제

Preface

300

300 500
6
Contents
DAY 01 4 DAY 31 64
DAY 02 6 DAY 32 66
DAY 03 8 DAY 33 68
DAY 04 10 DAY 34 70
DAY 05 12 DAY 35 72
DAY 06 14 DAY 36 74
DAY 07 16 DAY 37 76
DAY 08 18 DAY 38 78
DAY 09 20 DAY 39 80
DAY 10 22 DAY 40 82
DAY 11 24 DAY 41 84
DAY 12 26 DAY 42 86
DAY 13 28 DAY 43 88
DAY 14 30 DAY 44 90
DAY 15 32 DAY 45 92
DAY 16 34 DAY 46 94
DAY 17 36 DAY 47 96
DAY 18 38 DAY 48 98
DAY 19 40 DAY 49 100
DAY 20 42 DAY 50 102
DAY 21 44 DAY 51 104
DAY 22 46 DAY 52 106
DAY 23 48 DAY 53 108
DAY 24 50 DAY 54 110
DAY 25 52 DAY 55 112
DAY 26 54 DAY 56 114
DAY 27 56 DAY 57 116
DAY 28 58 DAY 58 118
DAY 29 60 DAY 59 120
DAY 30 62 DAY 60 122
 DAY 01 2.

In cultures where circular time is given as much attention

as linear time, people’s lives are far more relaxed and
1. stress-free. Most traditional aboriginal people work far
fewer hours, at most two or three days out of each week.
Some experts have proposed a hygiene hypothesis to
And this is not working as we understand it; they visit,
explain the dramatic recent increase in allergies. Thanks
hang out, talk and gossip, ensuring that the social cement
to hygiene, antibiotics, and too little outdoor play, the
that holds their society together is in good order. To live
theory suggests, children don’t get exposed to microbes
with circular time is to let go of deadlines. Circular time
as they once did. This may lead them to develop immune
encourages meditation, idling, and play. It is often one
systems that overreact to substances that aren’t actually
of the biggest surprises for people who take their foot
threatening — causing allergies. In the same way, by
off the pedal, to find a richer, simpler, and more
shielding children from every possible risk, we may
rewarding life. Their bodies are rested, they enjoy better
lead them to react with exaggerated fear to situations
health and they smile more. They’re harmonious with
that aren’t risky at all, or we may isolate them from
the world, and breathe easier than people living with
experiences that they will one day have to go through
linear time. More often they create, play and remember
anyway. Of course, children do need protection from
what it was like to be a child, where the journey from A
real dangers. But at least anecdotally, many children
to B was seldom straight and never narrow. Their ability
now seem to feel surprisingly and irrationally fragile,
to access subtle details increases. They breathe in the
fearful, and vulnerable. Drawing the line between
world.
allowing recklessness and instilling courage isn’t easy.
But we should learn from the hygiene hypothesis. focus on the future
work well with others
endure stressful conditions
are able to enjoy their lives
are content with their routines

3.
Most often, you will find or meet people who introduce
themselves in terms of their work or by what they spend
time on. These people introduce themselves as a
salesman or an executive. There is nothing criminal in
doing this, but psychologically, we become what we
believe. People who follow this practice tend to lose
their individuality and begin to live with the notion that
they are recognized by the job they do. However, jobs
may not be permanent, and you may lose your job for a
countless number of reasons, some of which you may
not even be responsible for. In such cases, these people
suffer from an inevitable social and mental trauma,
leading to emotional stress and a feeling that all of a
sudden they have been disassociated from what once
was their .

goal property identity

background capability

4
4. 5.
Though economic considerations are of great This is not to say, of course, that we regularly catalog
importance, technological realities remain most all possible happenings in our minds before entering
important in determining how engineering shapes a such situations, so that we are prepared for anything
product. and everything.

(A) Exploring such difficulties involving numerous Our knowledge of who is doing what in a situation allows
opposing goals and seeing how engineers and others us to make reasonably accurate guesses about the actual
have wrestled with the problems helps us to better behavior of others. We enter a doctor’s examining
understand the interaction between engineering, room, for instance, knowing who the patient is, who the
economics, and the environment. A single aluminum doctor is, and who the nurse is. We know that medical
can in isolation is one thing, but in the context of its talk and activity will take place, and that we may be asked
billions of clones the aluminum can is quite another. to lie on a table or to take deep breaths. We can
(B) For example, in designing a drink container, not prepare for what the doctor may ask us to do, what
only must engineers fashion a can that will hold the questions will be asked, and what her manner will be.
drink without contaminating it or allowing it to leak We do not, in fact, imagine everything that will take
after rough shipping and handling, but they must also place, nor do we attempt to do so, nor could we do so.
make the can easy to open and pour or drink from. But we do entertain at least a few thoughts about
(C) Furthermore, while aluminum cans are a great what may take place — we imagine what is going to
convenience, they also represent an enormous potential happen — and we get our ideas about what may happen
waste of raw materials and energy, and getting rid of from our understanding of the perspectives provided by
them raises significant issues of litter and waste disposal. roles and situations.
contaminate clone

(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C) p. 2

(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)

DAY 01 5
 DAY 02 2.
People regularly do a kind of backwards thinking, and
really believe it. One of the most famous examples in
psychological research is cognitive dissonance. This is
1. the idea that people don’t like to hold two inconsistent
ideas to be true at the same time. Studies conducted
Speaking is intrinsically social. Whether it comes from
more than half a century ago find that when people are
a person or a machine, speech activates a powerful and
induced into behaviour that is inconsistent with their
varied cognitive apparatus that is designed to express
beliefs, they simply change their beliefs to match. It’s
and recognize who a person is and what she or he is
like when someone ends up spending too much on a
thinking and feeling. Although people have separate
new car. Instead of feeling bad about the clash between
parts of the brain that are devoted to each social
their original plan and what they’ve actually done, they
judgment and each aspect of speech production and
prefer to convince themselves that the car is worth the
understanding, people do not have separate parts of the
extra money. This is a result of our natural desire to
brain for human speech and technology-generated
maintain consistency between our thoughts and actions.
speech. Even when voice interfaces exhibit all of the
We all want to be right, and one thing we should all be
limitations associated with machines — including odd
able to be right about being ourselves. Backwards
pronunciations, emotional ignorance, and chronic
thinking allows us to do just that.
inconsistencies — they are not exempted from the
dissonance
social expectations that are activated by talking and
listening. When technologies, regardless of quality, fail
to conform to social norms, users experience confusion,
frustration, and cognitive exhaustion and question the
competence, utility, and enjoyability of the system.
Socially inept interfaces suffer the same fate as socially
inept individuals: they are ineffective, criticized, and
3.
shunned.
shun One of the most important goals you can have in the
transition from high school to college is to sample
impact of technology-generated speech on the brain widely from the academic offerings at your college.
difficulties of communicating using machine-made Even the most elite prep schools do not have the range
speech of departments found at most colleges. Your high school
differences between human speech and machine-made probably didn’t have a sociologist or an anthropologist
speech on the faculty. But your ignorance about their
social norms of speech and listening in human disciplines, just from lack of exposure to them, could
interaction cost you. It’s entirely possible that you’d be a happy and
reasons why human-machine interaction should follow successful anthropology major, but since you don’t
social norms know what that means, you don’t bother exploring it.
So, when you arrive on campus, make it a point to
. You might
find an academic home you never knew was there.
prep school

make your major as enjoyable as possible

learn about unfamiliar areas and disciplines
join a study group to improve your social skills
participate in many school events and activities
break down your studying into simple chunks

6
4. 5.
The wildflowers of spring are beloved by all who enjoy
nature. The color they bring to the landscape after In the less hierarchical and less bounded networked
winter’s long period of browns, grays, and white makes environment — where special knowledge is more in
the heart sing and spirits rise, drawing wildflower lovers dispute than in the past and where relationships are less
into the woods each spring to seek them out. However, stable — there is more uncertainty about whom and
by the time summer arrives, we seem to have become what information sources to trust. The explosion of
accustomed to nature’s multihued palette, and sadly, the information and information sources has had the
wildflowers of summer tend to get less of our attention. paradoxical impact of pushing people on the path of
Yet the natural history of summer-blooming flowers greater reliance on their networks. It might seem that
is every bit as interesting as that of spring wildflowers, the abundance of information that organizations provide
and in some cases more so because of the greater on the Internet would prompt people to rely less on their
diversity of insects present during the summer months. friends and colleagues for facts and advice. Yet it turns
The richness of the flowers reaches its peak in out that the increasing amount of information pouring
summer, making it possible for natural pollinators to into people’s lives leads them to turn to their social
store their fuel before hibernation during the winter. networks to make sense of it. The result is that as people
That is, the interrelationships between flowers, the gather information to help them make choices, they
insects that visit them, and the predators and parasites of cycle back and forth between Internet searches and
those insects can be even more extensive than those discussion with the members of their social networks,
involving spring wildflowers. using in-person conversations, phone chats, and e-mails
multihued hibernation to exchange opinions and weigh options.
paradoxical

As information is becoming increasingly

(A) in today’s world, people are turning
away from organizations and toward social networks
to (B) it.

(A) (B)
abundant …… produce
abundant …… interpret
technical …… criticize
biased …… produce
biased …… interpret

p. 4

DAY 02 7
 DAY 03 2.
Increasing commercialization is the main cause of
changing social structures. Consider traditional
farmers, who see rice as a gift from the gods and the
1. very support of life.
Generalizations are similar to stereotypes. In the
(A) Eventually, they adopt the same attitude as many
stereotype there exists one small kernel of truth, but that
farmers in industrialized nations who see producing
truth does not tell the whole tale. Relying on that one
food simply as a means to make money. A successful
little truth to reach a conclusion distorts the whole truth.
rice crop becomes nothing more than the result of
In writing, relying on broad generalizations alone
spending money on fertilizers, pesticides, machinery or
. Oddly enough, in
irrigation.
fact, generalizations are a necessary starting point for
(B) When farmers start growing rice for profit rather
stating an overview of your basic message. For example:
than for themselves, they gradually become less inclined
There are indications that business is improving. The
to spend resources such as time, money, and rice to
challenge for this statement will be to add supporting
celebrate traditional religious beliefs.
facts consisting of numerical data, such as recent sales
(C) These farming communities organize their society
figures, surveys of consumer buying trends, and factual
and religious festivals around the annual cycle of rice
proof of additional or resurgent interest in your
growing. But commercialization breaks down this
company’s products or services (possibly including
traditional culture bit by bit.
professional opinions from sales representatives and
irrigation
buyers to support sales or production data). So although
generalizations can serve as initial foundations of (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
thought, they can never serve as conclusive ones as well (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
without hard, supporting evidence. (C) – (B) – (A)

is acceptable in some circumstances

is important to make a specific point
is likely to undermine your credibility
is attempting to appeal to inappropriate authority 3.
is guaranteed to deny the premise of your argument Most of all, video games are excellent for developing
visual awareness.

Some of the skills and abilities that are encouraged in

video games are useful for many different purposes.
( ) For example, recent studies show that they can
significantly improve a surgeon’s skill in using her
hands when performing operations. ( ) Also, playing
video games has been shown to increase short-term
memory of people in test groups. ( ) The reason for
this is that most games require players to spread their
attention over the screen in order to quickly detect and
react to changing events. ( ) In fact, playing video
games may trigger previously inactive genes that are
important for developing neural pathways necessary for
spatial attention. ( ) Research is now suggesting that
playing video games could even increase attention spans
rather than reduce them.

8
[4~5] 4.
Research suggests that people in the United States Pressed for Time? Manage Working Hours
spend about four hours more per week engaging in Why You Need to Increase Your Time Scarcity
leisure than they did in the 1960s, while work hours Time is Money Work Hard While You’re Young
have remained relatively constant. Thus, our sense Time Is More Tight When You’re Feeling More Rich
that we have less free time now than people did in Lack of Leisure Is Busyness the New Status Symbol?
earlier decades may be largely an (a) illusion.
In a study at the University of Toronto, students
played the role of consultants, performing tasks for
various offices of a imaginary company and billing
their time in six-minute intervals. Half the students
billed the company 15 cents per minute ($9/hour) for
their time, while the others billed the company $1.50 5.
per minute ($90/hour). Afterward, students who
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
billed the company at the higher rate reported feeling
(b) more pressed for time — even though they had
completed the same tasks for the same amount of p. 6
time as students who billed at the lower rate. In other
words, making students’ time worth a lot of money
was all it took to turn them into stressed-out, time-
squeezed consultants.
Why might this be? It’s because scarcity increases
value. And conversely, when something is valuable,
it is typically perceived to be scarce. As time becomes
worth more money, people see that time as increasingly
scarce. This (c) objective time perception may help
explain why Americans report feeling more rushed
for time than in earlier decades. (d) Rising incomes
over the past decades have made time relatively more
valuable. The same pattern holds within any one
individual’s lifetime. Until retirement, most people
get wealthier as they age, potentially helping to
account for why our lives feel (e) busier than when
we were younger.

DAY 03 9
 DAY 04 2.
In one study, psychologists Davis, Woolley, and Bruell
presented children with a sequence of pictures
illustrating a story about a girl, a bird, and a butterfly.
1. The final picture depicted the girl with the bird nearby.
The girl was waving her arms as if to fly, and a “thought
Existential exhaustion sets in when life seems to lose its
bubble” above the girl’s head indicated that she was
meaning, and the solution to this is to find greater
thinking about the butterfly. Children were asked which
purpose. But while we often think this purpose needs to
of the two animals the girl was pretending to be. The
be something grand and overarching, it can actually be
girl’s flying actions were consistent with both the bird
telescoped down to something small and specific: get
and the butterfly, so if the children did not understand
this project done; mark off these to-dos; take a step with
that pretending involves thinking about something, they
that goal. Activity focuses it down a single avenue in the
should have chosen randomly between the two animals.
present. In the midst of effort, you exist only in the here
However, even 3-year-olds were quite successful at
and now. Taking action, any action, regenerates “the
this task, and 4- and 5-year-olds performed perfectly.
sense of vitality,” William James says, “making the
This study suggests that by age 3, children have begun
individual feel alive again.” Any sense of progress, of
to understand that the act of pretending involves
effectively impacting the environment, of moving things
. This understanding improves
from open to closed, from chaotic to organized, from
with age, and seems to be relatively well established by
undone to finished — anything which reminds you that
about age 5.
you are an efficacious being — can help you catch an
existential second wind. This explains the strangely communicative skills mental representation
cathartic boost that comes from simply decluttering our background information learning by imitation
houses. real-life experience
efficacious declutter

3.
Why do insects become resistant to a particular
pesticide? In any population of plants and insects there
will always be that rare individual which survives
exposure to a toxic agent. For example, if the pesticide
works by blocking a specific enzyme, then it might be
that this one individual has a slightly different
arrangement of atoms around the enzyme’s active site,
and this prevents the toxin from gaining access. That
being so, then its descendants will also have that
protection and within a few years a significant population
of resistant insects will defeat the efforts of the farmer
to kill them off. If the resistant gene is dominant
enough, it will spread throughout the entire species of
insect. Moreover, pesticides have reduced the number
of beneficial insects, such as bees and other pollinators,
due to acute exposure to chemicals. More worrying is
that the resistant gene not only blocks this particular
pesticide but may block other pesticides as well.
enzyme active site

10
4. 5.
Empathy could be a highly generalized characteristic By doing this, he was able to prove that all the people
in that people who are empathic toward animals who had died of cholera had been drinking water
would be more likely to be empathic toward people. from the same pump on Broad Street.

(A) Unfortunately, however, a lack of empathy may also John Snow was a doctor who developed a link between
be a general characteristic of some people; little concern cholera and dirty water in 1854. ( ) He was not able to
or care is shown toward victims of distress, human or prove that dirty water caused cholera because germ
animal. There is also the possibility that empathy is theory hadn’t been developed at that point. ( ) Instead,
more specific. he mapped out all the cases of cholera from the most
(B) Some people may be highly empathic toward the recent outbreak and investigated the water supplies of
suffering of other human beings but insensible to or homes and businesses where cholera had not caused any
unconcerned with animal distress. The opposite may deaths. ( ) For example, he discovered that all the
also occur in cases where a person has great affection workers at the local brewery drank beer or water from
and empathy for animals but cares little for the concerns the brewery’s own well, and none of them were
and welfare of other people. affected by the cholera outbreak. ( ) He insisted that
(C) This inclination makes sense if we assume that the handle be removed from this pump to prevent
many of the processes underlying empathy (a living anybody else from drinking from it. ( ) After the
creature is involved, distress cues can be perceived and removal of the handle, the cholera outbreak subsided,
correctly identified, relieving the distress of another is a thus proving Snow’s theory that it had been caused by
valued trait) are applicable to both people and animals. the water in that particular well.
brewery
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)
p. 8

DAY 04 11
 DAY 05 2.
If an animal is innately programmed for some type of
behavior, then there are likely to be biological clues.
It is no accident that fish have bodies which are
1. streamlined and smooth, with fins and a powerful tail.
Their bodies are structurally adapted for moving fast
Some people think poorly of people who create fanciful
through the water. Similarly, if you found a dead bird or
dreams or ideas. But many, perhaps most, of our waking
mosquito, you could guess by looking at its wings that
hours are spent in dreams. We daydream when driving,
flying was its normal mode of transport. However, we
when walking, when cooking dinner, when getting
must not be over-optimistic. Biological clues are not
dressed in the morning, and when staring off into space
essential. The extent to which they are found varies
at work. Whenever the mind is not absorbed in a
from animal to animal and from activity to activity. For
mentally demanding task — say, writing a paragraph on
example, it is impossible to guess from their bodies that
an exam or doing some difficult calculations — it will
birds make nests, and, sometimes, animals behave in a
get restless and skip off into la-la land. Clever scientific
way quite similar to what might be expected from
studies involving beepers and diaries suggest that an
their physical form: ghost spiders have tremendously
average daydream is about fourteen seconds long and
long legs, yet they weave webs out of very short strands.
that we have about two thousand of them per day. In
To a human observer, their legs seem a great hindrance
other words, we spend about half of our waking hours
as they spin and move about the web.
— one-third of our lives on Earth — spinning fantasies.
We daydream about the past: things we should have said
or done, working through our victories and failures. We
also daydream about mundane stuff, such as imagining
different ways of handling a conflict at work.

Imagination An Awesome Mental Tool 3.

