Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures I

Course Code: BLD 310

Prof. Ojo S.O.

Department of Building,
Obafemi Awolowo University,
Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Contents
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN.
DESIGN METHODS
DESIGN OF SLABS.
TYPES OF SLABS & USES.
Code Requirements.
DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB.
DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB.
A. Unequal span
B. Equal Spans
SLABS SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS.
Simply Supported Slabs Spanning in Two Directions
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing.
Singly Reinforced Beam (Rectangular Section).
Flanged Beam at Ultimate Limit State
Design Procedure
Shear Resistance of Beam.
INTRODUCTION
What is concrete?
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. It has considerable crushing
strength, is durable and has good fire resistance but has little or no strength in tension. However,
steel has good tensile properties and good both in shear and compression.
OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
A Reinforced Concrete (RC) design must satisfy the following objectives:
1. Under the worst system of loadings, the structure must be safe.
2. Under the working load, the deformation of the structure does not impair the appearance,
durability and/or the performance of the structure.
3. The structure must be economical i.e. the factor of safety should not be too large to the
extent that the cost of the structure becomes prohibitive.
DESIGN METHODS
There are 3 methods:
a. The modular ratio method
b. The load factor method
c. The limit state method
THE LIMIT STATE DESIGN
The main objective in limit state design is to provide an acceptable probability that a structure
will not reach any of the limit states during it’s working life.
The two main categories are:
(i) The ultimate limit state which is concerned with the maximum load carrying capacity of the
structure i.e. collapse.
(ii) The serviceability limit states which are concerned with the durability and deformations
behaviour of the structure.
ESTIMATION OF LOADS
There are three (3) principal types of loads considered on a structure:
I. Dead Loads
II. Imposed/live Loads
III. Wind Loads
I. Dead Loads: These are loads on a structure which are permanent and stationary. These include
the actual self- weight of the structural members, elements such as tiled floor finishes, suspended
ceiling, services pipes, light fittings, etc.
UNIT WEIGHT OF VARIOUS BUILDING MATERIALS (kN/m³)

Material Unit Weight

Aluminum 24.0kN/m3

Bricks 22.0kN/m3

Concrete 24.0kN/m3

Steel 70.0kN/m3

Timber 6.0kN/m3

150mm block work 2.15kN/m²

Wall finishes (both sides) 0.6kN/m²

13mm rendering 0.3kN/m²

UNIT WEIGHT OF VARIOUS SHEET MATERIALS (kN/m²)

Material Unit Weight (kN/m²)

Acoustic ceiling tiles 0.1

Aluminum sheeting 0.45

Glass (single glass) 0.1

Plaster (per face of wall) 0.3

Rafters, battens and felt 0.14

Sand/cement screed (25mm) 0.6

Slates 0.6

Steel roofing sheeting 0.15

Timber floor boards 0.15

Vinyl tiles (PVC) 0.05

A 225 x 225 x 450mm wall can be assumed to weigh 2.87kN/m; but with rendering on both sides
it weighs 3.47kN/m². This value is multiplied by the wall height to obtain the dead load of the
wall per meter run.
EXAMPLE 1
A floor in a multi-storey building consists of the following: PVC tiles; 40mm sand/cement
screed; 150mm RC slab; Acoustic tiles suspended ceiling. Determine the dead load in kN/m².

150mm

Dead Loads (kN/m²)

PVC = 0.05
Screed = 40x0.6/25 = 0.96
Concrete slab = 0.15 x 24 = 3.60
Acoustic = 0.10
4.71kN/m²
gk (characteristics dead load) = 4.71 kN/m²

(I) IMPOSED/LIVE LOADS: These are movable loads that act on a structure as it is being
used for its design purpose. They include people, furniture, cars, computers, machinery, etc.
They are subdivided into two categories:
(a) Imposed floor loads
(b) Imposed roof loads
Some typical floor live loads are given in the table below based on BS6399, Part 1 1984
FLOOR LOADS IN kN/m²

Material Unit Weight (kN/m²)

Art galleries/museums 4.0

Banking halls 3.0

Bars 5.0

Car parks 2.5

Classrooms 3.0

Churches 3.0

Computer rooms 3.5

Dance halls 5.0

Foundries (factory for metal 20.0

works)

Factories and workshops 5.0

Hotel bedrooms 2.0

Offices (General) 2.5

Offices (filling) 5.0

Private Houses 1.5

Shops 4.0

Theatres (fixed seats) 4.0

Roof (no access) 0.25

The above loads are assumed to occur over the entire floor area. These loads are called
characteristics-imposed loads (qk).
Due to errors and inaccuracies in design assumptions, calculations, possible unusual load
increases, unforeseen steel re-distribution and constructional inaccuracies, these loads are
multiplied by partial factors of safety (Ɣf)
Design live loads = Characteristics live load x Ɣf
Partial Factors of Safety for Loadings

Load Combination Load Type

Dead Imposed Wind

Dead and Imposed 1.1 1.6 -

Dead and Wind 1.4 or 1.0 - 1.4

Dead and Imposed and Wind 1.2 1.2 1.2

Ultimate state, Table 2.1 (BS8110)

LIMIT STATE REQUIREMENT FOR LOAD COMBINATIONS

The ultimate limit state allows the following combination:
(1) Dead + Imposed load - 1.4gk + 1.6qk
(2) Dead + wind load - 1.0gk + 1.4wk
(3) Dead + imposed + wind - 1.2gk +1.2qk +1.2wk
The following load combinations are allowed by BS 8110 for more than two spans.

