize
cloud strategies, while its AI services help automate and accelerate business processes .

14 Kotak Mahindra Bank is one of India's leading private sector banks, headquartered in Mumbai.
It offers a wide range of financial services, including banking, investment, and insurance, catering
to both retail and corporate customers.

Company Overview

Founded: 1985 as Kotak Mahindra Finance Ltd.

Banking License: Received in February 2003, becoming India's first non-banking finance company
to convert into a bank .

Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

CEO & MD: Ashok Vaswani (since January 2024)

Employees: Over 10,000

Branches: 1,869 branches and 3,239 ATMs as of December 2023, including international
branches in GIFT City (India) and DIFC (Dubai)

Business Segments

Kotak Mahindra Bank operates through four strategic business units:

1. Consumer Banking: Provides savings and current accounts, personal loans, credit cards, and
digital banking services.

2. Corporate Banking: Offers customized financial solutions to large corporates, including

working capital finance and trade services.

3. Commercial Banking: Caters to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with a range of banking
products.

4. Treasury: Manages the bank's liquidity, investments, and foreign exchange operations .

Financial Highlights (FY 2022–23)

Total Assets: Approximately ₹3.5 trillion

Net Profit: ₹3,822 crore

Return on Equity (ROE): 16%

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR): 18.5%

Subsidiaries and Associates

Kotak Mahindra Bank has several subsidiaries offering diversified financial services:
Kotak Securities: Stock broking and investment services.

Kotak Mahindra Life Insurance: Life insurance products and services .

Kotak Mahindra General Insurance: General insurance solutions.

Kotak Asset Management Company (Kotak Mutual Fund): Asset management services .

Recent Developments

Acquisition of Standard Chartered's Personal Loan Portfolio: In October 2024, Kotak Mahindra
Bank announced the acquisition of Standard Chartered Bank's personal loan business in India,
with an outstanding amount of ₹4,100 crore as of September 30, 2024 .

Digital Transformation Initiatives: The bank aims to increase its digital customer base to 70% by
2025, enhancing the digital banking experience .

Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility

Kotak Mahindra Bank is committed to sustainable development and corporate social

responsibility. The bank has pledged to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2030 and actively
participates in various community development programs

15 Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Sun Pharma) is India's largest pharmaceutical company
and ranks among the top global specialty generic drug manufacturers. Founded in 1983 by Dilip
Shanghvi in Kolkata, the company has grown into a multinational enterprise with a presence in
over 100 countries. Headquartered in Mumbai, Sun Pharma operates 43 manufacturing facilities
worldwide and employs more than 41,000 people.

Company Overview

Founded: 1983

Founder & Managing Director: Dilip Shanghvi

Headquarters: Mumbai, India

Global Presence: Operations in over 100 countries

Manufacturing Facilities: 43 across India, the US, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe

Employees: Over 41,000

Business segment

Sun Pharma's diverse product portfolio includes:

Generic Pharmaceuticals: A wide range of generic medications across various therapeutic areas.

Specialty Medicines: High-margin treatments for chronic conditions such as psoriasis and hair
loss.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs): Production and sale of APIs for various drugs.

Over-the-Counter (OTC) Products: Consumer healthcare products available without prescriptions.

The company serves multiple therapeutic areas, including psychiatry, neurology, cardiology,
dermatology, oncology, and more.

Financial Highlights (FY 2024–25)

Revenue: ₹477,584 million (~$5.8 billion)

Net Profit: ₹109,290 million (~$1.3 billion)

EBITDA Margin: 29.0%

Dividend: Total dividend of ₹16.00 per share for FY25

Market Presence

India: Sun Pharma holds over 8% market share, making it the largest pharmaceutical company in
the country.

United States: The US is a significant market, contributing a substantial portion of the company's
revenue.

Emerging Markets: Sales in emerging markets reached $1.1 billion in FY25, up 7.0% from the
previous year.

Research & Development

Sun Pharma invests in R&D through its subsidiary, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company
Ltd. (SPARC), focusing on new chemical entities and novel drug delivery systems.

Recent Development

Acquisition of Taro Pharmaceuticals: In January 2024, Sun Pharma announced the acquisition of
the remaining stake in Taro Pharmaceuticals for $347.73 million.

Acquisition of Checkpoint Therapeutics: In March 2025, the company acquired Checkpoint

Therapeutics, a US-based immunotherapy and oncology treatment firm, for $355 million.