Daydreaming Is Our Mind’s Natural State
What is the best order for a report, paper or other
How Can We Change Unhealthy Mindsets?
technical document? Of course, it must be logical; but
How Can We Stop Dreaming When We Wake?
that means simply that the paper must have connection
Controversy of Daydreaming Dead End or Bliss
and sequence, and a variety of orders are possible under
this heading. Too many writers interpret the term logical
to mean chronological, and it has become habitual to
begin reports and papers with careful reviews of
previous work. Usually, this is tactically weak. Most
readers of reports and papers are reading the documents
because they are interested in, and know something
about, the subject. Therefore, to them the findings of
previous work are . The
interesting thing for them is the new information —
the new findings and conclusions. So it is usually best
to start with those pieces of information. To give a long
chronological account of work or procedures is
normally appropriate only when the essential point of
the paper is the chronological sequence.

creative outlets safety precautions

powerful motivators a detailed summary
unnecessary reminders

12
4. 5.
Streams generally contain an abundant supply of
oxygen which is almost uniform throughout, even when You can’t have a democracy if you can’t talk with your
there are no green plants, because of the large surface neighbors about matters of mutual interest or concern.
exposed to air and constant motion of water. This helps Thomas Jefferson, who had an enduring interest in
in easy respiration. Because of this reason, the animals democracy, came to a similar conclusion. He was
in running water are sensitive to reduced oxygen prescient in understanding the dangers of concentrated
content. Therefore, stream communities are especially power, whether in corporations or in political leaders or
sensitive to any type of organic pollution which reduces exclusionary political institutions. Direct involvement
the oxygen supply. Policy makers must constantly of citizens was what had made the American Revolution
work to balance the concerns of a sensitive environment possible and given the new republic vitality and hope
with those of developing economies struggling to for the future. Without that involvement, the republic
compete globally. When organic matter from sewage would die. Eventually, he saw a need for the nation to be
or waste from a paper mill is dumped in large quantities subdivided into “wards” — political units so small that
into streams, the oxygen in the water is consumed or everyone living there could participate directly in the
used up in the bacterial decay process. Stream political process. The representatives for each ward in
pollution of this type is one of the most important the capital would have to be responsive to citizens
problems in heavily populated and industrialized organized in this way. A vibrant democracy conducted
regions. locally would then provide the active basic unit for the
respiration democratic life of the republic. With that kind of
involvement, the republic might survive and prosper.
prescient

Thomas Jefferson argued for a form of (A)

government that stressed (B) direct
involvement in civic affairs.

(A) (B)
local …… citizens’
local …… representatives’
independent …… ministers’
centralized …… citizens’
centralized …… representatives’

p. 10

DAY 05 13
 DAY 06 2.
The analogy below allows us to recognize that moral
progress is possible. Before the invention of the
microscope, people had no tools for seeing
1. microscopic creatures and, consequently, made
inaccurate judgments regarding the causes of disease.
It’s so much easier to reach your hand into a cookie jar
without thinking about it if that jar is easily accessible
(A) Similarly, in the moral sphere, when people don’t
and visible. That is the type of a scenario that you want
have the tools needed for perceiving the rightness or
to avoid when .
wrongness of something, they make judgments that are
Take for an example the case of distraction caused by
less accurate than they would be if they had such tools.
the most notorious of modern-day diversions — the
(B) With the invention of the microscope, however,
mobile phone. While you’re at your desk, typing away
scientists were able to perceive entities they’d previously
on your computer for a soon-due report — or attempting
been unable to and, as a result, were able to make
to, more like — your phone sits just beside your
improved judgments — many of which we still accept
keyboard. This arrangement makes it oh-so-easy for
today.
your hand to alight on your phone whenever you pause
(C) We can see then, for instance, how the limited
to think what to type next, and the next thing you know,
perspective of some people in 19th-century America led
you’re trapped in an endless cycle of scrolling through
them to conclude that racism was acceptable and how
Facebook memes, bingeing on YouTube videos, and
our wider perspective these days enables us to recognize
chatting with your friends over WhatsApp.
how terribly mistaken that earlier judgment was.
meme
analogy
focusing on one thing at a time
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
eliminating hazards in the workplace
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
designing an environment for discipline
(C) – (B) – (A)
exploring the strategic use of digital tools
trying to overcome the resistance to change

14
3. [4~5]
All these changes allow the small-sized animal to Scientists are not, as many believe, primarily
survive long periods without any food and decrease concerned about discovering and gathering facts.
the need for fuel. Rather, researchers ask crucial questions about the
natural world and then try to answer them by
Some animals hibernate to conserve energy and decrease proposing hypotheses — creative insights about what
the need for food. Prior to hibernation, an animal will the (a) truthful responses to those questions might
generally feed to build up a store of fat. be. What really separates the scientific method
( ) When the animal hibernates, its body functions from other ways of knowing is its (b) reliance on
slow down considerably. ( ) For example, the the rigorous testing of each hypothesis by
heartbeat of a dormouse, with body lengths of about experimentation or by the gathering of additional
10cm, slows down to just a beat every few minutes. observations; the explicit intent of the test is to
( ) Also, its breathing becomes slow and its body determine whether the hypothesis is false or true. If
temperature drops to just a few degrees above the the test results (c) agree with the prediction, then the
temperature of ground around it. ( ) It would, hypothesis being evaluated is disproved, meaning
however, be a mistake to think that all hibernating that it cannot be a legitimate account of reality. Then
animals sleep for the whole winter. ( ) In fact, many it is either (d) modified into a new hypothesis that is
animals hibernate for short spurts during the winter, and compatible with the test findings or discarded
they may wake for an interval of mild weather or as altogether and replaced by other, still-to-be-tested
often as three or four times a day. hypotheses. Keep in mind, however, that agreement
hibernate dormouse between expected and experimental test results is not
proof that the hypothesis is true. Rather, it means only
that the hypothesis continues to be a valid version of
reality for the time being. It may not survive the next
test. If a hypothesis repeatedly (e) avoids disproof,
then scientists regard it as a close approximation of
reality.

4.
How to Make a Perfect Hypothesis
Science Not a Product but a Process
Science Offers Insights into the Future
Only Through Tests Can the Truth Be Revealed
Reality Can’t Keep Up with the Science Anymore

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p. 12

DAY 06 15
 DAY 07 2.

Laura is in a casino watching people play roulette. The

38 slots on the roulette wheel include 18 black numbers,
1. 18 red numbers, and 2 green numbers. Hence, on any
one spin, the probability of red or black is slightly less
During the late 1950s when we aimed to discover how
than 50-50 (47.4 to be exact). Although Laura hasn’t
information encoded within DNA molecules is
been betting, she has been following the pattern of
expressed in cells, the answers had to be sought at the
results in the game very carefully. The ball has landed
molecular level. So it was a no-brainer to have my
on red seven times in a row. Laura concludes that black
prospective students acquire strong backgrounds in
is long overdue and she jumps into the game, betting
chemistry to complement their strengths as future
heavily on black. Do you agree with Laura’s reasoning?
biologists. We professors should have our students
A great many people tend to believe that Laura has
master subjects outside their expertise. During their first
made a good bet. However, they’re wrong. People
graduate year I made sure that my students (majoring in
believe that the laws of probability should yield
biology) took rigorous courses in physical and organic
fair results and that a random process must be
chemistry. They might later use only a small fraction of
self-correcting. These aren’t bad assumptions in the
this expertise, but they would never feel unqualified for
long run. However, they don’t apply to individual,
experimentation at the molecular level. I believe that the
independent events. As statisticians say, “The roulette
best way to prepare our students for the independence
wheel does not remember its recent results.”
they all want is by seeing that they are exposed to
peripheral disciplines and to the technologies needed to Fortune often favors one number over another.
move from the present to the future. Each spin of the wheel is an independent event.
Knowing the future is correctly analyzing the present.
The roulette wheel doesn’t select numbers randomly.
The odds of winning increase with every loss.

16
3. 4.
A major economic motivation of balanced reciprocity is The modern, consumer-oriented society, with its
to exchange surplus goods and services for those that urban lifestyle, expectations of high service levels,
are in short supply. Shortfalls and surpluses can result and understanding that everything is for sale, has a
from different levels of technology, environmental significant impact on tourism.
variations, or different production capacities. But
whatever the cause, balanced reciprocity enables both (A) It revitalizes local traditions and authenticity,
parties in the exchange to maximize their consumption. promotes cultural awareness, and creates new systems
The Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico exemplify balanced of values and power. One must only know which
reciprocity in the exchange of both goods and services. elements of culture are for sale and tourist consumption,
According to social custom, a man is expected to which are not, and which need to be preserved.
sponsor at least one festival celebrating a major saint’s (B) And it is often believed that the resulting
day. Such an event, involving elaborate food, beverages, consumption-focused tourism is harmful and generates
and entertainment, is almost always beyond the capacity environmental and social problems such as traffic jams,
of a man to provide by himself. Consequently, the man overcrowding, and long lines at attractions, museums,
seeks the help of his relatives, friends, and neighbors, and restaurants.
thereby mortgaging his future surpluses. Those who (C) However, these things are often accepted by tourists
help out expect to be repaid in equivalent amounts when and seen as being an important part of their experience.
they sponsor a similar festival. In effect, the Indians of Furthermore, high tourism consumption creates high
Oaxaca have created a kind of . demand for cultural preservation and conservation.
reciprocity mortgage
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
parasitic relationship (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
traditional legal practice (C) – (B) – (A)
mutual insurance system
complex social hierarchy 5.
effective communication
This does not, however, mean that drinking milk
actually causes people to live longer.

The difficulty in determining whether correlation

equals causation causes an enormous number of
misunderstandings. ( ) Until a specific mechanism
demonstrating how A causes B is identified, it’s best to
assume that any correlation is accidental, or that both A
and B relate independently to some third factor.
( ) An example that highlights this is the correlation
between drinking milk and cancer rates, which some
groups use to argue that drinking milk causes cancer.
( ) A more likely explanation is that cancer diagnoses
and milk consumption both have a positive correlation
with increased age. ( ) On average, milk drinkers live
longer than non-milk drinkers, and the older you are, the
more likely you are to develop cancer. ( ) It could be
that people who drink milk have better access to high-
quality health care or eat more healthily than those who
do not.
causation
p. 14

DAY 07 17
 DAY 08 2.
Many of us tend to feel uncomfortable making
requests of anyone beyond our “inner circle” of family
and close friends. But in doing so we vastly underestimate
1. the responsiveness of “weak ties” — our acquaintances
and people we don’t know very well. Weak ties are
Most linguists and local community members agree
extremely valuable because they are the bridges
that education and literacy in the local language are
between social circles. Novel information, new solutions
necessary to maintain vitality, or to revitalize a
to problems, and other resources travel across these
language threatened with endangerment. Some local
bridges. We also vastly underestimate the responsiveness
communities reject this notion, wanting to preserve
of “dormant ties” — the connections we once had
their oral traditions and to rely solely on them. There is,
what we haven’t maintained. For example, most
however, a cost to this decision, as it limits the domains
people wouldn’t even consider reaching out to a high
in which the language can be used. Regardless, most
school classmate they haven’t seen in twenty-five years
regard literacy as essential for local languages. Yet more
to ask for a job lead; we assume such attempts to
than half of all languages have no written form, and so
reconnect would be rejected, or that our former classmate
a writing system needs to be developed for them in
would resent our reaching out only to ask for a favor.
order to use them in education and literacy programs.
But most people in your past would actually welcome
Basic pedagogical and reference materials are needed,
hearing from — and helping — you, according to
including textbooks, dictionaries, and usable descriptive
organizational researchers. The passage of time doesn’t
grammars. Such materials are readily available for
erase a shared history of understanding, emotions, and
languages of wider communication, but not for the
trust.
majority of local languages. In addition, reading
dormant
material is needed for literacy as well.

how to learn a local language quickly and efficiently

the most essential step in learning a new local language
varied training for literacy development in a local
language
the importance of saving local language for preserving
a cultural identity
necessity of a writing system and educational materials
for local languages

18
3. 5.
In modern economies, the distinction between goods
and services itself is . At some point in your life, you’ve probably been invited
One aspect of this shift to a service economy is what has to a social engagement you didn’t want to attend.
been called the ‘servitization’ of products. The notion is Sometimes in that situation, we will struggle to come up
that, in a modern economy, products cannot exist on with excuses for not going that won’t offend whoever
their own and some degree of service is needed to make invited us. Interestingly, we often fail to recognize when
those products useful. Consider the automobile, which we are doing the exact same thing to ourselves in order
is of course a real good. It is only useful, however, over to feel better. However, it would actually be better to
an extended period of time if the owner submits it to start being upfront with yourself about your behavior.
continual checkups, fills it with gas and oil, and pays for For instance, instead of rationalizing skipping a run
insurance, registration, and taxes so that he can operate because “it’s too hot outside” or “it’s too late,” you
it on community roads. The car is a real good, but it is would just start saying, “I’m not going to run today
not necessarily useful unless one also includes the many because I’m too soft and lazy to control myself.” In
services that accompany it. reality, you know the right thing to do is run, so you are
taking the easy way out, making excuses for yourself.
actually being obscured
By asking yourself a question, “Am I doing the right
more apparent than ever before
thing or simply what’s easy?” you’ll begin to realize the
a classification of specific ways of knowing
excuses that you usually make. In effect, you become
the key distinction in economic concepts
confrontational with yourself, which can make you
easier to explain than to apply
behave in a very controlled way.

If you make the effort to be (A) with

yourself, you’ll find yourself justifying your actions,
and this finding will eventually lead to you becoming
more (B) .

4.
(A) (B)
The efficiency and beautiful simplicity of how a forest truthful …… open-minded
maintains its life force is always striking. Trees honest …… disciplined
receive energy from the Sun and combine this with the satisfied …… optimistic
nutrients and water they draw up from the soil to create objective …… patient
the bark, limbs, and leaves that enable them to grow and pleased …… comfortable
thrive. The leaves drop off in autumn and fall to the
ground, only to be decomposed by bacteria and
converted back into the nutrients that again feed the p. 16
tree. When choosing trees for a harsh climate, the
species’ native environment must be considered
carefully, otherwise many will not survive the winter.
The same process takes place when a branch falls off
or when an entire tree dies, producing nutrient-rich soil
and providing the nourishment for the next generation.
Given a fairly stable supply of water and sunshine, a
forest can maintain itself for thousands of years without
the need for any new outside resources.
nourishment

DAY 08 19
 DAY 09 2.
Humans have extraordinarily large brains compared
to other animals. Mammals weighing sixty kilograms
have an average brain size of 200 cubic centimeters.
1. The earliest men and women had brains of about 600
cubic centimeters. Modern Homo sapiens sport a
It’s worth noting that refusing to use social media icons
brain averaging 1,200-1,400 cubic centimeters.
and comments to interact means that some people will
inevitably fall out of your social orbit — in particular,
(A) But if that were the case, the cat family would also
those whose relationship with you exists only over
have produced cats who could do calculus and frogs
social media. Here’s my sincere tough love reassurance:
would by now have launched their own space
. The idea that it’s valuable to
programme. Why are giant brains so rare in the animal
maintain vast numbers of weak-tie social connections is
kingdom?
largely an invention of the past decade or so — the
(B) That evolution should select for larger brains may
detritus of overexuberant network scientists spilling
seem to us like a natural choice. We are so fascinated by
inappropriately into the social sphere. Humans have
our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes
maintained rich and fulfilling social lives for our entire
to brain power, more must be better.
history without needing the ability to send a few bits of
(C) It is because a jumbo brain makes our body
information each month to people we knew briefly
exhausted. It’s not easy to carry around, especially when
during high school. Nothing about your life will notably
wrapped inside a massive skull. It’s even harder to fuel.
diminish when you return to this steady state. As an
In Homo sapiens, the brain accounts for about 2-3 per
academic who studies and teaches social media
cent of total body weight, but it consumes 25 per cent of
explained to me: “I don’t think we’re meant to keep in
the body’s energy when the body is at rest.
touch with so many people.”
cubic centimeter calculus
detritus overexuberant
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
show your sincerity
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
go with the times
(C) – (B) – (A)
go your own way
keep the balance
let them go

20
3. [4~5]
Both developed and developing countries have For centuries researchers and the public have agreed
embraced the concept of sustainable development, on the rather (a) unpleasant “truth” that the only
but often in different ways. reason we humans tend to cooperate is self-interest.
Now, happily, a much more complex, sophisticated,
Economic growth is almost universally considered a and positive picture is emerging from recent studies.
worthwhile goal. Ecological conservation and cultural Anthropologist Joseph Henrich of the University of
preservation are also accepted as important. ( ) These Michigan, and his colleague Robert Boyd of the
three large-scale systems are not independent, so one University of California in Los Angeles, studied the
cannot focus on one goal while ignoring the other two. transmission of social behavior and culture among
( ) The ever-expanding web of globalization and humans. They came to a startling conclusion:
industrialization, partly caused by the expanding human cooperation is not the result of (b) selfishness; it is the
population, further links these three systems. ( ) In result of two major “Brain Tendencies.” According to
1987, the term ‘sustainable development’ was brought Henrich: “There are two elements of human
into common use by the World Commission on psychology that we know about: one is that people
Environment and Development. ( ) The commission’s have a tendency to copy the majority; the other is that
report, Our Common Future, defined the term as a form people have a tendency to copy the most successful
of development that “meets the needs of the present individual. What we are able to show is that because
without compromising the ability of future generations humans rely on copying the successful and the
to meet their own needs.” ( ) The shared goal, however, majority, this creates a stable cooperative equilibrium
is to maintain and improve the long-term welfare of which doesn’t (c) exist if those two cultural
both humans and ecosystems. mechanisms aren’t in place.”
This double mimicking leads to a (d) negative spiral
of success. Cooperation leads to a high probability
of more food, better health, more creativity, and
more general energy and therefore more powerful
economic (e) growth for the community as a whole.

4.
What Motivates Us to Cooperate?
How Does Self-interest Benefit Society?
When Is Selfishness Better Than Cooperation?
Why Do We Fall In Love with Successful People?
Where Does the Tendency to Copy Others Come from?

