Unit – I
Data Modeling: Business Growth-Organisational Model-Case Study of
student MIS-What
is the purpose of such Models-Understanding the business-Types of
models-model
development approach-the case for structural development-advantages of
using a case tool.
System analysis and design-what is DFD-General Rules for Drawing DFD-
Difference
Between Logical data flow diagram and Physical data flow diagram-
Software verses
Information Engineering-How case tools store information.
1. Datamodeling:
How we are modling the business
When a new bussiness comes into gain a profit
Management will take over the responsbility of desingning the detailes
daily
These will be implemented qnd checked for bugs for bussiness growth
2. Bussiness growth:
2 main factors
i) manpower ii) Fund flow
There will be responsible heads in the organization
There will pass accurate information to senior
The various plans of the company can be projectd
So the fundflow will increase, the decisions are made by the
organization based on the
information based by various lvels of heads
Fund flow increase the organization growth of business
The raw material suppliers will increase
Finished product also increase
Fund flow increase
Financial control increase Supplier rawmetrial Mrketting increse
Finished products increase
3. Oraganization model
Oranization model indicates how its business runs
Model Management
Develop model strategy Maintain project model Maintain corarate model
Model can be used to improve the way of business
Its indicate the strength and weakness
The weakness can be evaluated and changed to strengths
Rules: i) shape of the object ii)Relationship between objects
4. Case study: A student MIS system
o There are a lot of computer traning instutes who take in a students . and
train
them in the use of computer
o Computer training institutes will have to adverttise , when a students
reads the
advertisementand join the organization students is conversion
Eg: let’s considr the cost of letter
1. Type of envelope 2. Quality of paper + weight of paper 3. Weight of the
envelope 4. Printing cost for each letter 5. Coast of postage
Disadvantage of hard coding atomic values into program
Hardcode it become impossible to implement changes when it takes
place
A small changes is made at the atomic level it can’t be implemented in
the
computer system without making changes in the source file
IT professionals we have to try and make the applications as flexible as
possible3
5. Purpose of such models:
Once a model of a business is designed senior personal of business can
apply
their knowledge and experience to the model to improve
1. Bottelneck 2. Manpower requirement of the system 3. Financial
requirement
of the system
Documentation:
A business is to document how the business operates ,document can be
studied and
improved if required
6. Understanding the business
Business people and the computer professional have to work together to
create a
computerized system
That can be improve the business better
Structured analysis
Purpose of analysis is to produce a system of specification that define the
structure of the problem.
Analysis and design- produces a best meets user needs
System specification is composed of data-flow diagrams
DFDis the central modeling tool
Improving system quality
7. System designers perspective models can improve the quality of
system analysis
and design
8. Visually reviewing the major functions of the system
9. Easily missing components and organize system structure
10. Transferring personal from one department to another
11. A diagram depicting the transfer of data between programs
Project team co-ordination
These models can depict a high level overview of how a system will
function all team
members can understand responsibility of system
12. Types of models two models i) Business model ii) information system
models
Business model- it represent the business
Information system models- treks the way , in which it will be used
documents the
business function, documents the business function which the information
is accessed.
13. Both model will be graphically represent
14. The interaction between data and process
15. These are the model developed for several layers physical, logical,
conceptual
8.model development approach
The model developer draws on knowledge of the business or system the
business may
provide assistance in answering specific question about the model.
JAD session: Join Application Development session working between
information
systems professionals and the business community model is created by
the group.4
What is CASE tool
Development of special S/W that works on micros, minis and mainframes
called
Computer Aided Software Engineering
The case for structures development
S/W development is an art and a science
CASE technology is the automation of step-by-step methodologies
Development from step-one planning to ongoing maintenance
Planning: Gathering information about user problems and requirements
Analysis: Determine user needs and system constraints testing, gathering
functional
specification
Design: Diagrams and data flow
Implementation: Building, testing, installing and tuning S/W
Maintenance : Implementing plans, tuning, correcting and enhancing
system.
Advantages of using CASE tools
This maybe a simple diagram showing the flow of data between
business
functions.
These models help the system developer in the analysis and design
activities by
displaying system components graphically at various levels.
The methodology link
1. Before 1970’s applications grew more complex and more people got
involved
int the development and maintenance
2. CASE tools are used to support modeling activities
3. CASE tools can automate the generation of the physical database
4. CASE tool can also produce program code
5. This reduce time and optimized code
6. CASE tools provide additional information about the objects
7. CASE tools includes diagramming logic
8. CASE tool have the capability to track additional information about the
objects.
9. Logical errors in system design are trapped and corrected immediately
10. CASE tools embedded with rules.
Casing the market:
CASE tools has one of the highest growth rate many companies buying
multiple
copies of tools
CASE will most likely occur when developers and managers
CASE tools are micro computer based powerful graphics to enhance the
user
interface
System analysis and design:
Introduction:5
A computer can work on a task at very high speed and with great
accuracy when
compared to a human being
Analysis system required we can understand how the system function
and what
are its inputs what kind of processing takes place and what kind of output
is
produced.