16 Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL) is India's largest passenger car manufacturer and a
subsidiary of Japan's Suzuki Motor Corporation. Established in 1981 as Maruti Udyog Limited,
the company was initially a joint venture between the Government of India and Suzuki. Over time,
Suzuki increased its stake, becoming the majority owner in 2007. Headquartered in New Delhi,
Maruti Suzuki has been instrumental in transforming India's automotive landscape, notably with
the launch of the iconic Maruti 800 in the 1980s.

Key Facts

Founded: February 24, 1981

Headquarters: New Delhi, India

Chairman: R.C. Bhargava

Managing Director & CEO: Hisashi Takeuchi

Employees: Over 40,000 (including approximately 21,776 non-permanent staff as of 2024)

Production Volume (2024): Approximately 2.13 million units

Market Share: Around 41% in the Indian passenger car market as of 2022

Parent Company: Suzuki Motor Corporation (owns 58% stake)

Product Portfolio

Maruti Suzuki offers a diverse range of vehicles across various segments:

Hatchbacks: Alto K10, S-Presso, Celerio, Wagon R, Swift

Sedans: Dzire

SUVs/MUVs: Ertiga, Brezza

Vans: Eeco

CNG Variants: Available across multiple models

The company markets its vehicles through different channels:

Maruti Suzuki Arena: Mainstream models

NEXA: Premium offerings

True Value: Certified pre-owned vehicles

Commercial: Light commercial vehicles

Manufacturing & Expansion

Maruti Suzuki operates multiple manufacturing facilities in India:

Gurugram and Manesar (Haryana): Primary production hubs

Suzuki Motor Gujarat (SMG): Located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, SMG was initially a wholly-owned
subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation. In 2023, Maruti Suzuki acquired SMG, consolidating its
manufacturing operations.

The company aims to double its annual production capacity to 4 million vehicles by 2030,
focusing on expanding its presence in rural markets and enhancing export capabilities.

Sustainability & Innovation

Maruti Suzuki is committed to sustainable mobility solutions:

Green Technologies: Development of hybrid and CNG vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs): Plans to introduce EVs and invest in related infrastructure

Biogas Initiatives: Exploring the use of biogas derived from cow dung to provide affordable fuel
alternatives in rural areas

Strategic Outlook

To regain its market dominance, Maruti Suzuki is focusing on:

Expanding SUV Portfolio: Introducing new models to cater to the growing demand for SUVs

Digital Transformation: Enhancing online sales platforms and customer engagement

Rural Market Penetration: Strengthening dealership networks in rural areas

Export Growth: Increasing exports to emerging markets

Suzuki Motor Corporation has announced plans to invest ¥1.2 trillion (approximately $8.5 billion)
in India over the next five years to support these initiatives.

17 Axis Bank is India's third-largest private sector bank, offering a comprehensive suite of
financial services to a diverse clientele, including large and mid-sized corporations, small and
medium enterprises (SMEs), agricultural sectors, and retail customers.
 Company Overview

Founded: 1993 (originally as UTI Bank); rebranded to Axis Bank in 2007

Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Managing Director & CEO: Amitabh Chaudhry (since January 2019)

Chairperson: Rakesh Makhija

Employees: Over 104,000 as of March 2025

Branches: 5,706 domestic branches as of December 2024

ATMs: Over 11,000 across India

International Presence: Offices in Singapore, Dubai, the UK, and Bangladesh

Business Segments

Axis Bank operates across multiple financial domains:

Retail Banking: Savings and current accounts, personal loans, credit cards, and home loans

Corporate Banking: Services for large and mid-sized corporates

SME & Agricultural Banking: Financial solutions tailored for SMEs and the agricultural sector

Investment Banking: Capital raising, advisory services, and treasury operations

Wealth Management: Personalized investment and financial planning services

Financial Highlights (as of March 31, 2025)

Total Assets: ₹16.1 trillion

Market Share:

5.3% in total assets

5.0% in total deposite

5.4% in total advances

Customer Base: Approximately 59 million customers

Subsidiaries & Strategic Acquisitions

Axis Mutual Fund: Established in 2009, offering a range of mutual fund schemes

Axis Max Life Insurance: An 80:20 joint venture between Max Financial Services and Axis Bank

Freecharge: Acquired in 2017, a digital payments platform facilitating bill payments, recharges,
and UPI transactions

Citibank India's Consumer Banking Business: Acquired in March 2023 for ₹11,603 crore ($1.41
billion), integrating Citibank's retail branches and absorbing 97% of its workforce

Awards & Recognitions

Axis Bank has received numerous accolades, including:

Best Digital Bank: Awarded by Asiamoney Banking Awards

Best Bank in Innovation: Recognized by Business Today & KPMG Best Bank Annual Survey

Most Recommended Retail Bank in India: Ranked 1st in India and 8th in Asia Pacific by The Asian
Banker BankQuality Consumer Survey

Best DCM House in India: Honored at Finance Asia’s Country Awards.