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p. 18

DAY 09 21
 DAY 10 2.
Richard Dufour believed that principals should lead
through shared vision and collective commitments
rather than through rules and authority. Contracts are
1. necessary, but results are more important. As a principal,
don’t become too obsessed with enforcing every policy
Life has rules and only the foolish person refuses to
and rule. If teachers, staff, and principals followed the
follow these rules at all. However, sometimes we expand
contract to the letter, we might have trouble getting
this “rule” approach to life to such a degree that we get
much accomplished. For example, letting employees
locked into patterns that are no longer applicable to life
leave a few minutes early on an occasional Friday after
and our creative juices get squeezed out. Therefore, one
an evening program the night before helps to build a
way to enhance our creativity is to challenge the rules.
positive relationship with staff. Most employees are
In the movie IQ, Walter Matthau played the part of
already doing more than what the contract demands.
Einstein. Meg Ryan was Einstein’s niece. At one point
Principals need to be aware and occasionally reciprocate
in the movie, Einstein said to his niece, “Question
in return. In short, effective leaders should be able to
everything!” That’s good advice. Every advance in
.
history came from someone who challenged the rules.
stick with an important decision
Columbus discovered America because he challenged
spread optimism organization-wide
the rules of navigation. Martin Luther started the
respond with flexibility to any situation
Reformation because he challenged the rules of the
utilize the strengths of their people
church. Einstein discovered the theory of relativity
find people with the right skills
because he challenged the rules of Newtonian physics.
Sometimes creativity arises out of the awareness that
we do not have to do things in the same way they have
always been done.
the Reformation

3.
Switching barriers, or artificially created financial
penalties for switching to a competitor’s product, can
prevent the loss of customers by imposing a significant
penalty for switching to a competitor. Switching
barriers in the mobile phone industry take the form of
penalties associated with the early cancelation of a
contract. Similarly, many airlines now award air
miles based on how much travelers paid for their ticket,
not how far they’re traveling. In its earlier days,
IBM was able to keep its control over the mainframe
computer market by requiring that all hardware
components, such as monitors and printers, be also
made by IBM. In so doing, IBM managed to tie its
customers into its products, which made switching any
part of the computing system to other companies’
products inconvenient. Another approach to creating
switching barriers is to provide customer incentives to
sign longer-term contracts, thereby locking out
competitors for a longer period of time.
mainframe computer

22
4. 5.
Most often, readers create mental images by retrieving Instead we should understand what living things or
pictures that are already stored in their memory. In the life of living things means and that there are
other words, they make a connection with something differences between the two worlds.
they have seen or know about and that is what helps
them to create the image. We should not forget that the integrated body possesses
a wholeness. ( ) If you analyze it, it can be reduced to
(A) Readers who were first introduced to Hogwarts cells and atoms and electrons, but the phenomena that
School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, for example, had these atoms or electrons express themselves cannot
never personally experienced it; however, J. K. simulate what the integrated body expresses. ( )
Rowling’s rich descriptions helped us all to “see” it For instance, it is nonsense to explain why birds fly and
with our imaginations. fish swim in terms of cells which cannot fly or swim.
(B) Our brains search through our files until we find an ( ) To put it concretely, one is the world of matter or
image we can use to support the text we are reading. cells which constitute living things or the life of living
When a reader has no specific experience or memory things, but they are on a lower level and in a different
from which to draw, imagination can often support world from the other world of living things which
visualizing. is an integration of them. ( ) Physics and
(C) It is more challenging to visualize things we have chemistry, which deal with matter, developed earlier
not personally experienced. This all happens in an and independently of biology. ( ) At present, cellular
instant, but if we were to slow it down, we might see it research is still included in biology, but in the future
as similar to searching through archives of photo files to we may imagine that cytology will develop into a
find a specific photo. distinct interdisciplinary field that deals with an area
retrieve archive somewhere between living things and matter.
cytology interdisciplinary
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)
p. 20

DAY 10 23
 DAY 11 2.
There are many creative domains that require
individuals to insert as little of themselves as possible
into the work. In translating a novel or poem into a
1. different language, the translator is unavoidably
creative; this is reflected by the fact that the translator
Research has shown that proactive people have more
receives recognition, and his or her name is published
positive energy flowing through their systems than
in the work next to that of the original author. But the
reactive or inactive types. And there is a direct
ideal translator is one who most faithfully retains the
correlation between the amount of energy flowing
creative spirit of the original, thereby keeping his or
through your wires and your influence on those in your
her own contribution to the translation as maximal as
presence. Positive energy has a weird influence that
possible. Dubbing a foreign movie into one’s own
defies the laws of physics. In Positive Energy, Judith
language requires that the translator develop a version
Orloff wrote, “I believe that the most profound
of the original line that can most easily be spoken
transformations can take place only on an energetic
in the time that the foreign actor’s mouth is moving.
level.” This psychiatrist discovered that “The more
It also requires the voice-over actors to match their
positive energy we give off, the more we’ll magnetize to
delivery to the moving image. Although these are
us. Ditto for negativity. It works like this: Passion
unquestionably creative activities, they’re activities in
attracts passion. Rage attracts rage. The explanation:
which individual inspiration and originality would be
We are all subtle energy transmitters.” The moral is that
harmful to the work.
life is way too short to spend with losers as they will
influence us without us even knowing it. Those dark
clouds hovering over negative types impact everything
they touch and everyone that comes into their sphere of
influence. Be careful. They rob others of their energy
without them even knowing it.
proactive
3.
defy ditto
Sometimes a filmmaker may intentionally work to
You Have a Self-Starter. Try Using It! evoke many subjective interpretations by developing a
Change Your Attitude, Change Your Life! film around a riddle or puzzling quality. The filmmaker
Emotions Spread Quickly Among a Group of People attempts to suggest or mystify rather than communicate
Energy Can’t Be Created or Destroyed, and It Flows clearly and tries to pose moral or philosophical questions
Energy Is Contagious! Choose Your Company Wisely! rather than provide answers. The usual reaction to
such films is “What’s it all about?” This type of film
communicates mainly through symbols or images, so a
thorough analysis of these elements is demanded for
interpretation. Such films are wide open to subjective
interpretation. But the fact that subjective interpretation
is required does not mean that the analysis of all film
elements can be ignored. Individual interpretation
should be by an examination of all
elements. In short, viewing these types of films is a
dynamic process of filling in the blanks.

replaced backed up
shortened limited
denied

24
4. 5.
Too often we overcome one resource limitation by
stretching another. The effect, overall, can be likened Imagine that a few bystanders (each walking alone)
to a rubber band that can stretch and then stretch some come upon a potential emergency at about the same
more. Frequently, our solution to local resource time, such as a man lying on the ground. They need to
shortages is to transport the limited resource from an decide what is going on and what they should do. Is the
area where it is more abundant or to manufacture man sick? Is he drunk? Will he be angry if they ask him
alternatives using additional energy and other resources. questions? One source of information they might use is
While this process gives the impression of increasing how other people in the situation are responding: Do
abundance, like the rubber band that appears longer other people seem to think that this is an emergency
when stretched, continued expansion puts more tension requiring intervention? If they are not doing anything
on remaining resources. With resource shortages about the event, then perhaps it is not an emergency at
inevitable, there has never been a better time to invest in all. Unfortunately for the victim, all of the bystanders
the operation and maintenance of global transport may be looking at one another for cues about how to
networks. At the present time, our capacity for moving respond, with the result that no one does anything!
resources around and for powering industrial processes Bystanders may misinterpret the situation as a non-
is enormous, but, like the rubber band, there will be a emergency based on the inaction of other bystanders.
point where further expansion will fail.
When faced with a possible emergency, people
(A) to others to interpret the situation
rather than using their own (B) .

(A) (B)
turn …… judgement
turn …… creativity
contribute …… morals
object …… judgement
object …… creativity

p. 22

DAY 11 25
 DAY 12 2.
The response to art is based on a number of objective
and subjective factors.

1. (A) It would be impossible for them to respond to,

experience, and look at art in the same way as someone
Hundreds of behavioral scientists have borrowed and
from the 1500s or even the 1950s.
modified Darwin’s theory of evolution. One of the most
(B) These include taste, values, and tradition, as well as
successful findings in this vast literature is that
gender, education, emotions, and many more. Most art
in people, knowledge, activities, and
in the world today was created in past centuries for
organizational structures is vital to creativity and
audiences that differed substantially from contemporary
innovation. Research by Dean Keith Simonton shows
ones. Although art from the past continues to intrigue
that the success of individual geniuses like Mozart,
modern spectators, it is impossible to respond to art in
Shakespeare, Picasso, Einstein, and Darwin himself, is
the same way as the original audience.
best seen from an evolutionary perspective. These
(C) This should not suggest that art from previous
famous creators produced a wider range of ideas and
centuries cannot be fully understood or valued. Rather,
finished more products than their contemporaries. They
it underlines that art is appreciated on terms compatible
didn’t succeed at a higher rate than others. They just did
with contemporary culture. Today’s viewers think,
more. So they had both more successes and more
speak, and behave very differently not only from
failures. There are renowned geniuses who defy this
Renaissance but also early twentieth-century audiences.
trend, but they typically have less impact than their
more productive counterparts. The great artist Vermeer (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
created fewer than 50 paintings in his lifetime, all in a (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
similar style. He achieved a singular excellence that, (C) – (B) – (A
despite the stunning beauty of his art, adds something
less than Picasso’s unparalleled range and history-
changing influence.

variance consistency 3.
interaction predictability Having an intuitive understanding of other people
flexibility can help overcome these challenges.

In any organization, decision makers often find

themselves working with simplified data that lacks any
sort of context. ( ) They often deal with information
in the abstract instead of experiencing it for themselves.
( ) In many cases, their disconnection from customers
forces them to rely on so-called authorities who are
anything but. ( ) Empathy for the people you serve
can make the abstract more grounded and immediate
because that information is now connected to a real
person you know. ( ) It can provide context for the
data we receive by incorporating factors left off the
map. ( ) And this kind of connection to other people
can, over time, provide the kind of deep experience in a
territory that people inside an organization need to
identify new opportunities.
off the map

26
[4~5] 4.
The patent system is one of the main instruments Maximize Your Patent Value
governments use to promote research and How Do Patent Laws Help Inventors?
development. Patenting an idea gives its inventor a Encourage Creative Ideas and Don’t Punish Failure
20-year monopoly to exploit the fruit of his labor in The Road to Science Is to Ask Questions
the marketplace, in exchange for publishing a full Do Patents Truly Promote Innovation?
account of how the new product, process, or material
works. Most economists would argue that, without a
patent system, even fewer inventions would lead to
successful innovations. But what if patents actually
(a) discourage the combining and recombining of 5.
inventions to yield new products and processes — as
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
has happened in biotechnology, genetics, and other
disciplines?
Unlike the informal system that scientists use for p. 24
sharing intellectual credit, the patent system is winner
take all. Whoever gets his or her application
(b) approved first gets all the money. That creates an
incentive for (c) concealment — if scientists’ ideas
leak out, someone else could file the patent more
quickly. But secrecy is the (d) core of science. All
really great breakthroughs are actually a chain of
small discoveries. Each team of scientists eagerly
reads the latest results from other labs and (e) adds
some small but brilliant insights of their own. But if
billion-dollar patents are at stake, universities —
which end up owning much of the intellectual
property that comes out of professors’ discoveries —
have a strong incentive to pressure their scholars to
keep new findings and ideas under wraps. Hence,
there is growing concern among academic scholars
and policy makers that patent rights are themselves
slowing innovation.

DAY 12 27
 DAY 13 2.

Though human memory is distorted with time, if those

distortions had proved detrimental to our ancestors’
1. survival, our memory, and perhaps our species itself,
would not have survived. Though our memory system is
If you were asked about your writing when you first
far from perfect, it is, in most situations, exactly what
start, you’d most likely excuse yourself with a lack of
evolution requires: it is good enough. In fact, in the big
inspiration. But imagine yourself in a serious writing
picture, human memory is wonderfully efficient and
contest where you have made it to the final stage. Tell
accurate — sufficient to have enabled our ancestors to
me, will you wait to be inspired by something before
generally recognize the creatures they should avoid and
you kick off with whatever it is that you have to write?
those they should hunt down, where the best trout
Maybe you won’t wait, and you will still come up with
streams are, and the safest way back to camp. In modern
a masterpiece. This only shows that you have a greater
terms, the starting point in understanding how memory
power over your muse than the other way round. The
works is that the mind is continuously bombarded by a
reason why you excuse yourself with the inspiration
quantity of data so vast that it cannot possibly handle all
excuse is simply that you have too much time on your
of it — roughly eleven million bits per second. And so
hands and you don’t have a goal to meet. By creating a
we trade perfect recall for the ability to handle
schedule to write, you give yourself a time-frame and
information.
target to work with. Set a smart schedule and don’t just
come up with a plan like “I will write 3 articles this We rely on memories of the past to make decisions.
week.” You will likely find yourself on Friday evening, We combine past experiences to predict what to do next.
yet to complete the first paragraph of the first article. We sort through the information to identify what
matters.
We forget memories due to a processing malfunction.
We constantly take in information through our senses.

28
3. 4.
As adults, many of us have difficulty acknowledging Ethnic groups in the United States differ in their
our anger, even when it is fully justified. We may motivations for consuming coffee; in the Philadelphia
swallow our anger and rationalize away other feelings area, sensory motivations are particularly important
because we learned when we were very young that it among Jew sh Americans, whereas social factors
was unacceptable to have such feelings. As children we seem more important among Italian Americans.
might have shouted at our parents: “I hate you! I never
want to see you again!” Then we may have heard an (A) In terms of such structure, coffee is more complex
upset parent reply: “How dare you say such a thing — than many other foods. The motivation for consuming
after all I’ve done for you! I don’t ever want to hear that rice, fish, or chili pepper is less changeable, both among
from you again!” We soon take these messages to mean, individuals within a culture and across cultures.
“Don’t be angry! Never be angry with those you love! (B) The motivation for doing so is rather simple and
Keep control of yourself!” And we do just that, keeping uniform: to warm up in the morning. The point of this is
many of our feelings to ourselves and pretending we do that we must understand the motivational structure of
not experience them. It is not surprising that so many consumption before attempting further analyses.
people suffer from headaches, peptic ulcers, high blood (C) Cross-culturally, there are differences in both
pressure, and heart disease. We should keep in mind that specific motivations and the complexity of the
can pose a danger motivations. In a Mexican highland village, weak but
to our health. hot coffee is drunk an hour or so after awakening.
peptic ulcer
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
remaining calm under pressure (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
denying and hiding guilt and shame (C) – (B) – (A)
emphasizing behavior over emotions
enforcing the suppression of feelings
focusing on freedom rather than obedience
5.
For example, European agricultural markets have a
substantial amount of government control.

The proportions of the mixture of free-market

determination and government control vary from
economy to economy and over time. There is more free-
market determination in the USA than in France. There
is more free-market determination in the UK today than
there was forty years ago. ( ) The mix also varies from
sector to sector within any one economy. ( ) Under
market determination, the average size of a farm would
be much larger and agricultural prices much lower than
they now are. ( ) In contrast, the markets for
information and computer technologies are largely free
from government intervention. ( ) Even the economies
closest to free markets have a significant role for
government. ( ) So it appears that there is no real
alternative to a mixed system with major reliance on
markets but also with a substantial government presence
in many aspects of the economy.
p. 26

DAY 13 29
 DAY 14 2.
Memories are known to be the sum of what people have
thought and what they have been told. Cognitive
psychologists have long known that memory, at least
1. in significant part, is a reconstruction of events. When
we remember something, say an event from several
Bruce Abernethy, working with a group from Brunel
years ago, we do not replay in our minds a faithfully
University London, used fMRI (functional magnetic
recorded version of it. We encode fragments of an
resonance imaging) to examine the brains of elite
experience — a sight, a sound, a feeling. When we
badminton players as they exercised their skills of
access a memory, we may retrieve some accurate
anticipation. They scanned players of various skill
fragments but these have to put back together again
levels as they watched occluded clips of shots being
— the gaps between these fragments are filled using
played (the video clips would cut off just before contact
expectations, common sense, and logic. At times, the
was made with the shuttlecock) and tried to predict in
pieces needed to reconstruct the memory may be
which area of the court the shots would land. The expert
missing or inaccurate, and the recollection becomes a
players showed more brain activity in areas of the brain
reflection of what we expect rather than how things
associated with observing and understanding other
really were. This makes us feel as though the memory is
people’s actions. The more experience an athlete has,
accurate and true even though it is false, and this process
the better they are at doing this. A few years later, the
occurs, without our awareness, automatically.
same group at Brunel did a similar study with footballers,
who watched occluded clips of an opponent running
towards them with the ball. In some clips, the players
would start a feint just before the video cut off, and the
footballer in the scanner would have to predict whether
they would go left or right. The earlier the clips were cut
off, the bigger the difference in neural activity between
semipro and novice footballers on fMRI scans.
occlude

differences in performance prediction ability based on

proficiency
effects of athletes’ intelligence on performance
prediction ability
importance of observing and analyzing opponents for
optimal performance
factors affecting development and prediction ability
of athletic performance
improvement in player’s performance prediction
occurring regardless of brain injury

30
3. 5.
By their very nature, big data analysis projects involve
large data sets. But that doesn’t mean that all of a Quota sampling is a technique whereby the researcher
company’s data sources, or all of the information within chooses a sample that reflects the make-up, in numerical
a relevant data source, will need to be analyzed. terms, of the wider population. So, for example, if a
Organizations need to identify the strategic data that researcher wanted to study gender differences in first-
will lead to valuable analytical insights. For instance, year undergraduate psychology students, and the wider
what combination of data can help pinpoint key population comprised a 60/40 per cent split females/
customer-retention factors? Or what data are required to males, then the sample must be comprised of this same
uncover hidden patterns in stock market transactions? ratio of females to males. Thus, in a sample population
Focusing on a project’s business goals in the planning of, say, 100 participants, the sample would contain 60
stages can help an organization home in on the exact females and 40 males. This quota system can also be
analytics that are required, after which it can — and used for other factors, such as age, ethnic background,
should — look at the data needed to meet those business etc. Like all techniques, quota sampling does have its
goals. In some cases, this will indeed mean including drawbacks. For example, it can be time-consuming and
everything. In other cases, though, it means the researcher would still need to consider exactly how
of the big data on hand. the subgroups that make up the sample are selected:
pinpoint analytics e.g., what if those who are selected refuse to participate
— how might this affect the sample?
using only a subset
quota
selling the concept
understanding the scale
pointing out incorrect analysis Although it may be difficult, to make a survey sample
creating reliable measurement (A) , you have to make the sizes of the
subgroups (B) to their sizes in the
population.

(A) (B)
affordable …… equivalent
affordable …… proportional
4.
representative …… equivalent
Self-driving vehicles have the potential to completely ……
representative proportional
change the way we think about cars, particularly in a ……
broad appropriate
city environment. Autonomous taxis may someday
be parked on every street, in every city. When you
want to go somewhere, you will be able to summon one
p. 28
using your mobile phone, and it will be parked outside
your house ready for you by the time you have walked
out of your front door. Once it has taken you to your
destination, it drives off for its next customers.
Despite the convenience of an autonomous taxi like
this, there are also lots of problems to be solved as soon
as possible. Self-driving vehicles may be used to
collect children from school, take elderly people to
shops, and carry out all the usual, everyday journeys, all
at a small percentage of the cost of what you would
expect to pay to own a car.
summon

DAY 14 31
 DAY 15 2.
One approach to human-wildlife conflicts is to create
preserves, wildlife refuges, or parks where human
impact on wildlife is minimized.
1.
(A) There is also the problem that wildlife may not
Good writers are not passive; they don’t simply record
respect our boundary lines and will not stay inside parks.
immediate responses. They look closely, ask questions,
In fact, the vast majority of wildlife live outside parks
analyze, make connections, and think. Learning to see
— the same place people live. Wildlife populations
with a writer’s eye benefits not just those who write for
thrive in our most densely settled cities.
a living but all professionals. In any career you choose,
(B) Clearly, if human-wildlife conflicts are going to be
success depends on .
resolved, ways must be found for humans and wildlife
A skilled physician detects minor symptoms in a
to coexist harmoniously without either having an
physical or follows up on a patient’s complaint and asks
adverse impact on the other.
questions that lead to a diagnosis others might miss.
(C) Although this approach is well intended, it does
A successful stockbroker observes overlooked trends
little to resolve human-wildlife conflicts because
and conducts research to detect new investment
societal demands for natural resources are so great that
opportunities. A passerby might assume a busy store
only a small fraction of the environment can ever be set
must be successful, but a retail analyst would observe
aside in parks.
what merchandise people are purchasing and how they
are paying for it. If all the shoppers are buying discount (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
items and paying with credit cards, the store could be (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
losing money on the sales. (C) – (B) – (A)

countering trends and innovation

keen observation and in-depth analysis
diverse circumstances and networking opportunities
resource management and economic understanding
literary attainments and cultured education

32
3. [4~5]
However, where the degree of competition is With social trends indicating that more people are
particularly intense a zero sum game can quickly marrying later in life or living alone, we are becoming
become a negative sum game, in that everyone in the a society of (a) lonely people. If you include the
market is faced with additional costs. additional stress of modern daily life, it is evident
why the number of animals kept as pets grows each
In mature markets, breakthroughs that lead to a major year. We all need a friend we can trust. Animal
change in competitive positions and to the growth of the companions never disappoint us and always accept us
market are rare. ( ) Because of this, competition for who we are. American senator George Graham
becomes a zero sum game in which one organization Vest once said, “The one absolute, unselfish friend
can only win at the expense of others. ( ) As an that a man can have in this selfish world, the one that
example of this, when one of the major high street banks never proves ungrateful, is his dog.” This sentiment
in Britain tried to gain a competitive advantage by was (b) echoed by journalist Andy Rooney, who is
opening on Saturday mornings, it attracted a number of reported to have said, “The average dog is a nicer
new customers who found the traditional Monday- being than the average person.”
Friday bank opening hours to be a constraint. ( ) Perhaps we seek a relationship with companion
However, faced with a loss of customers, the competition animals because they give us an unparalleled
responded by opening on Saturdays as well. ( ) The opportunity to relate to another species on a level not
net effect of this was that, although customers benefited, always possible with other humans. Sincerity has
the banks lost out as their costs increased but the total always been one of the most frequently cited reasons
number of customers stayed the same. ( ) In essence, why people (c) adore animals. And because animals
this proved to be a negative sum game. do not perceive the world as humans do, their simpler
high street view encourages us to take a simpler approach to life,
to cut through all the complexities we are faced with
in our human society, and to get back to (d) basics. In
some ways, animals are just better than humans. They
do not criticize, tease, or make us feel (e) superior
because our test scores are low or we’ve gained ten
pounds. They are always there for us.

