Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) is a systems approach to the

analysis and design of information systems. SSADM was produced for the Central Computer
and Telecommunications Agency (now Office of Government Commerce), a UK government
office concerned with the use of technology in government, from 1980 onwards.

Overview

SSADM is a waterfall method by which an Information System design can be arrived at.
SSADM can be thought to represent a pinnacle of the rigorous document-led approach to
system design, and contrasts with more contemporary Rapid Application Development
methods such as DSDM.

SSADM is one particular implementation and builds on the work of different schools of
structured analysis and development methods, such as Peter Checkland's Soft Systems
Methodology, Larry Constantine's Structured Design, Edward Yourdon's Yourdon Structured
Method, Michael A. Jackson's Jackson Structured Programming, and Tom DeMarco's
Structured Analysis.

The names "Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method" and "SSADM" are now
Registered Trade Marks of the Office of Government Commerce (OGC), which is an Office
of the United Kingdom's Treasury.[citation needed]

History

• 1980: Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) evaluate analysis

and design methods.
• 1981: Learmonth & Burchett Management Systems (LBMS) method chosen from
shortlist of five.
• 1983: SSADM made mandatory for all new information system developments
• 1984: Version 2 of SSADM released
• 1986: Version 3 of SSADM released, adopted by NCC
• 1988: SSADM Certificate of Proficiency launched, SSADM promoted as ‘open’
standard
• 1989: Moves towards Euromethod, launch of CASE products certification scheme
• 1990: Version 4 launched
 • 1993: SSADM V4 Standard and Tools Conformance Scheme Launched
• 1995: SSADM V4+ announced, V4.2 launched

SSADM techniques

The three most important techniques that are used in SSADM are:

Logical Data Modeling

This is the process of identifying, modeling and documenting the data requirements of
the system being designed. The data are separated into entities (things about which a
business needs to record information) and relationships (the associations between the
entities).
Data Flow Modeling
This is the process of identifying, modeling and documenting how data moves around
an information system. Data Flow Modeling examines processes (activities that
transform data from one form to another), data stores (the holding areas for data),
external entities (what sends data into a system or receives data from a system), and
data flows (routes by which data can flow).
Entity Behavior Modeling
This is the process of identifying, modeling and documenting the events that affect
each entity and the sequence in which these events occur.

Stages

The SSADM method involves the application of a sequence of analysis, documentation and
design tasks concerned with the following.

Stage 0 - Feasibility study

In order to determine whether or not a given project is feasible, there must be some form of
investigation into the goals and implications of the project. For very small scale projects this
may not be necessary at all as the scope of the project is easily apprehended. In larger
projects, the feasibility may be done but in an informal sense, either because there is not time
for a formal study or because the project is a “must-have” and will have to be done one way
or the other.
When a feasibility study is carried out, there are four main areas of consideration:

• Technical - is the project technically possible?

• Financial - can the business afford to carry out the project?
• Organizational - will the new system be compatible with existing practices?
• Ethical - is the impact of the new system socially acceptable?

To answer these questions, the feasibility study is effectively a condensed version of a fully-
blown systems analysis and design. The requirements and users are analyzed to some extent,
some business options are drawn up and even some details of the technical implementation.

The product of this stage is a formal feasibility study document. SSADM specifies the
sections that the study should contain including any preliminary models that have been
constructed and also details of rejected options and the reasons for their rejection.

Stage 1 - Investigation of the current environment

This is one of the most important stages of SSADM. The developers of SSADM understood
that though the tasks and objectives of a new system may be radically different from the old
system, the underlying data will probably change very little. By coming to a full
understanding of the data requirements at an early stage, the remaining analysis and design
stages can be built up on a firm foundation.

In almost all cases there is some form of current system even if it is entirely composed of
people and paper. Through a combination of interviewing employees, circulating
questionnaires, observations and existing documentation, the analyst comes to full
understanding of the system as it is at the start of the project. This serves many purposes:

• the analyst learns the terminology of the business, what users do and how they do it
• the old system provides the core requirements for the new system
• faults, errors and areas of inefficiency are highlighted and their reparation added to
the requirements
• the data model can be constructed
• the users become involved and learn the techniques and models of the analyst
• the boundaries of the system can be defined
The products of this stage are:

• Users Catalogue describing all the users of the system and how they interact with it
• Requirements Catalogues detailing all the requirements of the new system
• Current Services Description further composed of
• Current environment logical data structure (ERD)
• Context diagram (DFD)
• Levelled set of DFDs for current logical system
• Full data dictionary including relationship between data stores and entities

To produce the models, the analyst works through the construction of the models as we have
described. However, the first set of data-flow diagrams (DFDs) are the current physical
model, that is, with full details of how the old system is implemented. The final version is the
current logical model which is essentially the same as the current physical but with all
reference to implementation removed together with any redundancies such as repetition of
process or data.