This load arrangement causes a maximum moment in the spans.

This load arrangement is for maximum support moment at A
This load arrangement is used for maximum design moment at the supports

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

A. Deflection
The final deflection of a beam or slab below the as-cast level of its support should normally not
exceed span/250. The deflection that takes place after the construction of the partitions or the
application of the finishes should not be more than span/500 or 20mm whichever is the lesser for
spans up to 10m. In most cases however, the deflection requirement for beams and slabs will be
satisfied by limiting the span effective depth ratio of the member. The table below gives
recommended value for the basic ratio which have to be multiplied by the appropriate factors to
allow for influence of difference in percentage for tension and compression reinforcement. Table
3.9 of BS8110

Support Conditions Rectangular Sections

Cantilever 7

Simply Supported 20

Continuous 26

B. Durability:
The code requirement for acceptable crack width and concrete covers are intended to meet the
durability requirement of almost all structures. The amount of cover required is related to the
grade of concrete as listed in Table 3.3 (20 and 25 most times)
C. Fire Resistance:
The requirement for fire resistance is given in Table 3.4 of BS 8110.
DESIGN OF SLABS
Generally, slabs are used in floor, roofs, and walls of buildings. The breadth of slab is already
assumed fixed, usually in 1m, this is used in the design. Shear stresses are usually low in a slab
and so most of the time, shear stresses are ignored except when there are heavy concentrated
loads, and compression reinforcement is not required.
TYPES OF SLABS & USES
The various types include:
a. Solid slab (cantilever, simply supported, continuous & two ways)
b. Ribbed floor slabs
c. Flat slabs
d. Waffle slabs
The type preferred would depend on:
I. The span of the slab
II. The use of the space which may determine the span
III. The load to be carried
IV. Architectural aesthetics required.
Solid slabs are the most common especially in residential buildings and offices and are generally
employed when the span does not exceed 6m. Flat slabs and waffle slabs are used where large
span and heavy live loads are required or where their use will be aesthetically pleasing. Ribbed
floors are also like flat slabs used in offices and buildings where large spans are required. The
floor consists of series of T-beams closely spaced, in most cases between 400mm-600mm.
Code Requirements
BS8110, Section 3.5.2.3 permits the use of a simplified load arrangement for all slabs of
maximum ultimate design load throughout all spans or panels provided that the following
conditions are met:
(i) In a 1-way slab, the area of each bay exceeds 30m²
(ii) Characteristic live load, qk, is not greater than 1.25gk
(iii) The characteristic live load, qk, is not greater than 5kN/m² excluding partitions
If analysis is based on this single load case, all support moments (except at a cantilever) should
be reduced by 20% and span moments increased accordingly

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF SRTRUCTURAL ELEMENT

Panel 1-slab @ 1-2/F-E
Panel 2-slab @ 1-2/E-C
Panel 3-slab @ 1-2/C-A
Panel 4 - slab @ 2-3/A-E
Panel 5 - slab @ 3/A-E
Panel 1 - simply supported (one way)
Panel 2 - 2way
Panel 3 - simply supported (one way)
Panel 4 - continuous one way
Panel 5 - cantilever
Panels 1 & 3 are simply supported
Panel 2 is two-way slab
Panel 4 is a continuous slab
Panel 5 is a cantilever slab

DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB

Example
The slab of a residential building @ 1-2/A-B carries a live load of 2.5KN/m2 plus floor finishes
and ceiling load of 1.2KN/m2
The characteristic material strengths are : fcu = 25N/mm2; fy = 250N/mm2
Concrete grade C = 30
Service stress = 150N/m2
Effective depth (d) = 170mm
The exposure of concrete slab to weather is mild
Solution:
Assumptions: effective depth = 10mm; condition of exposure = mild. Table 3.3, BS8110. Fire
resistance = 1.5hrs: Table 3.4, BS8110; 10mm bar-assumed
Overall depth (h) = d + 1/2 diameter of bar + cover
Where d = effective depth of slab and h = Overall depth of slab
h = 170 + 25 + 1/2 (10) = 200mm
=170+25+5
= 200 mm
Dead load
Due to slab = 200 x 24 x 10-3 = 4.8kN/m2
Due to ceiling loads and floors finishes = 1.2 kN/m2
Dead load, gk = 6.0kN/m2
2
Live load, qk = 2.5kN/m
REF. CALCULATION OUTPUT
For 1m width of slab, Design load n = 1.4gk+ 1.6gk
n = (1.4 x 6.0) + (1.6 x 2.5) = 12.4kN/m2
2 2
n l 12.4 × 4
Max ultimate moment (simply supported) = = 24kN/m2
8 8
Check for deflection: (Serviceability Limit State)
6
M 24.8 ×10
2
= 2
=0.86
b d 1000 ×170
From Table 3.9 BS8110, Span/Effective Depth ratio = 20
Modification Factor: From Table 3.10, for fy = 460N/mm2 and service stress = 307N/mm2
By Interpolation:
0.75 0.86 1.00
1.41 ? 1.30
1.00-0.75 ==> 1.41-1.30
0.75-0.86 ==> ?
(By cross multiplying) 0.25(?) = 0.11(0.11) = 0.05, 1.41-0.05=1.36
Modification Factor = 1.36
Allowable Span/Effective depth ratio = 20 x 1.36 = 27.2
l
/d = 27.2
l=27.2 x d
Max Span = 27.2 x 170 = 4625mm (4.625m), which is >4m (span)
Therefore, l/d ratio is Ok, and d is adequate.
Reinforcement
 6
M 24.8 ×10
k= 2
= 2
=0.029
b d f cu 1000 ×170 ×30

√
z=d [0.5+ (0.25−
k
0.9
)]

z=170 [0.5+ (0.25−

√ 0.029
0.9
)]

z = 164.33mm
6
M 24.8 ×10 2
As= = =345.35 mm /m
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 460 ×164.33
Provide Y10 @ 200mm c/c (As=393mm2/m)
Distribution steel
High yield steel = 0.13%bh
Mild Steel = 0.24%bh
Let’s assume mild steel for distribution bar
0.13 % ×1000 × 200 2
=260 mm /m
100
Provide Y10 @ 300mm c/c in both directions

DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB

A. Unequal span

1 2 3 4

5275

B
Effective depth = 175mm 5325 3000 4000
1
h=d+cover+ ø
2
Where ∅ ¯¿=assumed diameter of reinforcement ¯; Assume ∅ ¯¿=10 mm ¿ ¿
From Table 3.4 BS8110, Normal cover for continuous floor resisting fire for 1.5hrs=20mm
h = 20+1/2(10)+175 =200mm
Due to floor and ceiling = 2.8kN/m2
Characteristics dead load, gk = 7.6kN/m2
Characteristics Live Load = 3.0kN/m2
Design load, n = 1.4gk+1.6qk
n=1.4(7.6)+16(3.0)=15.44kN/m2
Stiffness Factor
0.75 EI 0.75 EI
K 21= = =0.14 EI
L 5.325
EI EI
K 23= = =0.33 EI
L 3.0
0.75 EI 0.75 EI
K 34= = =0.19 EI
L 4.0
Distribution Factor(DF)
K 21 0.14 EI
DF 21= = =0.30
K 21+ K 23 0.14E1+0.33 EI
K 23 0.33 EI
DF 23= = ∨1−DF 21=0.7
K 21+ K 23 0.14E1+0.33 EI
K 32 0.33 EI
DF 32= = =0.63
K 32+ K 34 0.33E1+0.19 EI
K 34 0.19 EI
DF 34= = ∨1−DF 32=0.37
K 32 + K 34 0.33E1+ 0.19 EI
Fixed End Moment(FEM):
2 2
Fnl 15.44 ×5.325
M = =
21 =54.73 KNm
8 8
2 2
Fnl 15.44 ×3.0
M = =
23 =11.58 KNm
12 12
2 2
F n l 15.44 × 4.0
M 34= = =30.88 KNm
8 8
Free Bending Moment
2 2
nl 15.44 ×5.325
M 21= = =54.73 KNm
8 8
2 2
nl 15.44 ×3.0
M 23=M 32= = =17.37 KNm
8 8
 2 2
n l 15.44 × 4.0
M 34= = =30.88 KNm
8 8
Moment Distribution Table

1 2 3 4
1-2 2-1 2-3 3-2 3-4 4-3
DF 0 0.3 0.7 0.63 0.37 0
FEM 54.73 - 11.58 -
11.58 - 30.88
Distribution -12.95 - 12.16 7.14
30.21
Carry over (CO) 6.08 -15.11
Distribution -1.82 -4.28 9.52 5.59
Carry over (CO) 4.76 -2.14
Distribution -1.43 -3.33 1.35 0.79
Carry over (CO) 0.68 -1.67
Distribution -0.20 -0.48 1.05 0.62
Carry over (CO) 0.53 -0.24
Distribution -0.16 -0.37 0.15 0.09
Carry over (CO) 0.08 -0.19
Distribution -0.02 -0.06 0.12 0.07
Carry over (CO) 0.06 -0.03
Distribution -0.02 -0.04 0.02 0.01
38.15 -38.15 16.57 -16.57