4.
Pet Therapy Companion Animals as Healers
Companion Animals Benefits and Challenges
Why Can’t Animals Become Human Beings’ Friends?
Our Furry Friends The History of Animal Domestication
No Wonder Human Beings Yearn for Companion
Animals

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p. 30

DAY 15 33
 DAY 16 2.
Our world is changing at a rapid rate, and as concerned
educators, we no longer can predict with confidence the
kind of social ecology that our students will encounter
1. as mature individuals. Our only adaptive recourse,
therefore, is to prepare pupils not to be rigidly
As nature without human intervention, wilderness does
cooperative, competitive, or individualistic, but to be
not need nature conservation. When an active nature
flexible — to recognize a broad range of social situations
conservationist raves about wilderness, he must be
and the kinds of behaviors appropriate to each. There
aware that he is pulling the rug from under his own feet,
are situations in which competition is an adaptive
because for nature conservationists, wilderness means
strategy; there are other situations in which cooperation
simply doing nothing. Anyone who wants wilderness in
is adaptive; and there are yet other situations in which
his garden fires his gardener. In many respects, nature
an individualistic approach is most successful. By
conservation is the opposite of wilderness. In many
including a variety of task and reward structures within
cases, nature conservation requires the protection of a
the classroom, teachers can prepare their students to
particular state of nature in an area (usually temporary
recognize a fuller range of environmental contingencies
and influenced by humans); but protection from the
and .
threat of a different, ‘other nature’. This ‘other nature’
recourse contingency
would gain a foothold in the area in question if man did
not protect it from the ‘other nature’. In extreme cases, to engage in cooperation without conflict
nature conservation means the protection of the nature to get rewards by trying every possible means
which dominates in one particular area against the to create the ideal foundation for healthy competition
penetration and domination of the wilderness. to choose the most suitable type of classroom
rave about to be able to adjust their behavior accordingly

34
3. 4.
Digital learning addresses the need to retrain workers in Advertisers have hit on one particularly effective way
industries that have shifted jobs offshore in the wake of of seeming to argue against their own interests. They
globalization. The best strategy to help workers avoid mention a minor weakness or drawback of their
being outsourced is for governments to make a product in the ads promoting it.
commitment to higher education. Displaced workers
are going to have to be more adaptable, and retrain to fit (A) Experiments have demonstrated that this tactic
into new situations as conditions change. Although works. When jurors heard an attorney bring up a
job markets have shifted, job growth in some sectors is weakness in his own case first, jurors assigned him
improving, and new sectors are being stimulated through more honesty and were more favorable to his overall
multiple types of online training to meet critical labor case in their final verdicts.
shortages. This strategy does not rely on the federal (B) Attorneys are taught to “steal the opponent’s
government, as does unemployment compensation, but thunder” by mentioning a weakness in their case before
provides a means to continue working in the rapidly the opposing lawyer does, thereby establishing a
changing technology-driven global economy. Online perception of honesty in the eyes of jury members.
training offered to the unemployed creates big value for (C) That way, they create a perception of honesty from
businesses, including significant cost savings, employee which they can be more persuasive about the strengths
retention and the economic benefits of lifelong of the product. Advertisers are not alone in the use of
education. Now, more than ever, as US factories close this tactic.
and industries move overseas, investment in education
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
and job training are required to ensure employability
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
and mitigate the negative impact of economic
(C) – (B) – (A)
globalization on the US economy.
mitigate

5.
They’ve learned from experience that valuable
insights often emerge when they get some distance
from the work.

Successful scientists have learned how to structure their

workday for maximum creativity. They shift from one
project to another based on what they do most effectively
at a given time of day. ( ) Original, new, and conceptual
work, problem-finding work, is best done first thing in
the morning. ( ) Many scientists also schedule their
writing in the morning, because this involves creative
conceptualization. ( ) Scientists tend to schedule the
concrete, hands-on laboratory work for late morning
and after lunch. ( ) Finally, many scientists report that
they schedule some idle time in the late afternoon, after
the concrete phase of hard work, perhaps taking a walk
around campus or going for a cup of coffee. ( )
Scientists then close the day by returning to writing and
conceptual work, often continuing to work long after
dinner.
p. 32

DAY 16 35
 DAY 17 2.

When you begin to tell a story again that you have retold
many times, what you retrieve from memory is the
1. index to the story itself. That index can be embellished
in a variety of ways. Over time, even the embellishments
How much of our behavior is in fact influenced by
become standardized. People add details to their
nature, rather than nurture? Furthermore, are nature and
stories that may or may not have occurred. They are
nurture the only factors? Nature does not cover all the
recalling indexes and reconstructing details. If at
biological factors that may be at work before birth that
some point they add a nice detail, not really certain of its
are generally considered to constitute our make-up.
validity, telling the story with that same detail a few
Then are all our other traits and tendencies accounted
more times will ensure its permanent place in the
for by nurture? Do not free will and contextual factors
story index. In other words, the stories we tell time and
play a contributory role in determining action? While
again are identical to the memory we have of the events
culture inevitably influences behavior, individual
that the story relates. Stories change over time because
‘deviant’ decision-makers over time affect culture. In
of the process of telling, due to the embellishments
any case, nature versus nurture is one of those
added by the teller. The actual events that gave rise
fundamental questions that do not yield easy answers.
to the story in the first place have long since been
As to the difficult issue of free will, free will is
strengthened.
something most of us believe in because we have the
embellish
conscious experience of deciding what we will do given
the circumstances. It might be added that this conscious
experience is in no way removed by knowing that
environmental factors make it more than likely that we
decide in the way we do.
3.
deviant
Part of the challenge children face is in training their
Is Our Free Will an Illusion? eyes to move from left to right across lines of print. The
How Does Culture Affect Human Behavior? eye is controlled by small muscle movements, and for
What Is the Influence of Nature and Nurture? children small muscle movements are a challenge in
Why Can’t We Behave the Way We Choose? and of themselves. When the eyes move across a line of
What Makes Us Behave the Way We Do? print, they make a series of jumps, stopping briefly to
focus. An experienced adult reader typically sees two
letters to the left side of the point of focus and six to
eight letters to the right. The inexperienced child reader,
however, sees one letter to the left and one letter to the
right of their point of focus. This physical reality
explains why children learning to read find it easier to
decode words made up of fewer than five letters. As
their eye muscles begin to develop, they are gradually
able to
and they can handle longer, unfamiliar words.

reverse the side of the point of focus

control the amount of information on both sides
take in much more on the right side of the point of focus
grasp the most essential parts of the words they see
balance the number of letters they see on both sides

36
4. 5.
The distribution of health and ill health has been
analyzed from a historical and social science According to the statistics, in the NHL between 1970
perspective. Some have argued that medicine has not and 1986, the black-uniformed Philadelphia Flyers
been as effective as is often claimed. The medical exceeded all other teams in the number of minutes they
writer, Thomas McKeown, demonstrated that most of were penalized. Judging from a simulation study the
the fatal diseases of the 19th century had disappeared researchers conducted, part of such behavior may be in
before the arrival of antibiotics or immunization the eye of the beholder. The same action looks different
programs. He reasoned that social advances in overall according to whether the actor is in black or not. There
living conditions, such as improved sanitation and is something about being dressed in black that inspires a
better nutrition resulting from rising real wages, have little extra meanness in a soul that is already pretty
been responsible for the majority of the reduction in fierce. In line with this are the histories of two
mortality achieved during the last century. According professional hockey teams, the Vancouver Canucks and
to this conclusion, public health improvements from the Pittsburgh Penguins, that switched from nonblack to
major medical breakthroughs have fundamentally black uniforms. The altered appearance became
changed what it means to be human by drastically reflected in the penalty minutes the two teams chalked
changing the conditions under which we live. up!
Although his assertion has been disputed, there is simulation study
little disagreement that the contribution of medicine to
reduced mortality has been minor, when compared with According to the study, when they wear black
the impact of improved living conditions. clothing, players behave more (A) , and
sanitation
onlookers see more (B) behavior among
players wearing black.

(A) (B)
ethically …… unexpected
ethically …… unsportsmanlike
cooperatively …… planned
aggressively …… unexpected
aggressively …… unsportsmanlike

p. 34

DAY 17 37
 DAY 18 2.
Interest in extremely long periods of time sets
geology and astronomy apart from other sciences.
Geologists think in terms of billions of years for the
1. age of Earth and its oldest rocks — numbers that, like
the national debt, are not easily understood.
When oil is discovered beneath a wildlife reserve, it is
not enough to argue that the wildlife should be preserved
(A) Likewise, understanding how climate has changed
because of its economic return from tourism. It may be
over millions of years is vital to properly assess current
possible to make that point with a 100-year projection,
global warming trends. Fortunately, clues to past
since oil fields run dry while ecosystems can persist
environmental change are well preserved in many
forever. But as the saying goes, people eat in the short
different kinds of rocks.
term. In this situation, then — and it will become
(B) Nevertheless, the time scales of geological activity
increasingly common — the only argument left is the
are important for environmental geologists because they
ethical one: that the animals should be saved because it
provide a way to measure human impacts on the natural
is right to save them. Of course, they will probably bring
world.
some economic return; but it is the ethical point — that
(C) For example, we would like to know the rate of
their conservation is “good” — that will enable them to
natural soil formation from solid rock to determine
prevail even when their destruction could bring even
whether topsoil erosion from agriculture is too great.
greater returns. The economic return from tourism, in
erosion
short, should not be seen as .
Tourism merely makes it economically possible to do (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
what is right. (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
prevail (C) – (B) – (A)

a substitute for other industries

the reason for conserving animals
a long-term solution for ecosystems
3.
an ethical means of generating profit They likewise increase their intake of sweets and
a justification for exploiting the environment water when their energy and fluids become depleted.

Have humans evolved food preferences? Both humans

and rats have evolved taste preferences for sweet foods,
which provide rich sources of calories. A study of food
preferences among the Hadza hunter-gatherers of
Tanzania found that honey was the most highly preferred
food item, the item that has the highest caloric value.
( ) Human newborn infants also show a strong
preference for sweet liquids. ( ) Both humans and rats
dislike bitter and sour foods, which tend to contain
toxins. ( ) They also adaptively adjust their eating
behavior in response to deficits in water, calories, and
salt. ( ) Experiments show that rats display an
immediate liking for salt the first time they experience a
salt deficiency. ( ) These appear to be specific
evolved mechanisms, designed to deal with the adaptive
problem of food selection and coordinate consumption
patterns with physical needs.

38
[4~5] 4.
Today, people are constantly hammering away on a Understanding and Creating Digital Texts
keyboard or texting on a smartphone. They are no Will Handwriting Survive in the Digital Era?
longer writing by hand. Does this make penmanship The Death of Handwriting Causes and Effects
an outdated and inefficient mode of communication Wireless Communications vs. Handwritten Notes
or is there value in trying to keep it? At one time, What Are We Losing with the Death of Handwriting?
writing clearly and quickly was essential to everything
from public documents to personal letters. However,
in the age of e-mail and text messages, most people
(a) rarely need to write more than a shopping list or a
short note. 5.
Although handwritten communication is less
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
(b) widespread than it once was, many people
continue to believe that the art of penmanship must
be protected. They suggest it’s essential to reading p. 36
handwritten documents and thus maintaining a direct
connection with the past. For them, it’s a tragedy that
a person might one day find his grandmother’s diary
and be unable to read it. In addition, people note that
a person’s handwriting is (c) distinctive and can be as
personal as his voice or laugh. By (d) terminating
handwritten communication, they claim, we are also
maintaining our connection with the individuality of
the writer.
Interestingly, the development of technology has
not completely removed the need to write by hand.
In fact, it seems highly unlikely that handwritten
communication will ever (e) disappear completely,
since there is always the possibility of not having a
computer available at a particular moment. Even in
the digital age, the handwritten word is very much
alive and well, and it looks like that isn’t going to
change.

DAY 18 39
 DAY 19 2.

Play is often discounted as something for children,

because it does not deal with important survival
1. processes, because it is useless. But this is a profound
misunderstanding. Play is important because it is
One of the most important things on the part of the
useless; because it allows us to act not because of
teacher is a willingness to show some humility, to reveal
necessity or convenience, but in order to freely express
their struggles, and to attempt to make their life and
our being. The problem, however, starts again when
their message congruent. They don’t have to be perfect,
play becomes a profession — with all the external
but they’ll be a better teacher if they are using their own
rewards and responsibilities that this entails. Musicians
life as a laboratory for their ideals and methods. The
playing for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes
most superb teachers are the “wounded healers” — the
playing for multimillion contracts with elite teams, no
ones whose wisdom is tested in reality. Good teachers
longer feel that they play to express their being. Instead,
are always learning themselves, adapting what they
they start feeling that their skill is being used by others
know to a world that keeps changing. There’s nothing
for their own ends. When that happens, instead of
worse than listening to someone who has polished a
allowing for the free flow of consciousness, even play
personal growth speech or a spiritual sermon that
becomes part of the iron cage.
remains static over the years. While religious or
academic training, degrees, books, and previous secret identity hidden behind a mask of iron
teaching positions are credentials that may indicate a a boring routine in which freedom is totally lost
highly trained teacher or therapist, equally important work for life itself, but not a labor to make a living
are the ways in which this person continually tests her the source of irritation that causes one to lose patience
knowledge in the world around her. worldly success as measured by other people’s standards
congruent credentials

40
3. 4.
The idea that “complete competitors cannot coexist”
Obviously, plants are not considered important
was proposed by the Russian biologist G. F. Gause to
enough to be classified properly. Even at a regular
explain why mathematical models of species competition
supermarket, one can see that other food departments
always ended with one species disappearing. The
have more detailed classifications.
competitive exclusion principle, as it is called, states
that no two species can occupy the same ecological (A) For example, placing starch roots in the same
niche for long. The one that is more efficient in using category with tomatoes could prompt customers to
available resources will exclude the other. However, make improper food-combination choices, which can
when two species , they create fermentation and gas in our intestines.
tend to compete less strongly, and are thus more likely (B) The meat department is divided into poultry, fish,
to coexist. We call this process of niche evolution and red meat. Nobody would ever classify cheese and
“resource partitioning.” Partitioning can allow several meat together in one “sandwich food” department
species to utilize different parts of the same resource because it would be inconvenient and unclear.
and coexist within a single habitat. Species can (C) Yet, this kind of confusion and error continually
specialize in time, too. Swallows and insectivorous occurs in the produce section. Some of these errors are
bats both catch insects, but some insect species are quite serious — to such a degree that they could cause
active during the day and others at night, providing health problems.
noncompetitive feeding opportunities for day-active intestine
swallows and night-active bats.
ecological niche (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
insectivorous (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)
limit their populations
differentiate their niches
5.
move into a new environment
focus on the same resources This inherent conflict is probably what propelled our
cooperate to secure a habitat evolution into relatively small social groups; we
needed social bonds, and yet we had to minimize our
fear-arousing contact with strangers.

Human social life originates with the evolution of

parental care and the mother-infant bond. The behavior
between mother and infant, and later between father and
infant, is the foundation stone for adult bonding,
friendliness, and love, all of which are at the heart of
social organization. ( ) Unfortunately, all mammals,
including humans, demonstrate ambivalence about
other people. ( ) As powerfully wired as we are for
social contact, so too are we wired for “xenophobia”
: the fear of strangers. ( ) This fear begins during the
second half of the first year of life, and although it is
modifiable by culture, it is never totally absent from
human social relationships. ( ) Thus, the perfect
solution is a fixed, relatively small group of familiar
people. ( ) Modern urban life, of course, poses
serious problems in this regard.
ambivalence xenophobia
p. 38
DAY 19 41
 DAY 20 2.
Understanding art involves the establishment of linkages
between areas of knowledge to which it is related. For
1. many generations, art educators strove for subject-
It is not only in the realm of identity creation that matter autonomy and wanted to teach art for its own
consumption is of significance. The manner in which sake in isolation from other subjects constituting the
particular goods or services are culturally embedded in culture. Moreover, art often is taught in isolation from
the individual consumer’s social world, for example, aspects of itself. Students tend to learn studio technical
may determine how or why they are consumed, and skills, but not the history of the media they are using,
tourism is no exception. Once considered the preserve the social needs that were met by the invention of
of the wealthy people, it has become ‘democratized’ — these media, or the cultural meanings expressed by the
an accepted and, perhaps, expected element of work’s symbolic content. They might learn to describe
contemporary social life. Moreover, tourism possesses works in terms of their formal elements, but rarely can
different meanings to different consumers in relation to they explain how these function contributes to a
their personal cultural context; to some, for example, it work’s expressive power or how the expressed content
may represent spiritual refreshment, to others the reflects the perceived realities that fit its cultural
fulfillment of dreams or fantasies. Equally, tourism may location. They may know about the effect of warm and
be consumed as a means of experiencing a (temporary) cool colors from experiences in a painting class, but not
social world with other tourists; it may be purposefully recognize how such colors create meanings within
consumed in expectation of shared experiences. works of art by others.

the necessity of reducing waste in tourism

negative effects of tourism on local people
the ways tourism functions as a consumer good
the rapid growth of tourism due to economic success
the reason local identities are weakened by global
tourism
3.
Since the concept of a teddy bear is very obviously not
a genetically inherited trait, we can be confident that we
are looking at a cultural trait. However, it is a cultural
trait that seems to be under the guidance of another,
genuinely biological trait: the cues that attract us to
babies (high foreheads and small faces). Cute, baby-
like features are inherently appealing, producing a
nurturing response in most humans. Teddy bears that
had a more baby-like appearance — however slight this
may have been initially — were thus more popular with
customers. Over time, however, there has been a
change in the role of the teddy bear, as teddy bear
makers expanded their targets to older customers.
Teddy bear manufacturers obviously noticed which
bears were selling best and so made more of these and
fewer of the less popular models, to maximize their
profits. In this way, the selection pressure built up by
the customers resulted in the evolution of a more baby-
like bear by the manufacturers.