18 Mahindra & Mahindra Limited (M&M) is a leading Indian multinational conglomerate with a
diverse portfolio spanning automotive, farm equipment, aerospace, defense, finance, IT, and real
estate. Headquartered in Mumbai, M&M is the flagship company of the Mahindra Group, which
operates in over 100 countries.

Company Overview

Founded: October 2, 1945, as Mahindra & Mohammed; renamed Mahindra & Mahindra in 1948

Founders: J.C. Mahindra, K.C. Mahindra, and Malik Ghulam Muhammad

Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Chairman: Anand Mahindra

Managing Director & CEO: Dr. Anish Shah

Employees: Approximately 260,000 globally

Global Presence: Operations in over 100 countries

Automotive Leadership

M&M is India's largest SUV manufacturer by revenue market share. Its automotive portfolio
includes popular models such as:

Scorpio

XUV700

Bolero

Thar

These vehicles are produced at manufacturing facilities in Chakan, Nashik, and Kandivali in
Maharashtra.
In the electric vehicle (EV) segment, M&M has introduced the XUV.e9 and BE.05 under its 'Born
Electric' initiative, with deliveries commencing in early 2025.

Farm Equipment Dominance

M&M is the world's largest tractor manufacturer by volume, significantly contributing to India's
agricultural sector.

Diversified Business Ventures

Beyond automotive and agriculture, M&M's diversified interests include:

Technology Services: Through its subsidiary Tech Mahindra, offering IT and business process
outsourcing services.

Financial Services: Via Mahindra Finance, providing a range of financial products.

Real Estate: Development of integrated business cities like Mahindra World City in Chennai and
Jaipur.

Sustainability and Social Initiatives

M&M is committed to sustainability, aiming for carbon neutrality by 2040. Its social initiatives
include Project Nanhi Kali, which supports the education of underprivileged girls in India.

Financial Snapshot

Market Capitalization: Approximately ₹1.87 trillion

Production Volume (2024): 528,460 vehicles

19 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is a premier Indian public sector aerospace and
defense company, headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Established on December 23, 1940, by
industrialist Walchand Hirachand in collaboration with the Kingdom of Mysore, HAL is one of the
oldest and largest aerospace and defense manufacturers globally. It operates under the Ministry
of Defence, Government of India, which holds a 71.65% stake in the company.

Core Operations

HAL is engaged in the design, development, manufacture, repair, overhaul, upgrade, and servicing
of a wide range of products, including:

Aircraft: Fighter jets like the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Su-30 MKI, and the HF-24 Marut—
the first indigenous fighter aircraft made in India.

Helicopters: Models such as the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv, Light Combat
Helicopter (LCH) Prachand, and Light Utility Helicopter (LUH).

Aero-engines: Development and production of various aero-engine models.

Avionics and Accessories: Including navigation and communication equipment.

The company also undertakes the maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) of aircraft and
helicopters, serving the Indian Armed Forces and other clients.

Research & Development

HAL places significant emphasis on research and development, operating 11 dedicated R&D
centers and 21 manufacturing divisions across India. Notable R&D initiatives include:

HTFE-25: A 25 kN turbofan engine under development, intended for use in trainer jets, business
jets, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

CATS Warrior: An unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) being developed as part of the
Combat Air Teaming System (CATS) program, aimed at augmenting manned fighter aircraft
capabilities.

HLFT-42: A next-generation supersonic trainer jet designed to serve as an advanced trainer for
upcoming fighter aircraft like the Tejas Mk2 and AMCA.