Span Moments
2
nl Support Moments
Span 1 - 2 = −∑ [ ]
8 2
0+ 38.15
¿ 54.73−[ ]=35.66 kNm
2
38.15+16.57
Span 2 - 3 = 17.37−[ ]=9.99 kN m
2
 16.57 +0
Span 3 - 4 =30.88−[ ]=22.60 kN m
2
38.15kNm
(30.52)

16.57kNm
(13.26)

9.99kNm
(11.99)

22.60kNm
(27.12)
35.66kNm
(42.79)
Bending Moment Diagram
Recall: This is a single load case, therefore increase the span moments by 20% and reduce the
support moment by 20%
Checking Deflection:(Always make use of the highest span moment)
6
M 42.79 x 10
2
= 2 = 1.40
bd 1000 x 175
Modification factor from Table 3.10
1.00 1.40 1.50
1.91 *1.69 1.63
*by interpolation
Span/Effective Depth Ratio (Table 3.9) = 26
:Allowable span/effective depth ratio = 26 x 1.69 = 43.94
:Maximum allowable span = 43.94 x d
= 43.94 x 175 =7689.5> 5325mm
l
΅ ratio is ok and d is adequate
d
Reinforcement
Support (Top):
6
M 30.52× 10
k= 2
= 2
=0.04
b d f cu 1000 ×175 ×25
 √
z=d [0.5+ (0.25−
k
0.9
)]

√
¿ 175[0.5+ (0.25−
0.04 = 166.84mm
0.9
)]

M
A s=
0.95 f y z
6
30.52×10 2
¿ =770.23 mm /m
0.95 ×250 ×166.84
Provide R10 @ 100mm c/c (As = 785mm²)
Provide R12 @ 125mm c/c (As = 905mm²)
Span (Bottom):
6
M 42.79 ×10
k= 2 = 2
=0.056
b d f cu 1000 ×175 ×25

√
z=d [0.5+ (0.25−
k
0.9
)]

√
¿ 175[0.5+ (0.25−
0.056
0.9
)]=163.33 mm

M
A s=
0.95 f y z
6
42.79 × 10 2
¿ =1103.1 mm /m
0.95 ×250 ×163.33

Provide R12 @ 100mm c/c (As = 1130mm²)

Distribution Bars (Top and Bottom)
0.24 x 1000 x 200
For mild steel: 0.24%bh= =¿ 480mm²/m
100
Provide R10 @ 150mm c/c (As = 523mm²)
B. Equal Spans
If the conditions of section 3.5.2.3 of BSB110 are met, then the moment and shears in continuous
1-way slab may be calculated using the coefficient given in Table 3.12.
Question: A 4-span slab of 3.2m each supports a live load of 3.0kN/m² and floor and ceiling
loads of 2.5kN/m². The overall slab depth is 180mm and the effective depth is 150mm. Take
service stress as 200N/mm², fcu 25N/mm²; fy=250N/mm². Design and detail the slab.

Loadings:
Load due to slab= 180 x 24 x 10-3 = 4.32kN/m²
Due to finishes = 2.50kN/m²
--------------
Characteristic Dead Load, gk = 6.82kN/m²
--------------
Live Load, qk= 3.0kN/m²
Design Load, n = 1.6(6.82) + 1.4 (3) = 14.35kN/m2

Ultimate Load, F= nl=14.35 x 3.2=45.92kN/m

By section 3.5.2.4 and Table 3.12 of BS8110, the moments are
I. Support:
At outer support (1 and 5) = -0.04FL= -0.04 x 45.92 x 3.2 = 5.88kNm
At first interior support (2 and 4) = -0.086FL= -0.086 x 45.92 x 3.2 = 12.64kNm
At interior support (3)=-0.063FL= -0.063 x 45.92 x 3.2 = 9.26kNm
II. Spans:
Near middle of end span (1-2 and 4-5)
= 0.075FL = 0.075 x 45.92 x 3.2=11.02kNm
Middle interior span (2-3 and 3-4)
= 0.063FL = 0.063 x 45.92 x 3.2=9.26kNm

NB: In equal span, there is neither reduction nor addition of 20% to the support and span
moments respectively.
Deflection:
2 6
M 11.0 2 ×10
2
= 2
=0.49
b d 1000 ×150
Modification factor=2.0
Basic span/effective depth ratio = 26(continuous slab)
Maximum allowable span/effective depth ratio= 26 x 2.0 x 150 = 7800mm > 3200mm
l
/d Ratio is ok and d is adequate
Reinforcement
Supports (Top)
6
M 12.64 ×10
k= 2
= 2
=0.022
b d f cu 25 ×1000 ×150
z=d ¿
¿ 150 ¿
6
M 12.64 ×10 2
A s= = =355.71mm /m
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 250× 149.62
Provide R10@100mm c/c (As=343mm²)
Top (supports) 1 and 5
6
M 5.88 ×10
k= 2
= 2
=0.01
b d f cu 25 ×1000 ×150
z=d ¿
¿ 150 ¿
6
M 5.88 ×10 2
A s= = =166.9 mm /m
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 250× 148.3
Provide R10@ 300mm c/c (As=262mm²/m)