42
4. 5.
Many people I’ve met say they never write letters or
anything at all because they’ve learned that they always A large group of psychologists and architects conducted
make mistakes. Communication is not like cooking, two experiments among eight thousand college students
where you only get one chance to get it right. In cooking, at three institutions in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania.
there is a recipe to follow and the food comes out Some of the students lived in high-density towers, some
bad if you stray from it. What those people I met didn’t in medium-density apartment blocks, and others in
know until I told them this is that nobody gets it right lower-density halls of residence. The researchers began
the first time, or the second, or the third. Everybody by scattering a series of stamped addressed envelopes
needs to write and revise, then rewrite and revise inside the buildings, creating the sense that the letters
again, and keep that process up until finally it’s as good had been lost on the way to the mailbox. When the
as it’s going to get. The secret to writing letters, researchers returned four hours later, they found that
speeches, or any planned communication is to work at it 100 percent of the letters in the low-density housing
until you have revised the whole thing at least seven were posted, 87 percent were posted in the medium-
times. The first draft of almost anything (letter, essay, density blocks, and only 63 percent were posted in the
speech, document), is never going to be your best work. high-density towers. In a different set of apartment
Personal letters may be the exception in some cases, but blocks that similarly varied in density, the researchers
even they often need to be rewritten before mailing. placed boxes asking residents to donate used milk
. cartons for an art project. Calculating the number of
cartons that were used by the residents in the blocks,
Writers are similar to chefs
they found again that high-density dwellers were less
Quality comes with rewriting
helpful. Those in low- and medium-density housing
Writing requires special talent
contributed 55 percent of their cartons, whereas the
Mistakes are the key to learning
students in high-density housing gave only 37 percent
The personal touch gets lost in editing
of their cartons.

According to the two experiments, we can assume

that the more (A) the living environment
is, the less (B) the residents are.

(A) (B)
packed …… independent
packed …… generous
convenient …… independent
convenient …… generous
eco-friendly …… selfish

p. 40

DAY 20 43
 DAY 21 2.
There’s no denying the fact that chaos doesn’t make
it easy to think logically. However, if you exert some
willpower and force yourself to examine the situation
1. without emotions clouding your judgment, you might
discover new opportunities in the middle of chaos.
The primary reason given by most regular exercisers for
continuing their fitness activities is that they help them (A) Treated correctly, the chaos that has emerged in
feel better on a day-to-day basis. It could be argued that your diet can offer opportunities. Perhaps you could jot
the link between vigorous activity and mental health is down the thoughts you have when you gorge on
just a function of genetic predispositions. However, unhealthy food after a long period of going without it.
there is evidence that regular exercise directly (B) For example, if you’re on a diet and somehow one
. In a study with almost cheat meal turned into a week-long session of bad food
2,000 adults, little or no recreational exercise was choices, you might conclude that everything is lost and
predictive of an increase in depressive symptoms eight give up. It’s the easy choice, but not the right one.
years later. Men who had many depressive symptoms (C) If you’ve been following a healthy diet for several
during the initial assessment usually remained feeling weeks, you can probably also notice the difference in
that way unless they began to regularly exercise. how you feel after eating junk food. Your mistake can
Sedentary women who originally showed few symptoms then reinforce your will to part ways with junk food
also manifested increased signs of depression at the forever.
eight-year follow-up. gorge on
predisposition sedentary
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
fails as a substitute for social recreation (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
corresponds to the health of one’s genes (C) – (B) – (A)
contributes to weight loss and muscle gain
reduces the risk of future psychological difficulties
leads to depression in otherwise healthy individuals

44
3. [4~5]
Successfully hunting such large animals usually takes There are certain compelling features of the
more than one wolf, so it makes sense to suppose that imagination. (a) Fictional people tend to be wittier
wolf packs evolved because of the size of wolves’ and more clever than friends and family, and their
food. adventures are usually much more interesting. My
real world doesn’t include an emotionally wounded
The social lives of numerous animals are strongly cop tracking down a serial killer, a shoplifter with a
shaped by affiliative and cooperative behavior. Consider heart of gold, or a wisecracking vampire. But all of
wolves. ( ) For a long time researchers thought that those people can be met in imaginary worlds.
pack size was regulated by available food resources. The technologies of the imagination provide any
( ) Wolves typically feed on animals such as elk and sensitive or private information that is (b) impossible
moose, both of which are bigger than an individual to get in the real world. A novel can span birth to
wolf. ( ) However, long-term research by David Mech death and can show you how the person behaves in
shows that pack size in wolves is regulated by social situations that you could never otherwise (c) observe.
and not food-related factors. ( ) Mech discovered that In reality you can never truly know what a person is
the number of wolves who can live together in a thinking; in a story, the writer can tell you. Such
coordinated pack is governed by the number of wolves psychic intimacy isn’t (d) limited to the written word.
with whom individuals can closely bond balanced There are conventions in other artistic mediums
against the number of individuals from whom an that have been created for the same purpose. A
individual can tolerate competition. ( ) Packs and character in a play might turn to the audience and
their codes of conduct break down when there are too begin a dramatic monologue that expresses what he
many wolves. or she is thinking. In a musical, the thoughts might be
affiliative elk sung; on television and in the movies, a voice-over
moose may be used. This is (e) uncommon now, but it must
have been a revelation when the technique was first
invented, and I wonder what young children think
when they come across this for the first time, when
they hear someone else’s thoughts expressed aloud. It
must be thrilling.
voice-over

4.
Fiction Can Be More Realistic Than Reality
Why Are We So Attracted by Fictional Stories?
Reading Novels Is a Tool for Self-Improvement
Understanding Human Nature Through Reading
Our Brain Cannot Distinguish Fiction from Reality

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.42

DAY 21 45
 DAY 22 2.
With waiting lists for gardening spaces growing longer,
many plots are being reduced in size, yet the desire to
grow fruit and vegetables is stronger than ever. So what
1. should you do if you just don’t have acres of space or at
least a full-size plot to grow on? How to use your plot
World history teachers already grasp the fact that they
should be based on the end product. The question should
could not hope to cover the history of the world without
be “What do I like to eat?”, not “What do I want to
picking and choosing. Otherwise, they would have to
grow?” Visit some gardens in late winter or early spring
devote perhaps 13 minutes to the history of Malaysia, 7
and you will see half rotting cabbages and the general
to Singapore, and 28 to Thailand — impossible! But in
debris of winter. Go around in late spring and summer
U.S. history, teachers still feel a compulsion to teach
and you will often see runner beans that have grown
4,444 twigs rather than a much smaller number of trees
several meters high. If they are not eaten, these are a
and only a handful of forests. Sometimes they feel
waste of space. So the first rule of planning a garden is
compelled to do so by statewide “standardized” twig
this: has taken time,
tests. Unfortunately, the more teachers cover, the less
space, and energy that should have been spent on
kids remember. Fragmenting history into unconnected
growing something else that finds a home in your
“facts” practically guarantees that students will not be
stomach.
able to relate many of these terms to their own lives. As
a professor who specializes in teaching first-year everyone who has rented a plot
courses, I can guarantee that by the time they enter anything that is not actually consumed
college, most students who were taught U.S. history the anyone who has focused on desirable food
usual way have forgotten everything — except that everything that is currently grown in plots
World War I preceded World War II. anything that is planted out of season
twig

46
3. 5.
Nietzsche’s aphorism — “What doesn’t kill me makes As a result, Poe chose to present the origination of
me stronger” — is not entirely correct if taken literally; The Raven in a contrary light.
some things that don’t kill you can still leave you
permanently damaged and diminished. But teaching In 1845 Edgar Allan Poe completed The Raven. One
kids that failures, insults, and painful experiences will year later, Poe published the critical essay The
do lasting damage is harmful in and of itself. Human Philosophy of Composition, which described the
beings need physical and mental challenges and stressors process by which this poem had been created. ( ) We
or we deteriorate. For example, muscles and joints might have expected Poe, as a poet in the Romantic age,
need stressors to develop properly — too much rest to talk about the flash of inspiration by which the entire
causes muscles to atrophy, joints to lose range of motion, poem appeared in an instant. ( ) As Poe put it, “Most
heart and lung function to decline, and blood clots to writers — poets especially — prefer having it understood
form. Since muscle health and joint health go hand in that they compose through a type of intense frenzy —
hand, measures to protect these parts of our body often an ecstatic intuition.” ( ) Yet Poe always prided
overlap. Without the challenges imposed by gravity, himself on his analytical powers. ( ) “It is my intention
astronauts develop muscle weakness and joint to render it manifest that no one point in its composition
degeneration. is attributable either to accident or intuition — that the
work proceeded, step by step, to its completion with the
precision and rigid consequence of a mathematical
problem.” ( ) He emphasized that logic drove every
decision, from the poem’s length and themes down to
single words and images.

p.44
4.
In 1908 a cowboy named George McJunkin was
riding near the small town of Folsom, New Mexico,
searching for a lost cow.

(A) There they stayed until 1925, when they landed on

the desk of Jesse Figgins of the Colorado Museum of
Natural History. Figgins easily identified the bones as
those of a long-extinct form of bison that had roamed
the plains at the end of the Ice Age.
(B) But it was the stone spearpoints McJunkin had
found beside the bones that had the more far-reaching
implications. If these spearpoints were manmade
weapons used to kill the bison, that meant humans had
been living in America during the Ice Age.
(C) Instead, he came across some bones with stone
spearpoints beside them. The bones were much too
large to belong to a cow; intrigued, McJunkin took them
back to the ranch house.

(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)

(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)

DAY 22 47
 DAY 23 2.
There is a growing body of research that shows that too
much information can hinder behavior change. With
apps monitoring sleep, heart rate, calories, exercise,
1. steps, stairs, and breathing — not to mention spending
and Internet use and other behaviors — we live in an
Even though science believes it is predicated on physical
age of personal quantification. We can instantly know
laws that describe objective processes, the historian of
how much of everything we’re doing, have done, and
science Thomas Kuhn pointed out that scientific facts
should do. While it’s great information to have, too
are instead embedded in cultural practices or paradigms.
much data can actually lessen the pleasure we get
Science operates within the context of the culture it
from even healthy activities, like exercise, sleep, diet,
exists in; it does not exist in a vacuum where pure
and savings. As data accumulates, and as we have to
absolute objectivity prevails. In biomedicine, for
make an effort to measure, track, and think about it, the
example, physicians always base their diagnosis on
activities themselves can move from “lifestyle” to
assumptions within the context of their culture. In the
“ work.” As a consequence, our motivation to engage
United States, a reasonably healthy person with an
in these healthy activities drops. So, even if the data
enlarged spleen would be suspected of mononucleosis.
would help us understand what we should do, too much
In South America, this same person would be suspected
data fulfills our desire to do anything about it.
of having Chagas’ disease; in Ethiopia, Ewing’s tumor.
All these diagnoses would be correct. If an American
physician were put in sub-Sahara Africa, or a Saudi
physician in Nebraska, each would have trouble making
proper diagnoses of their patients. Because biomedicine
operates within the context of the culture of which it is
part, these physicians would be like fish out of water
and not fully cognizant of the cultural mores of their
host land.
predicate spleen mores
3.
Science Cannot Transcend Cultural Bias
Scientific Knowledge and Cultural Diversity The title of a scientific article should be chosen with
The Key to Scientific Information Cultural Context care because it provides the first basis on which a
Science A Tool for Interpreting Cultural Differences prospective reader can decide whether or not to go
The Pursuit of Science Overcomes the Limitations of further in reading the article. It therefore should
Culture provide as much information as possible about the
nature of the paper, without, however, exceeding the
length limitations. In practice it will be the chief
source on which indexers will rely. Therefore, it is
desirable, if possible, to get index words into the title,
i.e., words under which the paper should be listed in the
subject index. Consequently, a journal article usually
runs from two to twenty printed pages, which forces its
authors to compress into the limited space the
information the reader needs. For example, if a small
number of chemical compounds were studied in some
way, such that the article should be indexed under the
names of the compounds, try to get the names in the
title.

48
4. 5.
Pamela Dalton, a psychologist at Monell Chemical
Senses Center, proved that actually In a study conducted at the Old North Church, one of
change the perception of smell. The participants were the most-visited historical landmarks in Boston,
divided into three groups, who sat down in a lab, and American tourists completed a travel checklist just
were then exposed to an odor that was neither pleasant before entering the church, marking off the other cities
nor unpleasant for 20 minutes. To one group, she did not they had visited. Some tourists saw a checklist that
say anything about the odor, while she told the second included commonplace destinations, such as New York,
and the third groups that the odor was an industrial Orlando, and Las Vegas, places many Americans have
chemical that might be harmful and a distilled pure visited. Others saw a checklist that included more exotic
natural extract, respectively. The result was that the international destinations, such as Tokyo, Paris, and
subjects who were either told nothing or positive Sydney. Tourists checked off a lot more places when
information felt the odor became weaker as time passed. they were presented with the list of U.S. destinations,
In contrast, the subjects who were told negative leading them to feel more well-traveled than people
information felt the odor became stronger as time presented with the broader list of international
passed. In other words, an odor that is thought to be destinations. The tourists went on their way, heading
good disappears from consciousness fast, while an odor inside to check out the church. But the checklist changed
thought to be harmful keeps our attention and remains how they behaved when they got there. Those who saw
strong. This experiment shows that prejudices are very the list of exotic international destinations entered the
effective at distorting the senses. church feeling like they were not well-traveled and
distilled ended up savoring their visit more. They spent
significantly more time enjoying the church compared
desires interests
to those who saw the domestic checklist.
behaviors experiences
expectations
Just seeing the list of international destinations
(A) American tourists’ motivation to
enjoy visits to less extraordinary destinations by
endowing them with a sense of (B) about
their travel experiences.

(A) (B)
undermined …… abundance
undermined …… curiosity
increased …… inadequacy
increased …… pride
sustained …… independence

p.46

DAY 23 49
 DAY 24 2.
The event that began the transition from Old English
to Middle English was the Norman Conquest of 1066,
when William the Conqueror invaded England from
1. Normandy in northern France and the conquering
Normans began their rule of it.
Black uniforms are viewed more negatively by people
than light-colored uniforms, in a variety of situations, (A) On the other hand, the peasantry and lower classes
thus implying that the public may respond better to (the vast majority of the population, an estimated 95%)
firefighters in lighter turnout gear. Further, our findings continued to speak English, which was considered by
show that many firefighters had concerns specific to the Normans a low-class, vulgar tongue. It is this
black gear. Given these factors, the popularity of black mixture of Old English and French that is usually
turnout gear by some firefighters is somewhat puzzling. referred to as Middle English.
The reason may lie in the (B) French became the language of the kings and
of the men and women who become firefighters. U.S. nobility of England for more than 300 years. While it
firefighers tend to be conservative, and reluctant was the verbal language of the court, administration,
to change traditional gear. For example, recent and culture, Latin was mostly used for written language,
developments in European firefighter uniforms and especially by the Church and in official records.
helmets that are more form-fitted and have functional (C) They were themselves descended from Vikings who
advantages are generally rejected by U.S. firefighters. had settled in northern France about 200 years before.
This can be due to two different factors: the desire to However, they had completely abandoned their own
maintain their traditional image, and the fact that they language and wholeheartedly adopted French to the
feel comfortable in the uniform they currently wear — extent that not a single Norman word survived in
they know and trust its functions and limitations. Normandy.
Changing to a new uniform, which must protect you vulgar
from life-threatening conditions, is not as simple as
deciding on a new dress fashion. (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
turnout gear (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)
gender differences
physical features
code of conduct
psychological profile
communicative differences

50
3. [4~5]
Instead, he recognized the zigzag pattern separating Students who have a high level of self-control are
the light and dark areas of the moon. especially effective at achieving health, wealth, and
happiness. Their lives are marked by success on many
It’s not just that a certain kind of original person seeks fronts. We found that these individuals don’t attain
out exposure to the arts. ( ) The arts also serve in turn these admirable outcomes in the (a) expected way —
as a powerful source of creative insight. ( ) When by actively exerting willpower. Their success is not
Galileo made his astonishing discovery of mountains on due to some superhuman ability to inhibit unwanted
the Moon, his telescope didn’t actually have enough actions. Instead, they form habits to automate their
magnifying power to support that finding. ( ) Other behavior. Habits make it easy to accomplish their
astronomers were looking through similar telescopes, goals.
but only Galileo was able to appreciate the implications There’s another important story of how people with
of the dark and light regions. ( ) He had the necessary high “self-control” are successful. It has to do with
depth of experience in physics and astronomy, but also (b) contexts. In an online survey, individuals who
breadth of experience in painting and drawing. ( ) scored high on a “self-control” scale also agreed with
Thanks to artistic training in a technique called statements like “I choose friends who keep me on
chiaroscuro, which focuses on representations of light track to accomplishing my long-term goals,” or
and shade, Galileo was able to detect mountains which “When I work or study, I deliberately seek out a place
others were not able to detect. with no distractions,” and “I (c) avoid situations in
which I might be tempted to act immorally.” These
people understood the power of circumstances to
make actions easy or difficult. They recognized that
if they controlled their surroundings, they’d control
their actions, too. Once someone understands this, it
gets easier to form beneficial habits. Students who
tested (d) low in “self-control” didn’t agree as strongly
with these statements. They weren’t trying to make
their lives easier by establishing the right (e) internal
forces — ones to drive desired behaviors and put
friction on undesired ones. High “self-control” people
don’t just say the right thing. They do it.

4.
The Psychological Benefits of Self-Control
When Do We Fail at Self-Control, and Why?
Making Good Habits and Building Willpower
How the Willpower Myth Is Holding You Back
Self-Control Strategies Rather Than Willpower

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.48

DAY 24 51
 DAY 25 2.

Different bacterial species need different nutrients;

some prefer sugar, and others live off fat. But they not
1. only fight with one another for food, and to retain a
foothold in the ecosystem. Your gut bugs often want
Have you ever seen a fly that’s trapped in a room? It
different things than you do, and they’re not shy about
immediately searches for the light, so it heads for the
going after their goals. Your gut bugs have the ability to
window, smacking itself against the glass again and
impact your behavior and mood by altering the neural
again, sometimes for hours. Have you ever noticed
signals in your vagus nerve. They change taste receptors
people do this? Sometimes we get stuck when we keep
and produce toxins to make you feel bad when you
doing what we’ve always done. When we encounter a
don’t eat the things they want, or release chemical
problem, the easiest approach seems to be the one that
rewards to make you feel good when you do. So the
has been tried before. The safety of the “tried and true”
bacteria inside your gut are actually manipulating you.
often keeps us from attempting something new. Even if
It’s important to understand this, because it’s what
the “road less traveled” might be the best solution, we’re
makes it so hard to change your diet: the bugs inside
reluctant to try it because it would mean starting from
you are playing you like a big marionette, trying to force
scratch. But what would happen if we started with a
you to give them what they crave. It’s a carrot and stick
clean slate? When navigating a maze, we may make a
approach.
lot of progress, turn by turn, only to reach a dead end.
Usually the way out of a dead end is not just to go back foothold vagus nerve
a couple of turns. Instead, we need to start over from the marionette
beginning so we can steer away from the roadblocks we
Gut bacteria produces two kinds of chemicals for our
hit the first time around until we ultimately reach our
health.
destination.
Gut bacteria chooses and absorbs what it needs from
our bodies.
Gut bacteria controls our bodies in many ways for its
own purposes.
Gut bacteria helps our bodies stay in good shape to get
what it wants.
Gut bacteria can have both beneficial and harmful
effects on the human body.