Financial Performance

As of the fiscal year ending March 31, 2025, HAL reported:

Revenue: ₹33,542 crore (approximately US$4.0 billion)

Operating Income: ₹10,820 crore (approximately US$1.3 billion)

Net Income: ₹8,364 crore (approximately US$990 million)

Total Assets: ₹106,266 crore (approximately US$13 billion)

Total Equity: ₹34,985 crore (approximately US$4.1 billion)

Employees: 24,457 as of March 2023

In the first quarter of fiscal year 2024, HAL reported a 77% increase in net profit, reaching ₹1,437
crore (approximately US$171 million), driven by realizations from aircraft manufacturing
contracts.

Recent Developments

Maharatna Status: In 2024, HAL was conferred the 'Maharatna' status by the Government of
India, recognizing its significant role in the nation's economy.

Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) Prachand: HAL secured contracts for 156 LCHs for the Indian Air
Force and Army, with deliveries scheduled over the next five years.

Tejas Mk-1A Deliveries: HAL is set to commence deliveries of the Tejas Mk-1A fighter jets, with
production lines stabilizing to roll out 16 to 24 aircraft in the upcoming fiscal year.

20. UltraTech Cement Limited is India's largest manufacturer of grey cement, ready-mix concrete
(RMC), and white cement. As the cement flagship of the Aditya Birla Group, UltraTech is a
significant player in the global cement industry, ranking as the third-largest producer worldwide
(excluding China) .

Company Overview

Founded: 1983 (originated as L&T Cement)

Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Managing Director: K. C. Jhanwar

Ownership: Grasim Industries holds a 56.11% stake; part of the Aditya Birla Group

Employees: Approximately 23,137 permanent employees, with an additional 50,516 non-

permanent workers as of 2024

Operations & Capacity

Installed Capacity: 152.70 million tonnes per annum (MTPA)

Manufacturing Footprint:

24 integrated manufacturing units

1 clinkerisation unit

33 grinding units

8 bulk packaging terminals

Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC): 316 plants across 139 cities, making UltraTech the largest RMC
manufacturer in India

Market Reach: Dealer and retail network of over 135,000 channel partners, covering more than
80% of Indian cities and towns

Financial Performance (FY2024-25)

Consolidated Net Sales: ₹74,936 crore, up from ₹69,810 crore in the previous year

Profit Before Interest, Depreciation, and Tax: ₹13,302 crore

Profit After Tax: ₹6,039 crore

Sales Volumes: 135.83 million tonnes, ranking among the highest globally (excluding China)

Strategic Initiatives & Acquisitions

India Cements Acquisition: In December 2024, UltraTech acquired a significant equity stake in
The India Cements Limited, making it a subsidiary .

Burnpur Cement Assets: Acquired cement grinding assets from Burnpur Cement Ltd. in
November 2023 .

Diversification into Wires and Cables: In 2025, UltraTech announced plans to enter the wires and
cables segment with a capital expenditure of approximately ₹1,800 crore over the next two
years .

Sustainability and Innovation

UltraTech is committed to sustainable practices and innovation in building solutions. The

company offers a range of specialty concretes designed for specific customer needs and has
been recognized for its efforts in sustainability and environmental responsibility.

21 NTPC Limited (formerly National Thermal Power Corporation) is India's largest power
generation company and a central Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Ministry of Power.
Established in 1975, NTPC has evolved into a diversified energy conglomerate with a significant
presence across various facets of the power sector.

Company Overview

Founded: November 7, 1975

Headquarters: New Delhi, India

Chairman & Managing Director: Gurdeep Singh

Ownership: Government of India holds 51.10% equity stake

Employees: Approximately 17,794 as of 2024

Operations & Capacity

NTPC operates 55 power stations, including:

24 coal-base

7 combined cycle gas and liquid fuel

2 hydroelectric

1 wind

11 solar projects

Additionally, it has 25 joint venture stations comprising various energy sources. As of 2025,
NTPC's total installed capacity stands at 80,154.50 MW. Despite holding about 16% of India's
total capacity, NTPC contributes over 25% to the nation's power generation, owing to its high
operational efficiency.

Financial Performance (FY2024–25)

Consolidated Net Profit: ₹23,953.15 crore, up from ₹21,332.45 crore in FY24

Revenue from Operations: ₹1,88,138.06 crore, compared to ₹1,78,524.80 crore in the previous
year

In Q4 FY25, NTPC reported a consolidated net profit of ₹7,897 crore, marking a 22% year-on-year
increase. The company also declared a final dividend of ₹3.35 per share for the fiscal year.

Renewable & Strategic Initiatives

NTPC is actively expanding into renewable energy sectors, including solar, wind, hydro, and
nuclear power. Notably, the company commissioned a 100 MW floating solar power plant at
Ramagundam, Telangana, in July 2022.