Top (Support) 3
6
M 9.26 ×10
k= 2
= 2
=0.016
b d f cu 25 ×1000 ×150
z=d ¿
¿ 150 ¿
6
M 9.26 ×10 2
A s= = =246.87 mm /m
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 250× 147.2
Provide R10 @ 250mm c/c (As=314mm²)
Ditto spans 2-3 and 3-4
Bottom (Span): Spans 1-2 and 4-5
6
M 11.02 × 10
k= 2
= 2
=0.02
b d f cu 25 ×1000 ×150
z=d ¿
¿ 150 ¿
6
M 11.02× 10 2
A s= = =316 mm /m
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 250× 146.7
Provide R10 @200mm c/c (As=393mm²)
Distribution Bars (Top and Bottom)
For mild steel = 0.24%bh = 0.24% x 1000 x 180=432mm²/m
Provide R10 @ 175mm c/c (As=449mm²/m)

SLABS SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS

When a slab is supported on all four of its sides, it is said to be spanning in two directions and
effectively spans in both directions. For general notes on slabs spanning in two directions at right
angle, and with uniformly distributed loads (UDL), refer to section 3.5.3 of BS8110
Moments in each direction of span for a 2-way slab are generally calculated using coefficients
which are tabulated in the codes of practice. A slab is designed in both directions generally
when:

1. The longer side exceeds 4.5m in domestic buildings

2. The slab is heavily loaded and the shorter span exceeds 4m
3. When deflection may be excessive if the slab is designed in one direction.
There are 2 types of 2-way spanning slabs-
Types 1: are those without restraints at the edges, i.e. a slab placed on the top of blocks
without any form of restraint by the walls
Types 2: are those with restraints at the edges, i.e. restraints provided by beams at
the edges.
NB: Whenever ly/lx is more than 2, it may not be economical to design a slab using 2-way
spanning but reverse is not the case.

Various cases of 2-way spanning slabs:

--------------------- Discontinuous edge ------------------- Continuous edge

-------------------
Case 1: Interior panels i.e. slab is continuous over all the four supports
Case 2: The slab is continuous over three supports with one short edge discontinuous.
Case 3: As in case 2 but one long edge discontinuous
Case 4: This is a corner panel where two adjacent edges (one long and one short side) are
discontinuous.
Case 5: The panel is continuous over two long edges.
Case 6: As for case 5 but with continuity over two short edges.
Case 7: The slab is continuous only over one long edge. The other three edges are discontinuous.
Case 8: As in case 7 but continuity is only over one short edge.
Case 9: This is an exterior panel, i.e. the slab is discontinuous over all the edges. This is similar
to simply supported slab except that provision is made at the edges to resist torsion.

Simply Supported Slabs Spanning in Two Directions

A slab simply supported on its four sides will deflect at both axes under load and the corners will
tend to lift up from the supports, causing torsional moments. When such slabs do not have
adequate provisions to moment torsion at the corners, and to prevent the corners from lifting, the
maximum moment per unit width are given by the following equations:
Msx=α sxnl 2x in the direction of span lx - equation 10 of BS 8110
Msy=α synl 2x in the direction of span ly - equation 11 of BS 8110
n=1.4gk +1.6qk
ly is the length of the longer side, lx is the length of the shorter side
α sx and α sy are moment coefficients of Table 3.13 of BS8110
The area of reinforcement in directions lx and ly respectively are:
M sx
A sx= per metre width
0.95 f y z
M sy
and; A sy= per metre width
0.95 f y z
Note: The effective depth used in calculating Asy, should be less than that of Asx because of the
different depth of two layers of reinforcement.
Example: A 2-way spanning slab of 4.5m x 6.5m is used as roof over a car port. Design the slab.
Assume h=150mm. (Finishes and Felting = 2.0kN/m²)
Solution:
Self weight of slab = 3.6kN/m²
Finishes and felting = 2.0 kN/m²
5.6 kN/m²
Live Load = 1.75 kN/m2
l y 6.5
k= = =1.44<2.0
l x 4.5
n=1.4gk + 1.6qk=1.4(5.6)+ 1.6(1.75)=10.64kN/m per metre run
Refer to Table 3.13 (simply supported)
α sx=0.099; α sy= 0.051
Bending Moments
Short span, Msx = α sxnl 2x
= 0.099 x 10.64 x 4.52=21.25kNm

Long Span= Msy=α synl 2x

= 0.051 x 10.64 x 4.52= 10.95kNm
M sx M sy
A sx= and A sy=
0.95 f y z 0.95 f y z
When checking for deflections, use shorter span.
fy=250N/mm2
fcu=25N/mm2
d=130mm