52
3. 4.
There is a point of similarity between texting and When Atlantic cod populations collapsed due to
Egyptian writing: the notion of a rebus. A rebus is a overfishing, the Canadian government suggested
message which, in its original definition, consists hunting expeditions to kill North Atlantic harp seals,
entirely of pictures that are used to represent the sounds because the seals were known to eat cod.
of words, rather than the objects they refer to. They are
known in Latin, and found in European art and literature. (A) The seals, for example, not only fed on cod but also
Leonardo da Vinci drew rebus puzzles. Ben Jonson on 150 other species, many of which also fed on cod! So
ridiculed them in one of his plays. So there is actually there simply was no way of knowing in advance whether
nothing novel at all about such text messages as c u l8r reducing the seal population would actually produce
(“see you later”) in English. They are part of European more cod or less cod.
linguistic tradition, and similar features can be found in (B) It was assumed that eliminating the seals, a principal
all languages which have been written down. Individual cod predator, would allow the cod populations to
texters may have devised some of the modern rebound. What the government failed to realize was that
abbreviations without being aware of that tradition, but the cod/seal relationship was affected by many other
they are only doing what generations have done before less prominent species in the system.
them. And certainly there should be no reason for us to (C) In food webs involving as few as eight species, there
be taken aback when we encounter such forms in can be more than 10 million distinct chains of cause and
texting, for we have all seen them before. To suggest effect that would link the seal to the cod. How can we
that they are part of a “code for initiates” is ever exercise effective control management in such
. complex, dynamic communities?

initiate (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)

(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
to reveal their origin (C) – (B) – (A)
to distort the soul of wit
to pay respect to tradition
to think of them as cliché 5.
to ignore linguistic history Subsequent to the trauma, individuals may rebuild
their assumptions in ways that map more closely onto
the world as it is for them now, and this, in turn, may
facilitate future coping.

As individuals go through life, they build up sets of

beliefs about who they are and how the world works.
These sets might include specific beliefs such as “Heart
trouble only affects people older than I.” The problem,
of course, is that events in the real world can challenge
such beliefs. ( ) When the challenge is great enough,
individuals may be forced to drop their beliefs and
develop new ones. ( ) It is in this context that growth
can occur. ( ) Individuals may also be provided with
opportunities they did not see before. ( ) In these
ways, and others, it is possible for individuals to
experience some growth alongside of, and because of,
the loss and pain associated with the trauma. ( ) The
growth may in fact result from the individuals’ attempts
to deal with the trauma.
p.50

DAY 25 53
 DAY 26 2.
The classic example of people focusing so much on
rules that they forget to think is what happened in
asbestos removal projects in the 1980s. The government
1. issued a set of rules that was hundreds of pages thick
describing every aspect of how to remove asbestos-
A great deal of research has been done by social
containing materials from buildings. Most of the rules,
scientists over the past few decades into the conditions
such as those requiring that workers wear masks and
and distribution of happiness. However, definitions,
that the asbestos is wet to reduce the amount of
findings, interpretations, explanations, and conclusions
airborne dust, were designed to prevent people from
are still somewhat unsettled and disputed. There is
breathing asbestos fibers. People paid so much attention
particular unease about the usual method of measuring
to following these rules and avoiding breathing
how happy people are, which, in one way or another,
asbestos fibers that they forgot what happens when
basically consists of asking them how happy they feel.
water (necessary to keep the asbestos wet) and electricity
This approach is open to the objection that what people
(necessary for lights and equipment) mix. Thus,
say about their states of happiness may not be reliable.
a leading cause of injury at these sites was
Individuals may wish to project a happy state, or feel
electrocution. The rules were so thorough that people
under an obligation to do so, or be deceiving themselves
assumed they could ignore common sense and just
about their condition — many people aren’t happy, but
follow the rules.
they just don’t realize it. And there may be significant
asbestos electrocution
variation in the terms people use to describe how they
feel; asked how they are doing, it’s possible that one
person’s “Can’t complain” reflects the same state of
mind as another person’s “Doing great!”

various ways to interpret other people’s feelings

3.
reasons why we should all strive for individual happiness
difficulties of assessing an individual’s happiness A biography tells an account of a person’s life written in
objectively the third person in a narrative structure. Biographies can
psychological benefits of studying what makes people be studied to learn about how people reacted to, shaped,
happy and constructed opportunities during historical periods
key factors that influence whether a person is happy or and the cultural contexts in which they lived. They
not provide nonfiction information and communicate why a
person’s legacy is so important that it is documented.
Reading biographies can help students reflect about
how they should feel about historical people and events
in terms of a dynamic process of continuity and change.
Moreover, people in history are humanized by
biographies that allow students to be drawn close to the
past as they experience specific personalities and
realities. A biographer inevitably finds it impossible
to give a complete picture of his subject if he hesitates
to present his subject as an imperfect human being.
Through this, biographies offer students a richer
context of history, providing more opportunities for
engagement as they connect with the people as well as
the events of the times.
legacy

54
4. 5.
When designing advanced resistance training programs,
there are many variables that can be altered to enhance Even very subtle manipulation of object-orientation in
the difficulty and prolong the positive adaptations. One an ad design can impact purchase behavior. Advertisers
of the most important variables is variety. Most advanced can increase purchase intentions by facilitating mental
training programs incorporate different styles of simulation through their visual depictions of the product.
programs during various training periods. The rationale They can do this simply by orienting a product (e.g., a
is that in order to continue to promote training cake with a fork) toward the right side. While this may
adaptations, you must continually the not suit the smaller percentage of left-handers, the larger
system. Individuals who have been training for long percentage of right-handers will have better mental
periods of time using identical training methods (i.e., product-interaction. These results also hold for shelf
order of exercises, types of exercise, workloads, display design in retail environments. For example, a
intensities, etc.) do not experience as much adaptation. very slight change in display design of mugs in the
You must continually alter your program so the body window of a coffee shop could affect purchases with
does not become too accustomed to it. Therefore, you consumers imagining picking up that coffee mug and
must increase the variety of your workouts to attain drinking from it. Including an instrument (e.g., a spoon
advanced training outcomes. That is not always as for eating an advertised soup) that facilitates mental
simple as adding more weight or changing the number simulation should also increase purchase intentions.
of repetitions within a program. The advanced These consequences of visual depiction impact not just
competitive individual might also add in specialized advertising design, but product packaging design and
training to enhance speed, quickness, and agility to help display design as well.
accomplish their exercise-specific training goals. object-orientation
rationale agility

simplify overload Subtle changes in the design of an ad (A)

distribute undermine the mental simulation of the consumer, which may
standardize lead to an (B) in the intention of
purchasing an item.

(A) (B)
assist …… elevation
assist …… reduction
alleviate …… elevation
alleviate …… reduction
impede …… abatement

p.52

DAY 26 55
 DAY 27 2.
Historians’ approaches to the past vary enormously,
but some common disciplinary features unite them.

(A) So all studies of history are driven by the discovery

1.
of evidence from the period being studied, and its
Most of us are embarrassed to admit that our opinions analysis and interpretation. Historians aim to describe
can be strongly affected by an appeal to our emotions. what happened, explain how and why it happened, and
We tend to take pride in our rationality and feel a bit link past events to wider contexts and the passage of
ashamed of our emotions, as if rationality were more time.
likely to be right and the emotions commensurately apt (B) There are limits to what historians can study; they
to be wrong. Where rationality is concerned, we feel in can study only parts of the past that left evidence behind
control; where emotions dominate, we feel out of and for which evidence has survived. The dominant
control, as if our emotions have a life of their own and type of evidence has been documentary: government
are even somewhat alien to us. This is a cultural archives, private papers, newspapers, and published
prejudice. Our emotions, no less than our faculty of materials have long been the most consulted forms of
reason, are part of us, and there is nothing abnormal or source.
regrettable, let alone shameful, about being moved by (C) The range has recently broadened, and many
emotion. In fact, very few of the major decisions we historians are now happy to use artefacts, buildings,
make . visual evidence, oral testimony, and many other non-
Even the most rational of decisions typically have an written sources. However, regardless of the type of
important emotional component, and many emotionally evidence, the point is that without evidence, historians
motivated decisions are quite reasonable. cannot function.
commensurately
archive testimony

set a higher value on emotion than reason (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
are based purely on reason or purely on emotion (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
become either time-consuming or energy-intensive (C) – (B) – (A)
take the environment into account first and foremost
have an emotional connection to what we’ve experienced

56
3. [4~5]
In multicellular organisms, cells must also coordinate Do you feel better after taking a walk in the park or
their activities with other cells; hormones, growth watching a beautiful sunset? If so, you may be
factors, and other molecules provide instructions to unknowingly using your own form of “ecotherapy,”
enable this coordination. a type of therapy designed to (a) improve emotional
health by reconnecting people with nature and the
Cells are constantly bombarded with signals from their environment. The field of ecopsychology, which first
environment, whether they are single-celled organisms became popular in the United States in the 1990s,
or cells in tissues within multicellular organisms. ( ) claims that humans are an (b) integral part of the
These signals provide information about nutrient and natural world and should not be separated from it.
oxygen levels, and other features of the cell’s Their emotional health may suffer if they are cut off
environment. ( ) For example, pancreatic cells release from nature by urbanization or other aspects of
the hormone insulin in response to high blood sugar, modern life. In addition, this alienation may cause
which tells other cells in the body to take up sugar from emotional and physical (c) comfort.
the blood. ( ) Other signals may instruct a cell to Out of this movement grew ecotherapy, offering
divide, move, die, or change function; they are detected strategies to strengthen people’s relationship with
in the target cell by specific molecules on the cell surface nature. For instance, learning to survive alone in the
called receptors. ( ) The receptors are specific to each wilderness can build confidence, but even a simple
signal and allow each cell to survey its environment. walk outdoors can also be effective. Some therapies
( ) Once receiving a signal, the receptor initiates a involve animals: swimming with dolphins, playing
cascade of reactions inside the cell, a process known as with your pet, or watching a tropical fish tank are all
signal transduction, which leads to the required change (d) beneficial. Even looking at a picture of an outdoor
in cell behavior. scene can help.
pancreatic cascade As a result, one UK mental health charity is now
transduction proposing that ecotherapy be made more (e) readily
available for mental health patients, as it already is in
Holland and Norway. So if you’re feeling a bit down,
you may not need antidepressants or costly therapy.
First, try riding your bike or walking on the beach.
These activities will surely be good for your physical
health, and may strengthen your spirits, too.

4.
How Can You Shake off Your Blues?
Nature Is Neither Enemy nor Friend!
Leading Causes of Emotional Distress
Ways of Getting in Touch with Nature
Mother Nature A Hospital Without Walls

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.54

DAY 27 57
 DAY 28 2.
Your brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you
have to stock it with such furniture as you choose. If the
brain held on to everything that it received, it would
1. have so many memories that it would soon run out of
room, and could accept no more. A fool takes in all the
Sometimes it may be better to have your dessert before
furnishings of every sort that he comes across, so that
dinner. We often think that we will enjoy a leisure
the knowledge which might be useful to him gets
activity or vacation as a reward for getting our work
crowded out, or at best is mixed up with a lot of other
done, but it turns out we’ll have just as much fun playing
things, so that he has difficulty laying his hands on it. It
before working. In a research experiment, led by Ed
is a mistake to think that the little room
O’Brien, a professor at the Chicago Booth School of
. Depend upon this: there
Business, 259 college students were told they had a
comes a time when for every addition of knowledge,
choice to enjoy a spa treatment (aka reward) either
you forget something that you knew before.
before their midterms or as a destressing experience
after taking their tests (aka work). Before the experiment, will be messed up with every detail
the students who visited the spa before midterms were is not accessible without any permission
predicted to have less enjoyable time due to looming cannot be adjusted to whatever you need
exams. However, they actually enjoyed themselves just has elastic walls and can stretch to any extent
as much as those who visited the spa after midterms. is filled with forgettable things of all different shapes
This suggests that we may be overworrying and
overworking for future rewards that could be just as
pleasurable in the present, and that fun is just as fun
even if you haven’t “earned it.”

3.
The obvious role of sugar in ice cream is to sweeten the
product. However, sugar also plays a role in determining
the textural characteristics of the frozen ice cream,
because sugar causes the freezing temperature of the
mixture to drop. In fact, a cup of sugar in a quart of an
ice cream mixture will decrease the freezing point
approximately 2˚F. This means that the ice cream
must be chilled below the normal freezing temperature
of water if ice crystals are to form. The flavor of ice
cream can be enhanced by storing it at an extremely low
temperature, which creates an outstanding cold sensation
while the ice cream melts in your mouth. The greater
the content of sugar in an ice cream, the lower the
freezing point. This delayed freezing temperature
helps to keep the size of crystals in the ice cream very
small because a reasonable amount of stirring can be
done during the freezing process to help break up any
ice crystal aggregates as they slowly form.
aggregate

58
4. 5.
For those of us who have lived through the invention According to the historian E. H. Warmington, this
of the Internet and mobile computing, it feels like absence of silver coins suggests a trade mainly in
digital technology has finally reached a mature phase. luxury goods during that period.
But as most tech experts will tell you, we’ve barely
scratched the surface. Local goods in India were purchased with durable gold
and silver coins, each dated by the image of a Roman
(A) It can send birthday greetings for us, nudge us when emperor. Caches of these coins are still being discovered
a friend posts troublesome news, and even remind us to in south India, offering us a glimpse of trade patterns
dress appropriately tomorrow when it looks like it might two thousand years ago. ( ) They include gold and
rain. silver coins from the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius
(B) This modern digital world offers much to amuse, (27 BC to AD 37), suggesting a vigorous trade in a large
amaze, and delight us, enabling us to do things we didn’t volume of goods. ( ) After the death of Tiberius, the
think possible just five years ago. For example, today composition of the Indian coin caches changes. ( )
we have the option of “hiring” an app as our personal Significant numbers of only gold, but not silver, coins
assistant. bearing the heads of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero (AD
(C) Every day, tens of thousands of new apps are 37-68) are found. ( ) Few Roman coins of any type
developed, and smarter, more powerful gadgets are are found after the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD 180.
designed to replace what’s in our pockets and fill the ( ) When Roman and Han authority finally collapsed
gaps in our lives that have yet to be digitized. around AD 200, trade with the East came to an almost
nudge gadget complete standstill.
cache
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A) p.56

DAY 28 59
 DAY 29 2.
Most children develop an ability to manufacture facial
expressions they don’t feel, but not everyone does this
equally well or believes it to be a good thing. Some
1. children, for example, do not suppress anger with a
smile. These children tend to be the ones who more
In the United States, we tend to equate creativity with
generally have behavior problems. Psychologists have
novelty and originality. But the high value that we place
observed that unpopular children are more likely to
on novelty is not shared universally in all cultures. In
frown and grimace when they lose at a game and less
performance, for example, we find that in almost all
likely to contain their smiling when they win at a
cultures — including our own — improvisation is
game than popular children. They will likely vent their
allowed only in informal performances; in formal
“real” feelings and are less likely to hold them back
settings, in contrast, improvisation is not allowed.
for the sake of others’ feelings. Celebrating a win with
Formal performances must follow the movements of the
an enormous grin is not likely to endear you to others.
dance or the words of the script. In most cultures, rituals
Socially incompetent children understand that there
forbid improvisation. This seems to be related to the
are times when hiding or disguising emotions is what
power of ritual; a ritual can only perform its supernatural
friends do.
function if performed exactly, and a divergence from
the appropriate dance or script would result in an
ineffective ritual. In a traditional U.S. Christian
wedding, the religious official is expected to say “I now
pronounce you husband and wife”; an unexpected
creative improvisation such as “I exclaim that you are
now joined for life” or even “From now on you will be
married” would be disturbing, generally not welcomed
by the participants and audience.
3.
improvisation
In many domains, there are issues that have not yet been
Ritual, Formal Performance and Culture resolved, questions that have not yet been posed, and
Novelty Is Not Welcomed in a Formal Ritual problems that have no obvious solution. These “ill-
Ritual Performance Its Origin and Functions structured” problems require a creative approach.
Is It Necessary to Protect Tradition in Rituals? Paradoxically, when people are given free rein to solve
Novelty and Convention in Ritual Performances a problem, they tend to be wholly uncreative, focusing
on what’s worked best in the past. This is due to the
fundamental nature of human cognition: to imagine the
future we generate what we already know from the past.
Such freedom can hinder creativity, whereas the
strategic use of constraints can promote creativity. By
using constraints, reliable responses are precluded and
novel surprising ones are encouraged. You’ll be more
creative if .
preclude

your mind is not allowed to roam free

you keep exposing yourself to new experiences
your mind refers to the reaction of those around you
you don’t allow yourself to fall for the easiest solution
you start questioning or being curious about everything

60
4. 5.
Rap music flourished without access to the music
establishment. Most rap is performed by artists in their In the early 1980s, Nancy Andreasen, a neuroscientist at
own homes, using inexpensive, widely accessible the University of Iowa, interviewed several dozen
equipment, in contrast to the sound studios and successful writers from the Iowa Writers’ Workshop
sophisticated recording equipment of other musical about their mental history. Andreasen found that
genres. Rap music is mainly disseminated on 80 percent of the writers were exceedingly worried
homemade cassettes and by locally owned independent and nervous. Why is severe mental burden so closely
record companies. For a decade, the major recording associated with creativity? Her explanation is
companies resisted rap, and even in the mid-1990s only straightforward: It’s not easy to write a good novel. The
a small portion of the music on the Billboard rap singles process often requires years of careful attention as the
chart was produced by the major labels. The radio artist fixes mistakes and corrects errors. As a result, the
industry (which usually makes or breaks the success of ability to stick with the process is extremely important.
any piece of music) ignored rap because its audience is “Successful writers are like prizefighters who keep on
not a priority for radio advertisers to reach. Radio ads getting hit but won’t go down,” Andreasen says. “They’ll
are still a powerful and effective tool for your business stick with it until it’s right. And that seems to be what
— in fact, every week, over 90% of Americans listen to the mood disorders help with.” A similar theme emerged
the radio. For example, New York does not have a from biographical studies of British novelists and poets
single rap station, although it has two full-time classical done by Kay Redfield Jamison, a professor of psychiatry
radio stations. at Johns Hopkins. According to her data, successful
disseminate writers were eight times as likely as people in the general
population to suffer from feelings of severe despondency
and dejection.

One reason successful writers tend to suffer from

(A) is because an important element of
creative work is (B) .