The company aims to achieve 50% non-fossil fuel-based capacity by 2032, aligning with India's
sustainable energy goals. NTPC is also exploring green hydrogen, waste-to-energy, and battery
storage solutions.
 Recognition & Market Presence

Maharatna Status: Conferred in May 2010, granting greater financial and operational autonomy

Stock Listings: Constituent of BSE SENSEX and NSE NIFTY 50 indices

Global Ranking: Ranked 433rd in Forbes Global 2000 list for 2023

22 Titan Company Limited is a prominent Indian lifestyle conglomerate renowned for its diverse
portfolio encompassing jewellery, watches, eyewear, and fashion accessories. Established in
1984 as a joint venture between the Tata Group and the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development
Corporation (TIDCO), Titan has evolved into one of India's most admired and respected
corporations.

Company Overview

Founded: 1984

Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Ownership: Tata Sons (25.02%), TIDCO (27.88%)

Employees: Approximately 8,680 (as of 2024)

Retail Presence: Over 2,000 retail stores worldwide

Stock Listings: Constituent of BSE SENSEX and NSE NIFTY 50 indices

Market Capitalization: ₹3.17 trillion (as of May 2025)

Business Segments & Brands

1. Jewellery: Accounting for approximately 90% of Titan's revenue, this segment includes.

Tanishq: India's leading jewellery brand with over 400 stores across India, the UAE, the US,
Singapore, and Qatar.
Mia: Offers contemporary jewellery designs targeting younger audiences.

Zoya: A luxury boutique jewellery brand.

CaratLane: An online-first jewellery platform, fully acquired by Titan in 2024.

2. Watches & Wearables:

Titan: The flagship brand offering a wide range of watches.

Fastrack: Youth-centric brand offering watches, bags, belts, wallets, and sunglasses.

Sonata: Affordable watch brand catering to a broad audience.

Raga: Premium women's watch collection.

Zoop: Watches designed specifically for children.

Favre-Leuba: Swiss watch brand acquired by Titan, focusing on luxury timepieces.

3. Eyewear:

Titan Eyeplus: Offers a range of prescription eyewear, sunglasses, and contact lenses.

4. Other Ventures:

Fragrances & Fashion Accessories: Includes perfumes, bags, and belts.

Indian Dress Wear: Titan has ventured into ethnic wear, expanding its lifestyle offerings.

Financial Performance

Q4 FY2025 Revenue Growth: 25% year-on-year, driven by surging gold prices and robust demand
for jewellery.

Net Profit: ₹8.71 billion, a 13% increase compared to the same quarter in the previous year.
Jewellery Segment Growth: 25% year-on-year, with gold coin sales surging by 64%.

Watches Division Growth: 22% year-on-year, propelled by premium offerings.

Global Expansion & Strategic Initiatives

International Presence: Titan has expanded its footprint to countries like the UAE, the US,
Singapore, and Qatar, with Tanishq leading the international foray.

Acquisitions: In 2024, Titan acquired the remaining stake in CaratLane, strengthening its position
in the online jewellery market.

Innovation: Titan continues to invest in product innovation, including the launch of India's first
flying tourbillon timepiece.

23 Bajaj Finserv Limited is a leading Indian non-banking financial services company

headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra. Established in 2007 following a demerger from Bajaj Auto,
it operates as the financial arm of the Bajaj Group, focusing on lending, insurance, asset
management, and wealth management services.

Company Overview

Founded: 2007

Headquarters: Pune, Maharashtra, India

Chairman & Managing Director: Sanjiv Bajaj

Parent Company: Bajaj Holdings & Investment Limited

Employees: Approximately 105 (as of 2022)

Customer Base: Over 100 million customers

 Business Segments & Key Subsidiaries

Bajaj Finserv operates through several subsidiaries, each specializing in different financial
services:

1. Bajaj Finance Ltd.: Offers consumer, SME, and commercial lending, along with wealth
management services. As of March 2025, it has assets under management (AUM) of
approximately ₹2.47 lakh crore.

2. Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Co. Ltd.: A joint venture with Allianz SE, providing life insurance
products. As of March 2025, Bajaj Finserv is set to acquire Allianz's stake in this venture.

3. Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Ltd.: Another joint venture with Allianz SE, offering general
insurance products. Bajaj Finserv is also set to acquire Allianz's stake in this company.

