PILE FOUNDATION SYSTEM

Foundations relying on driven piles

often have groups of piles connected
by a pile cap (a large concrete block
into which the heads of the piles are
embedded) to distribute loads which
are larger than one pile can bear.
DRILLED PILES
Also called drilled piers o rCast-in-
drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles) or Cast-
in-Situ piles.
Rotary boring techniques offer larger
diameter piles than any other piling
method and permit pile construction
through particularly dense or hard
strata.
Underreamed piles
– Underreamed piles have
mechanically formed enlarged bases
that have been as much as 6 m in
diameter.
- The form is that of an inverted cone
and can only be formed in stable soils.
In such conditions they allow very high
load bearing capacities.
Augercast pile
- formed by drilling into the ground
with a hollow stemmed continuous
flight auger to the required depth or
degree of resistance.
- No casing is required. A high slump
concrete mix is then pumped down the
stem of the auger.
 • Walls, beams, columns, floors, roofs
• Large portions of bridges,
pavements, and other infrastructure.
Forming System
Traditional Forms
- uses temporary forms, held in place
with a system of non-conductive ties
Concrete is then poured on either side
of or between the foam.
– Steel rebar is also generally used to
add strength to the wall.
- Once the concrete has cured, the
forms can be removed and re-used
many times with a minimum of
maintenance.
Timber ·
Pipes piles Flat Slab
MATERIALS Do not have beams but have drop
- a type of steel driven pile foundation panels or column capitals to support
and are a good candidate for battered heavier loading.
piles. Use less concrete and reinforcement
Prestressed concrete piles than a flat plate system.

- typically made with steel Has an economical span range of 25 to

30 ft(7.5 to 9 m) with minimum slab
reinforcing and prestressing tendons thicknesses of 8.5 to 10 (200 to 250
to obtain the tensile strength required mm).
to survive handling and driving, and to
provide sufficient bending resistance. Drop Panels

Definition thickened portions around the columns

• an exposed structural system that used primarily to resist punching

also serves as the façade shear.

Transported in an unhardened state, Stresses associated with longer spans

primarily as ready-mix, and placed in and/or
forms.
Uses
• Most foundations and slabs-on-
ground
 polystyrene moulds has made the
choice of trough profile infinite and
largely superseded the use of standard
T moulds. Ribs should be at least 125
mm wide to suit reinforcement
detailing.

Flat Plate
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB ONE-WAY
• Slab that rest directly on top of the
ADVANTAGES
columns
• Medium to long spans
do not have beams between the
columns, drop panels or column Lightweight
capitals. Usually, there are spandrel
bean • Holes in topping easily
accommodated Large holes can be
recommended for light to moderate accommodated
loading and short to medium spans
• Profile may be expressed
column spacing typically ranges from architecturally, or used for heat
15 to 25 ft (4.5 to 7.5 m) with transfer in passive cooling
minimum slab thicknesses of 6 to 10
in. (150 to 250 mm). DISADVANTAGES

particularly vulnerable to punching Higher formwork costs than for other

shear stress volume. slab systems Slightly greater floor
thicknesses
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB
Slower
ONE-WAY span
Introducing voids to the soffit of a slab
reduces dead weight and increases
the efficiency of the concrete section. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
A slightly deeper section is required
but these stiffer floors facilitate longer SUPPORTED BY BEAMS. Refer to
spans and provision of holes. beam charts and data to estimate
Economic in the range 8 to 12 m. beam sizes and reinforcement.