Panel 1 (Case4)
Loadings: Assume h = 150mm
Deadload due to slab =3.6kN/m²
Finishes =1.2kN/m²
Partitions =1.5kN/m²
Live Load, qk = 3.50kN/m²
gk= 6.3kN/m²
Design Load, n = 1.4(6.3) + 1.6(3.5) = 14.42kN/m
lx=5.0m, ly =6.0m; ly/lx = 6.0/5.0 = 1.2 <2
Ref. Table 3.14
Short span coefficients are -0.063 and 0.047
Long span coefficients are -0.045 and 0.034
(Note: the negative sign indicates support moment, i.e. hogging moment)
Short Span moments.
Msx = α sxnl 2x
Midspan= 0.047 x 14.42 x 52 = 16.94kNm
Continuous Edge (support)
Msx=α sxnl 2x =0.063 x 14.42 x 5² = 22.71kNm
Long span moment; Msy = β synl 2x
Midspan, Msy = 0.034 x 14.42 x 5² = 12.26kNm
Continuous Edge (Support) = 0.045 x 14.42 x 52 = 16.22kNm

DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Beams are designed primarily to adequately resist the ultimate Bending moments, shear
forces and torsional moments. However, the serviceability requirements must be satisfied.

Preliminary Analysis and Member Sizing

The beam dimensions required are:
i. Cover to reinforcement, c
ii. Breadth, b
iii. Effective depth, d
iv. Overall depth, h

Note: t=(diameter of links) + (1/2 diameter of main bar)

Strength of a beam is greatly affected by its depth than its breadth. Breadth can be a third to half
(1/3 to 1/2) of the depth but most of the time, b is taken to be 230 (the size of a sandcrete block.
Suitable dimensions of b and d can be chosen by using these relationships:
M
1. 2
≤0.156 for no compression reinforcement (i.e.singly reinforced)
b d f cu
Section 3.4.4 BS8110
M 10
< with compression reinforcement (i.e.doubly reinforced)
b d f cu f cu
2
 V
2. Shear stress, v= ; and v should never exceed 0.8 √ f cu∨5 N /mm 2; whichever is lesser
bd
3. The span/effective depth ratio for spans not exceeding 10m should be within the basic values
given in BS8110 (i.e cantilever 7, simply supported 20, continuous 26)
4. h=d+t+c

Singly Reinforced Beam (Rectangular Section)

A 450mm x 230mm simply supported rectangular beam is 4.2m in span and carries an all
inclusive load of 20.5kN/m. Take fcu=20N/mm2, fy=250N/mm2. Design the beam to 20-250
concrete.

2 2
n l 20.5 × 4.2
Moments M= = =45.20 kNm
8 8
b=230mm, h=450mm
Assumptions: c=25mm
Notes
d=h-c-t =450-25-[1/2(20)+10]=405mm
6 1. Beams are usually reinforced
M 45.20 ×10
k= 2
= 2
=¿ 0.006<0.156 using any of 16mm, 20mm, 25mm
b d f cu 230 ×405 × 20
and 40mm rods.
Design the beam as singly reinforced beam
2. Links are usually 10mm
z=d [0.5+
√( 0.25−
k
0.9 )
]=405[0.5+0.428 ]=375.9mm

6
3. d and h preferably should be
multiples of 25mm
M 42.5× 10 2
A s= ❑ = =506.29 mm
0.95 f y Z 0.87 ×250 ×375.9
Provide 2R20(bottom)[As=628mm2]
Provide R12 as hanger bars (hanger bars prevent cracking, links prevent shearing)
Shear Force V=
Shear Stress v=
 Flanged Beam at Ultimate Limit State
bf bf
hf hf

bw
bw

bw=breadth of web
bf=breadth of flange
hf=height of flange
For flanged beams, the flange is often the floor slab. As the flanges generally provide large
compressive area, it is usually unnecessary to consider the case where compression steel is
required. For the single reinforced section, two conditions may arise:
1. The neutral axis lies within the flange thickness. In this case, the T-beam can be designed as a
rectangular beam of the width bf and effective depth, d, since the section below, the neutral axis
is in tension and may therefore be neglected.
2. The neutral axis is below the flange: since in-situ slab commonly forms the flange in practical
situations, the area of web in compression is smaller than the area of the flange and thus this
relatively small area of ribs may be neglected, When the slab thus acts as the flange of a T- or L-
beam, its effective width is defined by the empirical rules which are specified in BS8110 as
follows:
a. T-Section: The lesser of the actual flange width or the width of the web plus 1/5 of the
distance between zero (0) moments.
b. L-Section: The lesser of the actual flange width or the width of the web plus 1/10 of the
actual distance between zero (0) moments.
NB: The distance between the points of 0 moments may be taken as 0.7 x effective span
for a continuous beam. For a simply supported beam, the point of the 0 moment is the
span, L.
For flanged beam, transverse reinforcement is required across the top of the flange
to prevent cracking.
The area of the reinforcement should not be less than 0.15% of the longitudinal cross-
sectional area of the flange, i.e. 0.15%bhf .
 Design Procedure
 Calculate bfd2fcu
M
k= 2
bf d f cu
 Determine z.[If (d-z)<(hf/2), the stress falls within the flange depth, and the design may
proceed as for rectangular section with breadth, bf]
 Determine transverse steel at top of the flange [Area = 0.15%hf x 1000 = 1.5hf per meter
length of the beam]