(A) (B)
publicity …… novelty
depression …… novelty
publicity …… perseverance
depression …… perseverance
competition …… imitation

p.58

DAY 29 61
 DAY 30 2.
The Sun sends us more than heat and light; it sends
lots of other energy and small particles our way. The
protective magnetic field around Earth shields us
1. from most of the energy and particles, and we don’t
even notice them.
An instrument is useless if you can’t make a good
connection between it and your soul. The music that we (A) There, the particles interact with gases in the
play on our musical instruments comes from our souls, atmosphere resulting in beautiful displays of light in the
our experience, and our feelings. There are numerous sky called auroras. Oxygen gives off green and red light.
ways to work on this. In most music institutes, people Nitrogen glows blue and purple.
are attending the ear-training classes. Students learn to (B) When it comes toward Earth, some of the energy
sight-read the written notes using their voice and their and small particles ionize the oxygen and nitrogen gas
brain and not their instrument. This is a very convenient in the atmosphere. This usually happens around the
way to create a strong bond between you and your poles of a planet where the magnetic field lines are
instrument, but not the only one. Guess what the best concentrated and the atmosphere becomes thicker.
way is. Playing with a band and interacting with real (C) But the Sun doesn’t send the same amount of energy
musicians is the point. No matter how many exercises all the time. During one kind of solar storm called a
you do or how many ear-training sessions you are coronal mass ejection, the Sun burps out a huge bubble
taking, you are never going to see any significant of electrified gas that can travel through space at high
progress if you . speeds.
sight-read
coronal mass ejection burp

take part in contests (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)

know your place in life (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
keep playing in your room (C) – (B) – (A)
see professional performances
love the music with all your heart

62
3. [4~5]
This is because our body must be warm, our lungs Brilliant individuals, whether anthropologists,
must be stretched, and our blood must be actively psychologists, or economists, assume that brilliance
flowing before our body begins efficiently utilizing is the key to human achievement. They vote for the
oxygen. smartest people to run governments, they ask the
cleverest experts to devise plans for the economy,
As you probably know, our metabolisms stay elevated and they (a) credit the sharpest scientists with
for a significant amount of time after exercise. ( ) discoveries. They are all barking up the wrong tree.
Unfortunately though, by the time we actually get The key to human achievement is not (b) individual
around to exercising again, our metabolism has reverted intelligence at all. Human achievement is entirely
to a slower pace and getting “back into the groove” for a networking phenomenon. It is by combining
the next day’s bike ride, run, or aerobic session can be brainpower through the division of labor that human
difficult. ( ) Wheezing, gasping for breath, coughing, society happened upon a way to raise the living
stumbling, and feeling sleepy, lethargic, or fatigued are standards, technological virtuosity, and knowledge
sometimes associated with starting exercise after that base of the species. We can see this in all sorts
24-hour break. ( ) For most individuals, it takes about of phenomena: the (c) advance of technology in
two minutes for this process to begin to occur, after people who became isolated, like native Tasmanians;
which you actually start feeling good. ( ) Rather than the prosperity of trading city states in Greece,
struggling through these first two minutes at a slow Italy, Holland, and Southeast Asia; the creative
pace, your post-exercise metabolic rate will be higher if consequences of trade. Human achievement is rooted
you simply start the cardio at a moderate pace and hang in collective intelligence — the nodes in the human
on for the first 120 seconds. ( ) In addition, you’ll not neural network are people themselves. By each doing
only warm-up faster, but the rest of your exercise routine one thing and mastering it, then combining the results
will burn more calories. through (d) exchange, people become capable of
wheezing lethargic doing things they do not even understand. As the
economist Leonard Read pointed out in his essay
“I, Pencil,” no single person knows how to make
even a pencil — the knowledge is (e) distributed in
society among many thousands of graphite miners,
lumberjacks, designers and factory workers.

4.
Brilliant People Accomplish Amazing Things
Smart People Value Team Accomplishments
How Can We Maximize Collective Intelligence?
Individual Achievement vs. Collective Responsibility
Human Achievement The Fruit of Collective
Intelligence

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.60

DAY 30 63
 DAY 31 2.

We often think we slow down and stop during athletic

training because we run out of physiological energy —
1. that it is the strength of our muscles or the oxygen in our
blood that caps our maximum expenditure. Yet research
The personal computer has done more to alter work
finds that when individuals feel they’ve reached their
methods and procedures than any other innovation of
physical limits, they actually have the capacity to go on
the past several decades. Computers have replaced
for much longer. It isn’t your body that shuts things
typewriters and other office machines almost completely,
down, it’s your mind. The brain exercises a miserly
and they have dramatically changed the way many jobs
control over the body’s life-sustaining resources; it
are performed. Unfortunately, the computers ─ and
monitors the environment within and without, and when
tablets and smart phones and other electronic devices ─
it feels there’s a risk of your getting too fatigued and
have also opened wide a door to a variety of time-
run-down, it puts the brakes on your efforts, throwing
wasting personal uses including games and nonbusiness
the switch far from the actual point at which you would
e-mail (personal correspondence, jokes, inspirational
become dangerously exhausted. But, when an unusual
messages, anecdotes, etc.). It is not unreasonable to
necessity compels you beyond this premature barrier —
conclude that much of the efficiency gained through the
such as the pressures of competition — a surprising
use of such devices is cancelled out by their misuse. The
thing occurs: The power of the brain relents, allowing
personal computer may well be the most useful and
you to experience a second wind.
versatile tool ever to come into common organizational
relent
use, but by many who spend hours at the keyboard and
screen, the computer is treated more as a toy than a tool. you’ll find new energy and strength to continue
you’ll feel more compelled to avoid the shame of losing
you’ll control your brain by overcoming the physical
limit
you’ll be driven by genuine motivation and intrinsic
desire
you’ll be allowed to take a break from intense
competition

64
3. 4.
Harvard psychologist Felix Warneken had adults show The electromagnetic force works between any two
elementary-aged children two pictures they drew — one things that have electric charge. The more the charge,
pretty good, one terrible. If the adult didn’t show any the stronger the force. And, like gravity, the force
particular pride in the picture, the kids were truthful in depends on the separation between the objects. The
saying whether it was good or bad. If the grown-up further they are apart, the weaker the force.
acted sad about being a bad artist, most of the kids
would rush to reassure her that it wasn’t too awful. In (A) This balance, the result of charge neutrality, can
other words, they told a white lie; the older they were, never happen with gravity. There being no negative
the more likely the kids were to say a bad drawing was mass, there is no possibility of a mass-neutral object.
good. There were no negative consequences for telling You can’t neutralize gravity as you can the
the truth to these bad artists; the kids just wanted these electromagnetic force.
strangers to feel better about themselves. In other words, (B) But unlike gravity, electromagnetism can be both
says Warneken, it’s a(n) attractive and repulsive; it can pull things together and
that drives children to tell white lies. In fact, children push them apart. Opposite charges, one positive the
are trying to resolve two conflicting norms — honesty other negative, attract. Like charges, both positive or
vs. kindness — and by about age seven, his studies both negative, repel.
suggest, they start consistently coming down on the side (C) This means that a composite object that has an equal
of kindness. amount of positive and negative charge will push and
pull in equal amounts and consequently experience and
strategy for avoiding conflict exert no electromagnetic force at all.
attempt to impress the artists
feeling of empathic connection (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
desire for getting fast attention (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
intention of pleasing themselves (C) – (B) – (A)

5.
Then the student is followed outside and asked to
complete a questionnaire about the library that day.

At Purdue University Library, a librarian goes about her

business, checking out people’s books. ( ) She is
playing a role in an experiment in unnoticeable physical
contact, and knows that half the time she is to do nothing
special, the other half to touch students as lightly as
possible. ( ) She brushes a student’s hand gently as
she returns a library card. ( ) Among other questions,
the student is asked if the librarian smiled, and if she
touched him. ( ) In fact, the librarian had not smiled,
but the student reports that she did, although he says she
did not touch him. ( ) This experiment goes on all day,
and soon a pattern emerges: those students who have
been subtly touched report much more satisfaction with
the library and life overall.
p.62

DAY 31 65
 DAY 32 2.
The most astonishing thing about trees is how social
they are. The trees in a forest care for each other,
sometimes even going so far as to nourish the stump of
1. a felled tree for centuries by feeding it sugars and other
nutrients, and so keeping it alive. A tree’s most
The term “tragedy” when used to define a play doesn’t
important means of staying connected to other trees is a
simply mean a drama which ends with unfortunate
“wood wide web” of soil fungi that connects vegetation
consequences. It is an imitation of complex actions
in an intimate network. Scientific research aimed at
which should arouse an emotional response combining
understanding the astonishing abilities of this
fear and pity. While comedy shows us a progression
partnership between fungi and plants have only just
from adversity to prosperity, tragedy must show the
begun. The reason trees share food and communicate
reverse; moreover, this progression must be experienced
is that they need each other. It takes a forest to create
by a certain kind of character whom we can designate as
the unique atmospheric conditions where trees can
the tragic hero. This central figure must be basically
grow and thrive. So it’s not surprising that isolated trees
good and noble: “good” because we will not be aroused
have far shorter lives than those living together in
to fear and pity over the misfortunes of a villain, and
forests. Perhaps the saddest plants of all are the plants
“noble” both by social position and moral standards
we have enslaved in our agricultural systems. They
because the fall to misfortune would not otherwise be
seem to have lost the ability to communicate a long
great enough for impact. These virtues do not make the
time ago, and are thus rendered deaf and dumb.
tragic hero perfect, however, for he must also possess a
stump
certain flaw — the weakness which leads the hero to
make an error in judgment which initiates the reversal in
his life, causing his death or the death of others or both.
3.
reasons why tragic dramas are loved
“What is the sum of 5 plus 5?” “What two numbers add
the stages of the tragic hero’s journey
up to 10?” The first question has only one right answer,
dramatic elements that make up a tragedy
and the second question has an infinite number of
the process of adversity turning into prosperity
solutions, including negative numbers and fractions.
how tragedy creates stronger impressions than comedy
These two problems, which rely on simple addition,
differ only in the way they are framed. In fact, all
questions are the frame into which the answers fall. And
as you can see, by changing the frame, you can
dramatically change the range of possible solutions.
Albert Einstein is quoted as saying, “If I had an hour to
solve a problem and my life depended on the solution,
I would spend the first fifty-five minutes determining
the proper question to ask, for once I know the proper
question, I could solve the problem in less than five
minutes.” is an
important tool for increasing your imagination because
it unlocks a vast array of solutions.

Letting your mind flow freely

Being willing to learn new things
Removing stereotypes and prejudices
Mastering the ability to reframe problems
Expanding your interests by shifting your focus

66
4. 5.
Observation can offer ethnographers solid evidence of
demonstrated behaviors occurring within a specific In one study conducted by business school professor
environment at a specific time. Observational skills Frank Flynn and a former doctoral student, Vanessa
help, for instance, when we want to use people’s actions Lake, participants were asked to estimate how many
to independently verify their spoken claims; describe strangers they would need to approach in order to get
and make sense of what is happening when no one can 5 people to fill out a short questionnaire. The average
— or will — talk with us; and better capture higher- estimate was about 20 people. When the participants
level patterns of behavior especially regarding objects actually tried to get people to fill out the short
and environments. Systematic, observation-based questionnaire, they only needed to approach about 10
data can help us both find out what is actually going on people on average to get 5 to comply with the request.
and justify our claims to others. But observation only Asking for some small help from strangers was
gives clues and partial answers as to why things happen apparently so uncomfortable that about one in five of
and the meanings actors attribute to them. To avoid the study participants did not complete the task. This
such an observational bias we have to carefully design dropout rate is much higher than typical in experiments
the study questionnaire. This is why direct observation where almost everyone finishes once they agree to
should be combined with other methods of understanding participate. In another study, people estimated they
to address most ethnographers’ problems of interest. would need to approach 10 strangers to let them borrow
ethnographer their cell phone to make a short call — the actual number
approached to reach the target of 3 acceptances was 6.2.

According to the study, people who are thinking of

making a request have a tendency to (A)
the likelihood that the recipient of their request will
actually (B) it.

(A) (B)
maximize …… deny
maximize …… accept
underestimate …… deny
underestimate …… accept
predict …… accept

p.64

DAY 32 67
 DAY 33 2.
Our genetic program governs the entire organization
and operation of our bodies, ensuring that nearly all
people are born with arms, legs, lungs, a heart, and
1. other organs.

The intriguing thing about the effects of censoring (A) It means that your genes provide tremendous
information is not that audience members want to have flexibility in your long-term health, and you can use that
the information more than they did before; that seems flexibility to your advantage. Your genes are always
natural. Rather, it is that they come to believe in the responding, in good or bad ways, to what you eat, to
information more, even though they haven’t received it. your emotions, your stresses, and your experiences.
For example, when University of North Carolina (B) We often look like our parents because they were
students learned that a speech opposing coed dorms on the source of our genes, passing along genetic programs
campus would be banned, they became more opposed to that determined our hair, eye, and skin color. However,
the idea of coed dorms. Thus, without ever hearing the your genes do far more than program your appearance.
speech, they became more sympathetic to its argument. (C) They orchestrate the creation of everything in your
This raises the worrisome possibility that especially body, including fifty thousand proteins and tens of
clever individuals holding a weak or unpopular position thousands of other biochemicals. Although many of
can get us to agree with that position by your physical features are fixed, the genes in charge of
. The irony is that for such people your day-to-day biochemical processes are not. Contrary
— members of fringe political groups, for example — to what many people have believed, genes are not
the most effective strategy may not be to publicize their destiny.
unpopular views, but to get those views officially
censored and then to publicize the censorship. (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
coed dorm fringe (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)
provoking sympathy for their weakness
arranging to have their message restricted
setting forth their views as often as possible
providing enough evidence in their argument
forming public opinion to remove the censorship

68
3. [4~5]
But they reduce the likelihood of accumulating Winning the lottery is a happy event, but the
greater benefits from exchange and cooperation with excitement does not last. On average, individuals
the same partner (and perhaps others) in the future. with high income are in a better mood than those with
lower income, but the difference is about a third as
Most people use reputation as a proxy for integrity. But (a) large as most people predict. When you think of
there’s a problem with such a strategy. Contrary to rich and poor people, your thoughts are naturally
common belief, integrity isn’t a stable trait: Someone focused on income. But happiness depends on other
who has been fair and honest in the past won’t factors more than it depends on income. This is a
necessarily be fair and honest in the future. ( ) To perfect example of the focusing illusion, which is the
understand why, we need to abandon the notion that name given to the tendency of people to focus on one
people wrestle with “good” and “evil” impulses. ( ) aspect of a product or situation. In this example, the
Except in cases of serious psychopathology, their brains idea of winning the lottery naturally leads people to
don’t work that way, and, rather, they focus on two types think only about money, and obviously more is
of gains: short-term and long-term. ( ) And it’s the (b) better. Nevertheless, lottery winners still have to
trade-off between them that typically dictates integrity deal with health issues, relationships, boredom, etc.,
at any given moment. ( ) Individuals who break a but the focusing illusion (c) blinds us to this.
trust — by promising work they won’t or can’t deliver, Marketers (d) exploit the focusing illusion. Usually,
for instance — may reap an immediate reward. ( ) they greatly exaggerate the difference that the good
Which outcome is better for them depends on the will make to the quality of a consumer’s life.
situation and the parties involved. Marketers are skilled at making people think that a
proxy new smartphone will greatly (e) decrease their
productivity, or that a new car will allow them a
greater level of freedom that will in turn have a huge
impact on their quality of life. For better or worse,
these purchases will make a difference in the life of
the consumer, but the difference will be smaller than
predicted.

4.
Attack the Problem, Never the Person
Things More Important than Money in Life
Be Satisfied With What You Have Achieved
Nothing in Life Is as Important as You Think
Everybody Remains the Same Without a Challenge

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.66

DAY 33 69
 DAY 34 2.
Each dolphin has its own vocalization that is referred to
as a signature whistle, and it will remain relatively
unchanged throughout the animal’s relatively long
1. lifetime. The whistles are used in a variety of behavioral
contexts, but during studies of captive animals Vincent
It’s tempting to see a strong dividing line between
Janik and Peter Slater have shown that they are
philosophy and science. After all, science is precise and
particularly commonly heard in situations where an
defined by proven, concrete facts, whereas philosophy
animal has become isolated from the other members of
goes beyond the facts and into areas of speculation that
its pod. It is supposed that these animals effectively call
probably can never be proven. Still, there is considerable
out their “name” when they emit their signature whistle
overlap. Science may rely on cold, hard facts, but its
and thereby broadcast their identity and give away their
directions have been determined by philosophy more
location. Once the separated animals are reunited,
than by any other area of study. The scientific method
signature whistle broadcasting stops. So at least one
itself grew out of philosophical inquiry into the natures
function of the whistles is .
of meaning, truth, and knowledge, and these inquiries
pod
continue today in the fields of philosophy. At the same
time, the philosophy of ethics determines the types of the warning of impending danger
experiments we allow our scientists to carry out. In the the defence of a group’s territory
end, one may be concerned with observable data and the the maintenance of group cohesion
other with meanings and values, but neither science nor the signature of aggressive behavior
philosophy exists in a vacuum. the strategy for dealing with alienation

3.
Elderspeak is characterized by several components.
Which ones are beneficial for older adults and which
ones are not helpful? Kemper and Harden had older
adults watch a videotape in which a speaker described a
route that was also traced on a map. The older adults
reported that the instructions were easier to follow when
the speaker reduced the grammatical complexity and
used semantic elaboration. Simpler grammar and
semantic elaboration also helped older adults improve
their accuracy when they had to reproduce the same
route on a map of their own. In contrast, shortening
the length of the speaker’s utterances into two- and five-
word sentences did not improve the older adults’
comprehension of the instructions, nor did it improve
their performance when they traced a map of their own.
But elderspeak resembles speech used with children,
which is characterized by slower speech, exaggerated
intonation, higher pitch, increased loudness, repetitions,
tag questions, and vocabulary and grammar
simplifications. Also, the older listeners did not find
that an extremely slow rate of speaking with many
pauses or exaggerated prosody was helpful.
elderspeak prosody

70
4. 5.
Anyone who has ever stayed out in the rain too long Negative affect thus improved the accurate distinction
or soaked for hours in a tub knows their hands and of truths from lies in the observed interviews.
feet can become wrinkled. Conventional wisdom
suggests it is little more than the skin absorbing water. To explore the effects of mood on communication,
researchers asked either happy or sad participants to
(A) Now a paper in the journal Brain, Behavior and accept or reject the videotaped statements of targets
Evolution offers evidence that wet wrinkles serve a who were questioned after a staged theft, and were
purpose. Similar to the tread on a tire, they improve either guilty, or not guilty. ( ) The targets were
traction. In the study, an evolutionary neurobiologist instructed to either steal or leave in place a movie pass
and his co-authors examined 28 fingers wrinkled by in an empty room, unobserved by anyone, and then
water. deny taking the movie ticket. ( ) So some targets were
(B) They found that they all had a pattern of wrinkles lying and some were telling the truth when denying the
that split like the branches of a tree. This branching theft. ( ) Those in a positive mood were more likely to
pattern allows water to drain away from the fingertips, accept denials as truthful. ( ) Sad participants made
allowing for more skin contact and better grip. significantly more guilty judgements, and were
(C) But a number of questions have puzzled scientists. significantly better at correctly detecting deceptive
Why do “wet wrinkles” appear only on the hands and (guilty) targets. ( ) A signal detection analysis also
feet? And why are the most prominent wrinkles at the confirmed that sad judges were more accurate in
ends of the digits? detecting deception (identifying guilty targets as guilty)
tread traction than were neutral or happy judges, consistent with the
predicted mood-induced processing differences.
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
staged
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)

p.68

DAY 34 71
 DAY 35 2.
New technologies generally benefit or advantage certain
groups or members of society over others — namely,
those who have mastery over or access to the technology
1. first. In many cases, we think that because such
advantages are earned through hard work or special
We all know from experience that some of our dreams
knowledge they are therefore deserved. However, in
seem to be related to daily problems, some are vague
other cases, we may feel that such restricted access to
and incoherent, and some are anxiety dreams that occur
some technologies gives certain individuals or groups
when we are worried or depressed. But whatever the
unfair advantages over others, and we seek to extend
source of the images in our sleeping brains may be, we
access to everyone in the society. Public libraries, for
need to be cautious about interpreting our own dreams
instance, were built to ensure that everyone could obtain
or anyone else’s. A recent study of people showed that
access to books and learning. Today, we are putting
individuals are biased and self-serving in their dream
computers and Internet connections into public schools
interpretations, accepting those that fit in with their
for the same reason.
preexisting beliefs or needs and rejecting those that do
thus can be occasioned by technological innovation.
not. For example, they will give more weight to a dream
in which God commands them to take a year off to travel Increases in investment demand
the world than one in which God commands them to Radical change to markets and industries
take a year off to work in a relief camp. Our biased Competitive advantages in the world economy
interpretations may tell us more about ourselves than do Questions of social justice and equality of opportunity
our actual dreams. Higher job satisfaction and lower levels of stress and
burnout
Dreams A Bridge Between Spirit and Ego
Cognitive Patterns in Dreams and Daydreams
Our Dream Interpretation Is Affected by Our Ego
Dream Interpretation Offers Valuable Insight to Us
Methods of Dream Interpretation What Do Dreams
Mean?