Analysis of the manual system helps him design a set of instructions
that will
tell the computer what to do
It is essentially systems analysis prior design, most computer system
will not
produce to kind of output that we require
System analysis and design in the early days was done based on the
programmers personal skills this varied person to person
This method was very personalized this method had several clearly
understandable rules
Its creates the structured diagrams and charts
Structured system analysis and design
1. Structured methodologies help to standardize and systematize s/w
development
and maintenance
2. Strutting produces clear fast- to-write and easy- to- maintain programs
3. At that time data flow diagrams were drawn using plastic templates as
a
diagramming assistance
4. Biggest drawback of structured methodologies their diagramming
techniques
are manual, slow and tedious
5. CASE tool new structured methodologies by providing automated
graphics
facilities for producing charts and diagram screen and report painters,
data dictionaries
extensive reporting facilities analysis and checking tools documentation
generators
and code generators.
6. Diagrams checks the logical error and point these out to the user of the
tool
7. Rules were embedded into the tools this needed the DFD drawn to
become very
accurate and to be used guiding to actual code writing
8. Diagramming tool and the hole S/W package behaved as a tool box
9. A toolbox with a set of sophisticated tools which had a good deal of
intelligence
build
10. The entire toolbox to be called Computer Aided Systems Engineering
The people who pioneered SSAD
Perter Yourdon, Gane sarson, Jackson martinDemarco,Mellor,Hately,Ward
2 methods used SSAD very popular
i) Peter yourdon’s methods,Chris Gane and Trish Sarson’s methods
Planning: Gathering information about user problems and requirements
setting
goals
Analysis: Determining the design for a selected solution,including
diagrams and
dataflow
Design: Detailing the design for a selected colution, including diagrams
and data
flow6
Implementation: Building testing,instaling and tunning s/w
Maintenance: Outlinig and implementing plans tuning,correcting and
enhancing
systems.
Stage
Analysis stage the data gathered is formally entered into CASE tools as
DFD
the data that has been identified for mainpulation is stored in a data
dictionary
File structure is recognized then we can design forms that will be
displayed on screen
to enable the user to key-in data this data keyed it will be then stored in
the file
Hence DFD show us how data moves in the systen CASE tool is used as
very
rigid guide to the actual writing of code.
What is Data Flow Diagram:
DFD are graphical models of entities that need to work together in
harmony for the
systems model to work correctly, these diagram help the designer
visualize the flow of
data in a manual process and how it will move in an equivalent computer
process
External entity
What data has to be stored processed and converted into information in
which
the data is to be stored processed and converted into information
Process
Data it can be transfrmed into processed into output data single process
can be
exploded into several processes data is converted into information
Datastore
Stores the data has been processed the data that comes out of processing
General rules for drawing DFD
Input7
1. Any DFD leaving a process must be based on data that are input to the
process
2. All DFD are named their name reflects the data flowing between to
perform the
process should be an input to the process
3. Only data needed to perform the process should be an input to the
process
4. Be independent of any other process in the system it should depend
upon it
own input and output
5. Process are always running they do not start or stop process is always
ready to
perform work
6. Output of the process can take any of the following forms
a) An input DFD with information added by the process
b) A response or change of data from dollarsto profit
c) Change of status
d) Change of content
e) Change of organization
Difference between logical DFD and Physical DFD
Logical Physical
Logical DFD are drawn keeping Physical DFD drawn with
in mind how the work is going to be done reference to who is goging to
do the work
Mainly focus on the process which will
Do the work Physical DFD has to replac the
process in the logical DFD by
the logical DFD
by the people who are doing
the process
The Physical DFD bring the human being in picture
designer is completely satisfied that the DFD
is correct and that code written based not the DFD wil work without logival
errors Intraction between the
human being of thes/w, data
entry screens are necessary
Software versus information engineering:
Logical program design is separate from physical design
s/w engineering supports data flow , tree structured and procedural logic
diagrams and screen report8
diagram include those showing entity relationship data structures,
hierarchical tree-structured decomposition, data flow dependency,
screen and report layouts and detailed program logic
How case store information
Any application will undergo an initial stage of system analysis
and design
Application stored in case
App1 App2 APP n
For any new application that is created in a case tool a sub-directory has
to be
created for it this subdirectory will contain all the information that is
related to
that application directory will act like a dictionary for application designer .
With in the CASE tool there is a centralized storage location this is termed
as a
data dictionary
Data dictionary also track the various components of the model
It capable of displaying the graphic files as well as the textual files
Data object of the model can be classified in ten categories
1. Screens 2. Fields 3. Records 4.Diagram 5. Processes 6. Repositories’ 7.
Connectors 8.Symbols 9.Plain objects 10. Reserved object
The data dictionary also stores information of the data objects related to
their attributes data structures data elements
Data dictionary split into two parts
Definition Diagrams
Data dictionary9
One part of the data dictionary that will store information related to the
case tools it will be
stored in the system directory
The second part contains data that is stored for a project data dictionary
also contain linkages
between these data objects.