4. Bajaj Housing Finance Ltd.: Provides housing finance solutions. In 2024, it launched a $782
million IPO, marking India's largest IPO of the year, with shares soaring 130% on debut.

5. Bajaj Finserv Health Ltd.: A health-tech company offering access to preventive, personalized,
and affordable healthcare. It connects users to over 120,000 doctors, 6,000+ lab touchpoints,
and 1,800+ hospitals.

6. Bajaj Finserv Asset Management Ltd.: Manages mutual funds and other investment products.

7. Bajaj Finserv Direct Ltd. (Bajaj Markets): A digital marketplace offering financial products and
services through partnerships with various financial institutions.

Financial Performance

Consolidated Total Income (2022): Over ₹77,000 crore

Assets Under Management (AUM):

Bajaj Finance Ltd.: ₹2.47 lakh crore

Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance: ₹90,584 crore

Customer Base: Over 100 million customers

 Digital Initiatives

Bajaj Finserv has embraced digital transformation through:

Bajaj Finserv App: Serving 35.5 million users, offering access to various financial products and
services.

Bajaj Markets: A digital platform providing a range of financial products, including loans,
insurance, and investment options.

Bajaj Finserv Health: A digital health platform connecting users to healthcare services.

Recognition & Market Presence

Stock Listings: Listed on both BSE and NSE; part of the NSE NIFTY 50 index.

Credit Ratings: Bajaj Finance Ltd., a key subsidiary, holds top-tier credit ratings from CRISIL, ICRA,
and CARE.

24 Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd. (APSEZ) is India's largest integrated ports and
logistics company, playing a pivotal role in the nation's maritime infrastructure.

Company Overview

Established: 1998

Headquarters: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Parent Company: Adani Group

Managing Director: Karan Adani

Stock Listings: NSE: ADANIPORTS | BSE: 532921

APSEZ operates 13 ports across seven maritime states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha. These include major ports like Mundra (India's largest
commercial port), Hazira, Dahej, Dhamra, Krishnapatnam, and Kattupalli. The company accounts
for nearly one-fourth of India's cargo movement, underscoring its significant role in the country's
trade and logistics sector.

Key Ports and Recent Acquisitions

Mundra Port (Gujarat): The flagship port and India's largest commercial port.

Krishnapatnam Port (Andhra Pradesh): Acquired in 2020 for ₹13,500 crore, enhancing APSEZ's
presence on the eastern coast.

Dhamra Port (Odisha): Acquired in 2014, strategically located between Haldia and Paradip ports.

Karaikal Port (Puducherry): Acquired in April 2023, expanding APSEZ's footprint in the southern
region.

Gopalpur Port (Odisha): Acquired a 95% stake in March 2024 for approximately ₹3,500 crore,
aiming to balance cargo volumes between India's eastern and western coasts.

Tajpur Port (West Bengal): Awarded the project in 2022; upon completion, it will be West Bengal's
first deep-sea port.

Financial Performance (FY2024–25)

Q4 FY25 Revenue: ₹8,938.47 crore, a 24.15% increase year-on-year.

Q4 FY25 Net Profit: ₹3,014.22 crore, up 47.78% from the previous year.

Net Profit Margin: 33.72% for Q4 FY25.

Full-Year PAT: ₹11,061 crore, marking a 37% increase over the previous fiscal year.

Capital Market Activity

In May 2025, APSEZ raised ₹50 billion through a 15-year bond issuance with a 7.75% annual
coupon. The entire issue was reportedly purchased by the Life Insurance Corporation of India
(LIC), marking the company's largest rupee-denominated offering.
 Global Footprint

APSEZ has expanded its operations internationally, including:

Haifa Port (Israel): Acquired a 70% stake for $1.2 billion.

Colombo Terminal (Sri Lanka): Holds a 51% stake in a new container terminal project.

NQXT (Australia): Acquired a 50 MTPA capacity terminal, accelerating the path to 1 billion tonnes
per annum by 2030.

Sustainability and ESG Initiatives

APSEZ is committed to sustainable practices, focusing on:

Carbon Neutrality: Aiming for carbon neutrality across its operations.

Renewable Energy: Investing in renewable energy sources for port operations.

Community Engagement: Undertaking initiatives to support local communities and promote

environmental conservation.

25 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is India's premier state-owned oil and gas
exploration and production company, playing a pivotal role in the nation's energy sector.