Example: Design moment, M=190kNm causing sagging; fcu=30N/mm2; and fy=460N/mm2

R10@300mm c/c
bf=600

hf=150

h=580 d=530

2Y25

bw=250

6
M 190 × 10
k= 2
= 2
=0.038
bf d f cu 600 × 53 0 × 30

√
z=d [0.5+ 0.25−
k
0.9 √
]=530[0.5+ 0.25−
0.038 =506.59mm
0.9
]¿
 hf
d-z=530-506.59=23.41mm< : The neutral axis lies within the flange; design the beam as
2
rectangular section
6
M 190 ×10 2
A s= = =858.25 mm
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 460 ×506.59
Provide 2-Y25(As=982mm2)
Note: Area of steel provided must be within the limit as required by BS8110
100 A s 100 A s 100 A s
≤4: ≥ 0.13 for high yield steel and ≥ 0.25 for mild steel
bh bh bh
100× 982
=0.68< 4
250× 580
Transverse steel in flange = 1.5hf =1.5 x 150 = 225mm2/m
Provide R10 @ 300mm c/c (A=262mm2)
For flanged beams where the neutral axis falls below the flange, refer to 3.4.4.5 of BS8110
Shear Resistance of Beam
If V is the shear force at the section, then the shear stress v at any cross section can be calculated
V
from v= (equation 3 of BS8110). The shear stress should not exceed 0.8 √ f cu or 5N/mm2;
bv d
whichever is lesser. Shear reinforcements are always in the form of vertical stirrups or
combination of stirrups or bent-up bars. Spacing of the links in the direction of the span should
not exceed 0.75d. For the forms and area of reinforcement in beams to be provided, refer to
Table 3.7 of BS8110.
Example: The shear force diagram of a simple supported rectangular reinforced concrete beam
is shown below. The beam is 0.25m wide and 0.55m deep and it is reinforced by 4-25mmφ bars
at an effective depth of 0.5m. Assuming the concrete is grade 30, determine what shear force
may be required (fyv=250)

265kN

265kN
SF=265kN

3
V 265 ×10 2
Maximum Shear Stress, v= = =2.12 N /mm
bv d 250 × 500
Permissible shear stress Vu=0.8 √ f cu=0.8 × √ 30=4.38 N /mm 2
:The dimensions of the beam are adequate; since v<Vu
100 A s 100× 1960
= =1.57 Refer to Table 3.8 of BS8110
bd 250× 500
By interpolation:

1.57 2.00
1.50
0.72 0.73 0.80
From Table 3.8, Vc=0.73N/mm2
Since V>Vc, shear reinforcement is required
Refer to Table 3.7
A sv b (v−v c ) 250(2.12−0.73)
= = ≈1.46
S v 0.095 f y v 0.95 ×250
Assume 10mm bar to be used
2 2
π × D π ×10 2
A sv= = ×2(2 legs)=157.08 mm
4 4
157
=1.46=¿> S v =107.53 mm
sv
The spacing should be a multiple of 25, :Sv=100
Maximum spacing = 0.75d
Provide R10 links @ 100mm c/c

Question: Design the beam at A/1-4 using the following design information: b=225mm,
d=460mm, fcu=25N/mm2, fy=250N/mm2, fyv=250N/mm2. EI is constant. Analyse the beam using
the moment distribution method. Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams.
Design the beam using maximum support and span moments, and maximum shear force. Detail
the beam.

5.325m 3.0m 4.0m

1 2 3 4

Assumptions:
20mm concrete cover to withstand fire for 1.5hrs; 20mmφ bar
 1
h=d+c+t where t=φ links + φmain ¯¿¿
2
=460+20+[1/2(20)+10]=500mm
Loadings
Self weight of the beam = 500 x 24 x 10-3=12.0kN/m2
The beam carries the slab; live load, qk=3.0kN/m2
Design load, n=1.4gk+1.6qk=1.4(12.0)+1.6(3.0)=21.6kN/m

Stiffness factor
0.75 EI 0.75 EI
K 21= = =0.14 EI
L 5.325
EI EI
K 23= = =0.33 EI
L 3.0
0.75 EI 0.75 EI
K 34= = =0.19 EI
L 4.0

Distribution Factor (DF):