In the process of preparing the models, the analyst will discover the information that makes
up the users and requirements catalogues.

Stage 2 - Business system options

Having investigated the current system, the analyst must decide on the overall design of the
new system. To do this, he or she, using the outputs of the previous stage, develops a set of
business system options. These are different ways in which the new system could be
produced varying from doing nothing to throwing out the old system entirely and building an
entirely new one. The analyst may hold a brainstorming session so that as many and various
ideas as possible are generated.

The ideas are then collected to form a set of two or three different options which are
presented to the user. The options consider the following:

• the degree of automation

• the boundary between the system and the users
• the distribution of the system, for example, is it centralized to one office or spread out
across several?
 • cost/benefit
• impact of the new system

Where necessary, the option will be documented with a logical data structure and a level 1
data-flow diagram.

The users and analyst together choose a single business option. This may be one of the ones
already defined or may be a synthesis of different aspects of the existing options. The output
of this stage is the single selected business option together with all the outputs of stage 1.

Stage 3 - Requirements specification

This is probably the most complex stage in SSADM. Using the requirements developed in
stage 1 and working within the framework of the selected business option, the analyst must
develop a full logical specification of what the new system must do. The specification must
be free from error, ambiguity and inconsistency. By logical, we mean that the specification
does not say how the system will be implemented but rather describes what the system will
do.

To produce the logical specification, the analyst builds the required logical models for both
the data-flow diagrams (DFDs) and the entity relationship diagrams (ERDs). These are used
to produce function definitions of every function which the users will require of the system,
entity life-histories (ELHs) and effect correspondence diagrams, these are models of how
each event interacts with the system, a complement to entity life-histories. These are
continually matched against the requirements and where necessary, the requirements are
added to and completed.

The product of this stage is a complete Requirements Specification document which is made
up of:

• the updated Data Catalogue

• the updated Requirements Catalogue
• the Processing Specification which in turn is made up of
• user role/function matrix
• function definitions
• required logical data model
 • entity life-histories
• effect correspondence diagrams

Though some of these items may be unfamiliar to you, it is beyond the scope of this unit to
go into them in great detail.

Stage 4 - Technical system options

This stage is the first towards a physical implementation of the new system. Like the
Business System Options, in this stage a large number of options for the implementation of
the new system are generated. This is honed down to two or three to present to the user from
which the final option is chosen or synthesised.

However, the considerations are quite different being:

• the hardware architectures

• the software to use
• the cost of the implementation
• the staffing required
• the physical limitations such as a space occupied by the system
• the distribution including any networks which that may require
• the overall format of the human computer interface

All of these aspects must also conform to any constraints imposed by the business such as
available money and standardisation of hardware and software.

The output of this stage is a chosen technical system option.

Stage 5 - Logical design

Though the previous level specifies details of the implementation, the outputs of this stage
are implementation-independent and concentrate on the requirements for the human computer
interface.

The three main areas of activity are the definition of the user dialogues. These are the main
interfaces with which the users will interact with the system. The logical design specifies the
main methods of interaction in terms of menu structures and command structures.
The other two activities are concerned with analyzing the effects of events in updating the
system and the need to make enquiries about the data on the system. Both of these use the
events, function descriptions and effect correspondence diagrams produced in stage 3 to
determine precisely how to update and read data in a consistent and secure way.

The product of this stage is the logical design which is made up of:

• Data catalogue
• Required logical data structure

Logical process model which includes dialogues and model for the update and enquiry
processes

Stage 6 - Physical design

This is the final stage where all the logical specifications of the system are converted to
descriptions of the system in terms of real hardware and software. This is a very technical
stage and an simple overview is presented here.

The logical data structure is converted into a physical architecture in terms of database
structures. The exact structure of the functions and how they are implemented is specified.
The physical data structure is optimized where necessary to meet size and performance
requirements.

The product is a complete Physical Design which could tell software engineers how to build
the system in specific details of hardware and software and to the appropriate standards.

Advantages and disadvantages

Using this methodology involves a significant undertaking which may not be suitable to all
projects.

The main advantages of SSADM are:

• Three different views of the system

• Mature
• Separation of logical and physical aspects of the system
 • Well-defined techniques and documentation
• User involvement

The size of SSADM is a big hindrance to using it in all circumstances. There is a large
investment in cost and time in training people to use the techniques. The learning curve is
considerable as not only are there several modeling techniques to come to terms with, but
there are also a lot of standards for the preparation and presentation of documents.