Company Overview

Founded: 14 August 1956

Headquarters: Deendayal Urja Bhawan, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi

Ownership: 58.89% by the Government of India

Chairman & CEO: Arun Kumar Singh

Employees: Approximately 25,847 (as of March 2024)

Stock Listings: NSE: ONGC | BSE: 500312

ONGC is a central public sector undertaking under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It
holds the Maharatna status, reflecting its significant contribution to India's economy and energy
security. The company is responsible for approximately 71% of India's crude oil and 84% of its
natural gas production.

Key Operations and Assets

Exploration & Production: ONGC operates in 26 sedimentary basins across India, with over 230
drilling and workover rigs.

Major Fields:

Mumbai High Field: Discovered in 1974, it's one of India's largest offshore oil fields.

Ashoknagar Oilfield: Located in West Bengal, it's the first oil field in the eastern region, with
production starting in December 2020.

International Presence: Through its subsidiary ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), ONGC has
operations in 15 countries, focusing on oil and gas exploration and production.

Infrastructure: ONGC owns and operates over 11,000 kilometers of pipelines, including offshore
and onshore segments.

ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL): Handles international oil and gas exploration and production.

Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL): Operates a 15 MMTPA refinery and is
involved in petrochemical production.

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL): A major downstream oil refining and
marketing company.
ONGC Petro-additions Limited (OPaL): Engaged in the production of petrochemicals.

ONGC Green: Focuses on renewable energy initiatives.

Financial Highlights (FY 2023–24)

Revenue: ₹6.62 trillion

Net Income: ₹361.53 billion

Market Capitalization: Approximately ₹2.36 trillion

Sustainability and Innovation

ONGC is committed to sustainable development and has initiated several programs focusing on:

Renewable Energy: Investments in wind and solar power projects.

Carbon Management: Implementing measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Research & Development: Advancing technologies for improved oil recovery and environmental
protection.

Recognitions and Rankings

Platts Top 250 Global Energy Companies: Ranked 5th among global energy majors.

Forbes Global 2000: Ranked 220th among the world's largest public companies.

Fortune Global 500: Consistently featured among the top global corporations.

8 With this details there is a photo of company and share market price of this 25 companies we
should directly attached on project.
9 And imagination portfolio of this 25 companies will directly attached on project.

10 Functions of Stock Exchange

1. Mobilise the Savings for Investments: Savings in the investment can be done through the
mutual funds, the investment trusts and variety of the other securities and these areall traded in
the stock exchanges.

Those individuals that cannot afford to invest in the huge amount of the securities for them,
there are many of the opportunities by the mutual funds and the investment trusts.

2. They protect the Investors Interest: The Stock Exchange has also been as the safeguard for
the investors protects their interest in the stock market. The investment or the funds that all the
investors used in the stock market are controlled by the exchange in order to gain the trust of the
investors to make an interest in the stock market.

3. Economic Growth: The share market used to control the channel which all the savings of the
investors has been made in some of the useful investments according to the individual investors.
Due to all this channelization of the savings, it leads to the economic growth and the capital
formation in the economy.

4. Stock Exchange provides Liquidity: In the stock exchange, you get the opportunity of the
liquidity. As whenever there is the need of the liquidity. As whenever there is the need for
funding's then you can sell the investment positions from the stock exchange with ease and with
a short period of time and then you can take out your money from it.

5. Provides Safety in Capital and in Fair Dealing: All the transactions that have been made in the
stock exchange are all transparent and abide by the rules and regulations by the Securities and
Exchange Board of India. This measure ensures about the safety of the capital of the investors
and the format of the fair dealing for all the investors.

6. Encourages Healthy Speculation in the Stock Exchange: The price for the securities is based
on the supply of the position. This helps in the encouragement of the speculation in the stock
exchange by providing opportunities to the investors to speculate and get to make high profits
from the fluctuations in the security process.

7. Mobility in Funding: The stock exchange help both the investors and the companies in order to
buy or sell their securities and creates the funds for them. Due to this procedure, the money
market also gets strong in dealing with the short-term funds.

8. Corporate Governance: There are many rules and regulations by the stock exchange in order to
maintain the corporate governance to satisfy the demands of the shareholders and to make the
management more efficient.
9. Redistribution of the Wealth: By giving the chance to all types of investors or traders to do their
trades in the stock market, the stock exchange removes the inequalities in the wealth generation.
All type of traders or the investors can make profitable deals from the stock market.