The saving of materials tends to be DIMENSIONS Square panels,

offset by some complication in minimum of three slab spans. Ribs 150
formwork. The advent of expanded mm wide @ 750 mm cc. Topping 100
mm. Moulds of bespoke depth.
Rib/solid intersection at beam span/7
from centreline of internal support,
and at span/9 from end support.
REINFORCEMENT Maximum bar sizes
in ribs: 2T258, 2T20T (in top of web)
and R8 links. 25 mm allowed for A142
mesh (@ 0.12%) in topping. 10%
allowed for wastage and laps. f, may
have been reduced.
ADVANTAGES
LOADS A superimposed dead load
(SDL) of 1.50 kN/m2 (for finishes, • Longer spans than one-way solid or
services, etc.) is included. Ultimate flat slabs • Lightweight
loads assume elastic reaction factors
of 1.1 to internal beams and 0.5 to end • Level soffit
beams. Self-weight used accounts for • Profile may be expressed
10-degree slope to ribs and solid ends architecturally, or used for heat
as described above. transfer
CONCRETE C35, 24 kN/m3, 20 mm • Holes in ribbed slab areas cause
aggregate. little or no problem
FIRE&DURABILITY Fire resistance 1- DISADVANTAGES
hour, mild exposure.
Higher formwork costs than plain
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB soffits
TROUGHED SLAB DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
Troughed slabs are popular in spans up SUPPORTED BY Refer to column
to 12 m as they combine the charts and data to estimate sizes, etc.
advantages of ribbed slabs with level
soffits. DIMENSIONS Square panels,
minimum of two rib spans x two beam
Economic depths depend on the spans. Ribs 150 mm wide @ 750 mm
widths of beams used. Deflection is cc. Topping 100 mm. Moulds variable
usually critical to the design of the depth. Internal beams span/35 wide.
beams, which, therefore, tend to be Edge beams, span/9 + edge column
wide and heavily reinforced. The chart width/2 wide. Edges flush with
and data assume internal beam widths columns. Level soffits.
of beam span/3.5, perimeter beam
width of beam span/9 plus column REINFORCEMENT Max. bar sizes,
width/2. They include an allowance for ribs: 2T25B, 2T20T (in top of web) and
an edge loading of 10 kN/m. (See also R8 links; beams: T32 T & B, T8
Ribbed slabs). links. 25 mm allowed for A142 mesh
(@0.12%) in topping. 10% allowed for
In rectangular panels, the ribbed slab wastage, etc. To comply with
should usually span the longer deflection criteria, service stress, fs,
direction. may have been reduced.
LOADS SDL of 1.50 kN/m2 (finishes) • Higher formwork costs than for other
and perimeter load of 10 kN/m slab systems
included. Ultimate loads to beams
·
from slabs assume erfs of 1.2
internally and 0.46 at ends. Ultimate Slightly deeper members result in
loads to columns assume erfs of 1.0 greater floor heights
and 0.5. Self weight used accounts for
10 degree slope to ribs and solid ends • Slow. Difficult to prefabricate
as described above. reinforcement

CONCRETE C35, 24 kN/m3, 20 mm WAFFLE SLAB

aggregate. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS BEAMS in two
FIRE & DURABILITY Fire resistance 1 orthogonal directions. Refer to beam
hour, mild exposure charts and data to estimate sizes, etc.

WAFFLE SLAB SUPPORTED BY DIMENSIONS Square

panels, minimum of two spans x two
span bays. Ribs 125 mm wide @ 900 mm
cc.
Introducing voids to the soffit reduces
dead weight and these deeper, stiffer REINFORCEMENT Maximum bar sizes
floors permit longer spans which are in ribs: 2T25B, 2T20T (in top of web)
economic for spans between 9 and 14 and R8 links. 25 mm allowed for A142
m. The saving of materials tends to be or A193 mesh (0.12%) in topping. 10%
offset by complication in site allowed for wastage and laps. f, may
operations. have been reduced.
Moulds 225, 325 or 425 mm deep.
Topping 100 to 150 mm. Rib/solid
intersection at 900 + 125/2 from
centreline of support.
LOADS SDL of 1.50 kN/m2 (finishes
etc) included. Ultimate loads to
internal beams assume two adjacent
corner panels. Loads are applicable as
a udl over 75% of the beam's
length. Self weight used accounts for
ADVANTAGES 5:1 slope to ribs, solid edges as
Medium to long spans described above and topping as
inferred.
Lightweight
CONCRETE C35, 24 kN/m3, 20 mm
Profiles may be expressed aggregate.
architecturally, or used for
FIRE & DURABILITY DESIGN Fire
heat transfer resistance 1 hour, mild exposure.
DISADVANTAGES
Design based on corner panels. Single Longer spans with the same height --
span (both ways) assumes torsional > column free rooms
restraint.
Additional storeys with the same
Composite Construction
total height of building
Introduction to composite
Quicker time of erection: Saving costs,
construction of buildings
earlier completion of the building
General
A Lower financing costs
A Ready for use earlier thus increasing
Steel and concrete rental income
These two materials complete one
another:
Functionality:
Concrete is efficient in compression
Fire protection by using principles of
and steel in tension.
reinforced concrete in which the
Concrete encasements restrain steel concrete protects the steel.
against buckling.
Protection against corrosion and fire
Aspects for using composite
structures:
Architectural
Economical
Functionality
Service and Flexibility
Aspects for using composite
structures
Longer spans.
Thinner slabs
Slenderer column
More generous opportunities for
design
Aspects for using composite structures
Economical:
Reduction of height reduces the total
of the building --> saving area of
cladding