K 21 0.14 EI
DF 21= = =0.30
K 21+ K 23 0.14 EI +0.33 EI
DF 23=1−DF 21=0.7
K 32 0.33 EI
DF 32= = =0.63
K 32+ K 34 0.33 EI + 0.19 EI
DF 34=1−DF 32=0.37
Fixed End Moment(FEM)
2 2
F nl 21.6 ×5.325
M 21= = =76.56 KNm
8 8
2 2
F nl 21.6 ×3.0
M 23= = =16.20 KNm
12 12
2 2
F n l 21.6 × 4.0
M 34= = =43.20 KNm
8 8

Free Bending Moment

2 2
nl 21.6 ×5.325
M 21= = =76.56 KNm
8 8
 2 2
nl 21.6 ×3.0
M 23=M 32= = =24.30 KNm
8 8
2 2
n l 21.6 × 4.0
M 34= = =43.20 KNm
8 8

Moment Distribution Table

1 2 3 4
1-2 2-1 2-3 3-2 3-4 4-3
DF 0 0.3 0.7 0.63 0.37 0
FEM 76.56 - 16.20 -
16.20 43.20
Distribution -18.11 - 17.01 9.99
42.25
Carry over (CO) 8.51 -21.13
Distribution -2.56 -5.96 13.31 7.82
Carry over (CO) 6.66 -2.98
Distribution -2.00 -4.66 1.88 1.10
Carry over (CO) 094 -2.33
Distribution -0.28 -0.66 1.47 0.86
Carry over (CO) 0.74 -0.33
Distribution -0.22 -0.54 0.21 0.12
Carry over (CO) 0.11 -0.26
Distribution -0.03 -0.08 0.16 0.10
53.37 -53.37 23.21 -23.21
Span Moments
2
nl Support Moments
Span 1 - 2 = −∑ [ ]
8 2
0+53.57
¿ 76.56−[ ]=49.88 kNM
2
53.37+ 23.21
Span 2 - 3 ¿ 24.3−[ ]=−13.99 kNM
2
23.21+0
Span 3 - 4 ¿ 43.20−[ ]=31.60 kNM
2
 53.37kNm
(42.7)

23.21kNm
(18.57)

13.99kNm
(16.79)

31.60kNm
(37.92)
49.88kNm
(59.86)
Bending Moment Diagram

Shear force
❑
nl Support Moments
v= +∑ [ ]
2 L
1 0+ 42.7
v 1−2= (21.6 ×5.325)+[ ]=65.53 kN
2 5.325
1 42.7 +18.57
v 2−3 = (21.6 ×3)+[ ]=52.82 kN
2 3
1 18.57+ 0
v 3−4= (21.6 ×4 )+[ ]=47.80 kN
2 4

65.53kN

52.82kN

47.84kN
 47.84kN
52.82kN

65.53kN

Shear Force Diagram

Reinforcements
6
M 42.7 × 10
k= 2
= 2
=0.036< 0.156
b d f cu 225 ×4 60 × 25
Design as singly reinforced beam

√
z=d [0.5+ (0.25−
k
0.9
)]=460[0.5+ 0.25−
6
0.9√
0.036
]=440.8 mm

M 42.7 × 10 2
A s= = =407.87 mm
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 250× 440.8
Provide 3-R16 (As=603mm2)

Span(bottom): Design as L-Beam

0.7 l 0.7 ×5325
b f =bw + =225+ =597.75 mm
10 10
6
M 59.86× 10
k= 2
= 2
=0.019< 0.156
bf d f cu 597.75 × 460 ×25

√
z=d [0.5+ (0.25−
k
0.9
)]=460[0.5+ 0.25−
0.9√
0.019
]=450.07 mm

hf 200
d− z=460−450.07=9.93<( )=( )
2 2
:The neutral axis(NA) lies within the flange ==> design the beam as rectangular section
6
M 59.86 ×10 2
A s= = =560.01mm
0.95 f y z 0.95 × 250× 450.07
Provide 3-R16 (As=603mm2) or 2R20 (As=628mm2)

Shear Reinforcement
 3
V 65.53 ×10 2
Shear force, v= = =0.63 N /mm
bd 225 × 460
Permissible Shear Stress¿ 0.8 √ f cu=0.8 × √ 25=4 N /mm2
100 A s 100 ×603
= =0.58
bd 225× 460
From Table 3.8 of BS8110
100As/bd 0.50 0.58 0.75
d≥ 400 0.5 0.52* 0.57
(* by interpolation)
:vc=0.52N/mm2. And since v>vc, Shear reinforcement is required.
From Table 3.7 of BS8110, condition 2 applies
A sv 0.4 bv 0.4 ×225
= = =0.38
S v 0.95 f yv 0.95 ×250
c A sv
Provide R10@300mm ( =0.523)
c Sv
Maximum Spacing allowed, 0.75d=0.75 x 460=345mm

R10@300mmC/
C

3R16