10. It also creates Investment Opportunities for Small Investors: Investing in the stock market
can be done with some funding also rather than entering into the big businesses with huge
capital investments.

So, it benefits the small investors also to grow their funding with small amounts and provided
them with passive income from their savings

11 INVESTMENT ALTERNATIVE: There is a wide of range of investment alternative

available to an investor in Indian stock market. These may be classified as-

Non marketable Financial Assets

Equity Shares

Money

Market Instruments

Bonds

Mutual Funds Schemes

Life insurance Policies

Precious Objects

Real Estate

Financial Derivatives

(A) NON- MARKETABLE FINANCIAL ASSETS: A good portion of financial assets is

represented by non marketable financial assets. These can be classified into the following broad.

Bank deposits

Post office deposits

Company deposits

Provident fund deposits

(B) EQUITY SHARES: Equity shares represent ownership capital. As an equity shareholder, you
have an ownership stake in the company. This essentially means that you have a residual interest
in income and wealth.

Blue chip shares

Growth shares.

Income shares

Cyclical shares

Speculative shares

(C) BONDS: Bonds or debentures represent long terms debt instruments.

Government Securities

Savings bonds

Government agency securities

PSU bonds

Debentures of private sector companies

(D) MONEY MARKET INSTRUMENTS: Debt instruments which have a maturity of less than one
year at the time of issue are called money market instruments.

Treasury bills.

Commercial paper

Certificates of deposit

(E) MUTUAL FUNDS: Instead of directly buying equity shares and/or fixed income instruments,
you can participate in various schemes floated by mutual funds.

Equity schemes

Debt Schemes

Balanced schemes

(F) LIFE INSURANCE: In a broad sense, life insurance may be viewed as and investment.
Insurance premiums represent the sacrifice and the assured sum, the benefits.

Money back policy

Whole back policy

Terms assurance policy

(G) REAL ESTATE: FOR the bulk of the inverters the important asset in their portfolio is a
residential house.

Agricultural land

Semi urban land

Commercial property
H) PRECIOUS OBJECTS: Precious objects are items that are generally small in size but highly
valuable in monetary terms. Some important precious objects are:

Gold and Silver

Precious stones

Art objects

(1) FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES: The term derivative" indicates that it has no

independent value ie. its value is entirely derived from the value of underlying asset. The
underlying asset can be securities, commodities, currency etc. Some important financial
derivatives:

Forward

Future

Option warrants

Swaps

12 To Improve Working Of Stock Exchange & Conclusion

In order to improve the working of stock exchange and bring transparency in their feelings,
following steps have been taken in this direction:

1. Stock exchanges are asked to modify the listing agreement to provide for payment of interest
by companies to investors from the 30th day after the closure of a public issue.

2. Uniform good-bad delivery norms and procedure for time based resolution of bad deliveries
through Bad Delivery Cells prescribed. Bad Delivery Cell procedure have helped to standardize
norms.

3. All exchanges to institute the buy-in or auction procedure being followed by the National Stock
Exchange.
4. In view of the falling percentage of deliveries, exchanges asked to collect 100 per cant daily
margins on the national loss of a broker for every scrip, to restrict gross traded value to 33.33
times to brokers base minimum capital and to impose quarterly margins on the basis of
concentration ratios.

5. Study groups constituted to make recommendations for imparting greater transparency and
fairness in bulk of negotiated deals.

6. Stock exchanges asked to set up a clearing house or clearing corporation.

7. Stock exchanges disallowed from renewing contracts in cash group of shares from one
settlement to another.

8. A core group of inter-exchange market surveillance set up for coordinating action in case of
abnormal volatility.

9. Both, short and long sales will have to be disclosed to the exchange at the end of each day.
They would be regulated through the imposition of margins.

10. A stock lending scheme has been introduced. Stock lending has been approved in which
short sellers could borrow securities through an intermediary before making such sales. The
approved intermediary should have a minimum net worth of Rs. 50 crore.

This project has been a valuable experience in understanding how stock markets operate and
how external events affect share prices. It has improved my knowledge of finance, decision-
making, and the economic environment. It also taught me how to manage a portfolio and
interpret market trends.

13 Bibliography

www.nseindia.com

www.bseindia.com

Business Studies Textbook (NCERT)

Financial newspapers (The Economic Times, Business Standard)

Company Annual Reports

Teacher's guidance

---------/------------