72
3. 5.

Broadly speaking, art exists as a consequence of the One researcher, Bob Boice, looked into the writing
universal human desire for sympathy. Man is forever habits of young professors just starting out and tracked
endeavoring to break down the wall which separates them to see how they did. Not surprisingly, in a job
him from his fellows. Whether we call it egotism or where there is no real boss and no one sets schedules or
simply humanity, we all know the wish to make others tells you what to do, these young professors took a
appreciate our feelings; to show them how we suffer, variety of approaches. Some would collect information
how we enjoy. We batter our fellowmen with our until they were ready and then write a manuscript in a
opinions sufficiently often, but this is nothing in burst of intense energy, over perhaps a week or two,
comparison to the insistence with which we pour out possibly including some long days and very late nights.
our feelings. A friend is the most valued of earthly Others worked at a steadier pace, trying to write a page
possessions largely because he is willing to receive or two every day. Others were in between. When Boice
without appearance of patience the unending story followed up on the group some years later, he found that
of our mental sensations. We are all more or less their paths had diverged sharply. The page-a-day folks
conscious of the constant impulse which urges us on to had done well and generally gotten tenure. The so-called
expression; of the inner necessity which moves us to “binge writers” did far less well, and many had had their
continual endeavors to make others share our thoughts, careers cut short.
our experiences, but most of all our emotions. It seems tenure
to me that if we trace this instinctive desire back far
enough, we reach the beginnings of art.
Young professors who wrote (A) were
batter
more likely to succeed in their career than those who
wrote (B) .

(A) (B)
objectively but plainly …… academically
4. analytically and steadily …… intensively
While in animals, as in humans, the expression of routinely and moderately …… frantically
emotions via facial expressions is more or less constantly and skeptically …… assertively
invariable, the context in which those emotions are factually but interestingly …… logically
triggered and expressed is very context specific, and
relates to socialization, individual relationships, and
other factors. For example, we are more able to read
the facial expressions of those with whom we are
intimate. Moreover, we humans can mask our
emotions by using a false facial expression, and many
animals can do this too, as is seen when an animal with
a blank face surprises another while play fighting.
While there are some key traits that are unique to
humans, like kinship, there are many important
similarities that we share with nonhuman primates.
Finally, like humans, nonhuman animals — especially
primates — can mimic the facial expressions of other
animals. Orangutans, for instance, when playing
with other orangutans, will almost immediately react to
a play-smile with one of their own. p.70

DAY 35 73
 DAY 36 2.
The world has made huge investments in the facilities
that extract fossil fuels from the ground and burn
them — mines, oil wells, power stations, hundreds of
1. thousands of ships and aircraft, a billion motor
vehicles.
Over half the human population of the planet now lives
in cities, and the proportion is likely to continue to (A) If the world had the capacity to deliver one of the
increase in the foreseeable future. Building in cities is largest nuclear power plants ever built once a week,
becoming more and more important, and urban form week in and week out, it would take 20 years to replace
and urban architecture are the focus of much debate. the current stock of coal-fired plants (at present, the
Some architects have decided to respond to what they world builds about three or four nuclear power plants a
perceive to be the potentially formless and anonymous year, and retires old ones almost as quickly).
nature of the city by creating buildings that are obviously (B) Leaving aside the political lobbying power that such
strange and are intended to become urban landmarks. investment can command, there would be a limit to how
One of the simplest ways of making a building look quickly that much kit could be replaced even if there
unusual is to break the normal rules of structure — or at were perfect substitute technologies to hand that simply
least make it seem as if gravity is of no consequence. needed scaling up.
Such buildings make difficult demands on structural (C) To replace those coal plants with solar panels at the
engineers, who have to rate such panels were installed in 2013 would take about
. a century and a half. That is all before starting on
design the buildings to be easily recognized from replacing the gas and the oil, the cars, the furnaces and
various angles the ships.
negotiate the tension between practicality and beauty of (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
a building (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
achieve anything that brings themselves both reputation (C) – (B) – (A)
and status
understand both the technological evolution and
architectural aesthetics
make paradoxical forms work while concealing how
the trick is pulled off

74
3. [4~5]
Poor white women and women of color prepared As social psychologists have come to recognize
many people’s meals a century ago, just as they do that creativity can (a) change according to the
today. situation and context, the interesting question has
become: which circumstances make us creative? In a
Whereas nineteenth-century dietary reformers worried recent set of studies, psychologist Lile Jia at Indiana
that we’d stopped baking our own bread, today’s food University looked into one possible factor influencing
evangelists worry that we’ve stopped cooking altogether. creativity. He randomly (b) divided a few dozen
It’s true that families eat out more than in the past. students into two groups, both of which were asked to
( ) And women spend less time cooking than they name as many different modes of transportation as
did a few generations ago. ( ) But oversimplified possible. (This is called a creative generation task.)
comparisons of today’s families with those of previous One group of students was told that the task was
generations fail to acknowledge the fact that Americans developed by Indiana University students studying
have long depended on the labor of others to get dinner abroad in Greece, while the other group was told that
on the table. ( ) The difference is that these women the task was developed by Indiana University students
previously worked inside the home, as domestic studying in the state of Indiana.
laborers, rather than in restaurants. ( ) At the peak, At first glance, it seems (c) unlikely that such a
almost two million domestic workers were employed in difference would influence the performance of the
American households. ( ) Anthropologist Amy Trubek subjects. Why would it matter where the task was
notes that idealized visions of home cooking persistently developed? Nevertheless, Jia found a (d) striking
neglect “the many generations of paid cooks who first difference between the two groups: when students
worked in homes and then in commercial settings to were told that the task was brought over from Greece,
make these meals possible.” they came up with significantly more transportation
evangelist possibilities. They didn’t just list buses, trains, and
planes; they named horses, scooters, bicycles, and
even spaceships. Because the source of the problem
was far away, the subjects felt less (e) crowded by
their local transport options; they didn’t focus only on
getting around in Indiana — they considered getting
around all over the world and even in deep space.

4.
Repeated Research Makes People Creative
Distance Leads to More Creative Thinking
Some Ways to Come Up with Creative Ideas
What Is the Most Effective Form of Transportation?
Travel to a Foreign Country Makes You More Creative

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.72

DAY 36 75
 DAY 37 2.

My father was a basketball coach, so as a kid

I accompanied him to practice every day. As I grew
1. older, I was at the gym or on the sports field from dawn
to dusk. This investment of time and energy eventually
Any good theory of argument must admit that emotional
led to a basketball scholarship at a university in southern
appeals and responses should be balanced against
Ohio. As a basketball player, I learned very early about
cognitive considerations. But on the other hand, in most
the paradox of team sports — the tension between
of the major personal decisions in life, sensitivity to
individual and collective competition. During practice,
emotions and feelings of one’s own, in addition to those
athletes competed with fellow teammates for playing
of others, is extremely important. Any theory of
time, just as chimps fight fiercely to have a bigger share
argument that ignores such appeals altogether must be a
of food. When game day rolled around, however,
very limited theory, inapplicable to many, significant
teammates were required to put all of their individual
everyday situations. Especially in common-sense
rivalries aside and became like bees working for the
reasoning, which is so common, for instance, in
sake of the hive. We came together as a cohesive unit for
controversial political debates concerning choice of
the higher purpose of defeating the opposing foe. While
policy or candidate, instinct and emotional reaction,
this is difficult to accomplish, humans possess the
always subject to critical reflection, have an important
equipment to pull this off under the right conditions.
place. To declare that any conclusion resulting even
We can do this because we are by nature ‘homo duplex.’
partly from an appeal to emotion must be false is an
As Jonathan Haidt puts it, we are 90 percent chimp and
ineffective and even misguided approach.
10 percent bee.

are inherently social, but sometimes enjoy being alone

are fundamentally greedy, yet benevolent to our families
are excellent in reasoning, but often make errors of
judgment
are aggressive in nature, yet try to be friendly to others
are primarily self-serving, yet cooperative creatures

76
3. 4.
Creativity is about “connecting the dots” — making In 1890, Kodak introduced a cheap consumer camera
connections between things that have never before been that everyone could afford. This put the portrait
linked. It is the ability to recognize the possibilities that studios out of business; the newly unemployed
exist within any scenario and the opportunities in every photographers needed a way to distinguish between
situation. Changing the game starts with seeing the what they did and this new popular photography.
unseen within even the ordinary. Out of a plain slab of
marble, Michelangelo carved his best work. German (A) They presented their works in art galleries, next to
philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once said, “Talent paintings. The elements of an art world began to form:
hits a target no one else can hit. Genius hits a target no collegial groups called “photo clubs,” a journal called
one else can see.” Creative solutions and breakthroughs Camera Work, and shows and openings.
come from viewing something differently and (B) The movement of pictorialism was the response,
discovering what others have missed. Patents for novel with photographers attempting to imitate the artistic
ideas, processes, and methodologies are simply the processes of painting; they worked directly on the
tangible results of someone seeing something differently negatives and other materials of the process.
than the world had ever seen it before. (C) However, art photography remained marginalized;
when people come along who see there were no markets, buyers, or collectors, and
how to connect the dots, apply multiple perspectives, museums were not interested in adding photos to their
and build a bridge between unrelated ideas. collections. Pictorialism eventually died out with the
slab tangible outbreak of World War I.

Brains work (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)

Analyses start (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
Paradigms shift (C) – (B) – (A)
Persistence pays
Enthusiasm retreats
5.
They’d be ready, they’d know where to look and what
to look for, and they’d see what you wanted them to
see.

Say you’re driving down the interstate at sixty-five

miles an hour with three friends from out of town, and
you suddenly say to them, “Hey, there’s that amazing
Pink House!” ( ) What happens? ( ) Probably there’s
a lot of sudden head turning, and someone’s elbow ends
up in someone else’s ribs, and maybe one of your friends
gets a glimpse, but probably nobody really gets a chance
to see it (and somebody might not believe you if she
didn’t see it for herself!). ( ) What if you had said
instead, “Hey, coming up on the right here in about two
miles, there’s an amazing huge neon Pink House: watch
for it?” ( ) Writers need to advise their readers in a
similar way. ( ) That advice doesn’t always need to be
in a thesis statement or a topic sentence, but it does need
to happen regularly so that readers don’t miss something
crucial.
p.74

DAY 37 77
 DAY 38 2.
Low self-esteem can make you feel as if you don’t
deserve success. Even if things are going well, you’ll
sabotage yourself just because of the mistaken belief
1. you don’t deserve to achieve your goal. Building self-
esteem starts with self-awareness and self-monitoring.
Not everyone perceives the taste of apple pie the same
When you start monitoring your inner critic and
way. There is considerable genetic variation among
replacing bad thoughts with positive ones, you’ll be
individuals in sensitivity to basic tastes. Tasting abilities
on your way to killing your self-critical voice. Making a
may also vary within the individual, depending on a
list of positive attributes you believe you possess is
number of outside influences. One such factor affecting
another useful technique to improve your self-esteem.
taste is the temperature of a food or beverage. Taste
The key is to be honest and write the list without any
buds operate best at temperatures of around 30℃. As
judgments. Once it’s ready, re-read it every single day
the temperature of foods or beverages goes below 20℃
until you understand what you’re not as worthless as
or above 30℃, it becomes harder to distinguish their
you think. Another useful method is to become kinder
tastes accurately. For example, very hot coffee tastes
toward other people. When you treat other people well,
less bitter, whereas slightly melted ice cream tastes
they will return the favor, thus making you feel better
sweeter. Psychological factors, such as preconceived
about yourself.
ideas based on appearance or on previous experiences
with a similar food, also affect a person’s perception of
taste. For instance, cherry-flavored foods are expected
to be red, but if they are colored yellow, they become 3.
difficult to identify as cherry. Also, unpleasant The amount of distance between the teacher and his/her
experiences associated with a food may influence the students and perceived or actual barriers can have a
perceived taste of that food in the future. significant impact on communication. Teachers who
taste bud(s) stay securely ensconced behind the ‘barricade’ of their
desk automatically create a boundary that blocks
various factors that affect the perception of tastes
effective interpersonal contact and gives a territorial
reasons why taste buds are affected by temperature
feel to the room. The use of proximity, on the other
the necessity to stop using artificial coloring in foods
hand, can be a powerful behaviour management tool.
the effect of climate on the development of preserved
Firm reminders and warnings are best conducted
foods
privately and discreetly (it reduces embarrassment or
the relationship between temperature and preference of
threat to the student and minimizes the spectator effect,
tastes
both of which can fuel a challenge or counterattack).
Getting down to the student’s eye level (and not
towering over him/her in a threatening way) models
consideration and invites the student to respond in an
equally respectful way. However, unless the classroom
is organized in such a way as
, this will be problematic and
the teacher may resort to public scolding.
ensconce proximity

to facilitate various types of group activities

to encourage children to work independently
to take advantage of a child’s innate curiosity
to promote positive interactions between children
to allow the teacher to access individual students

78
4. 5.
Culture is the primary factor affecting the way in which
man responds to the environment, and since there is Sharing plays a big role in the moral lives of children,
a wide variety of cultures, there is a wide variety of and they get a lot of practice when they divide things
cultural responses, even to the same environment. For equally. If there are four kids and twelve jelly beans,
example, in the Fijian Islands of the Pacific, two distinct each kid should get three. Obviously. But what do kids
cultures can be identified, each with a different do when the jelly beans are a reward for cleaning up the
relationship with the environment. On the one hand, classroom, and one kid did most of the work while
there is the old Melanesian culture, whose members another kid did nothing? Even toddlers seem to
utilize the environment to grow a small range of recognize the importance of proportionality. In one
subsistence crops and whose wants are very limited. experiment, two-year-olds showed signs of being
In contrast, there are the new Melanesians, largely surprised when two people were rewarded equally if
Indian immigrants, who have a much more Westernized only one of them did all the work. By the age of six, kids
view of the environment, growing cash crops such as show a clear preference for rewarding the hard worker
sugar cane for export. Thus, all environments have in a group, even if equal pay is an option. At younger
both positive and negative features, and the most ages, kids are more reluctant to follow this intuition
dangerous and unpredictable environments may be the when it means that they themselves get less reward, but
most desirable. Similar contrasts can be found by adolescence, they are much better at applying
throughout the world, between Chinese and Malay in proportionality to themselves.
Malaysia, African and European in Kenya, and Indian
and Latino in Mexico. When each person receives a reward in proportion to
subsistence
their (A) , people tend to perceive that the
distributions are (B) .

(A) (B)
status …… unreasonable
ability …… appropriate
effort …… subjective
responsibility …… inequitable
contribution …… fair

p.76

DAY 38 79
 DAY 39 2.
An interesting question related to processing fluency
in organizations concerns how organizations gauge
their employees’ and customers’ opinions. Consider
1. the following example.

A curious fact about names based on places is that they (A) Will the vocal employee’s frequent requests bias the
are so often obscure — usually from places that few manager’s sense of how the rest of the people in the
people have heard of. Why should there be so many organization feel about the policy? Research by Weaver,
more Middletons than Londons, so many more Garcia, Schwartz, and Miller suggests the answer is yes.
Worthingtons than Bristols? The main cities of medieval (B) A manager consistently gets requests from one
Britain — London, York, Norwich, Glasgow — are employee that a company policy be changed. From
relatively uncommon as surnames even though many those requests, the manager must decide how the other
thousands of people called those places home. To people in the organization feel about the issue in
understand this apparent paradox, you must keep in question.
mind that the function of surnames is (C) In a series of six experiments, they demonstrated
. If a person called that people have a tendency to infer that a familiar
himself Peter of London, he would be just one of opinion is a prevalent one, even if the perceived
hundreds of such Peters and anyone searching for him familiarity is the result of one particularly vocal group
would be at a loss. So as a rule a person would earn the member.
name Peter of London only if he moved to a rural prevalent
location, where London would be a clear identifying
feature. (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
to emphasize the importance of class and status (C) – (B) – (A)
to highlight the most interesting feature of the person
to distinguish one person or family from all the others
to establish bonds among various community members
to identify an individual’s place of birth and background

3.
After a few years, however, the soil is compacted and
needs breaking up, and weeds have proliferated.

One of the reasons that farming spreads quickly once it

has begun is that the first few crops are both more
productive and more easily grown than later crops, so
farmers are always eager to move on to uncultivated
land. ( ) If you burn down a forest, you are left with
fertile soil. ( ) All you need to do is dig a small hole in
the ground, plant a seed, and wait for it to grow. ( )
If you now let the ground rest to allow the fertility to
build up again, the tough roots of weeds need to be
removed to make a good seedbed — and for that you
need a plough and an ox to pull it. ( ) But an ox must
be fed, so you need pasture as well as cultivable land.
( ) It’s no surprise that shifting agriculture remains so
popular with many tribal people in forests to this day.

80
[4~5] 4.
Immigration is controversial because we tend to Benefits of Immigration Outweigh the Costs
focus more on the downside than the upside. The Locals vs. Immigrants Who Has Actual Power?
psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman How Immigrants Adapt to Life in a New Country
proposed that in many areas of life we make bad Approaching Immigration Policy from a Humanitarian
decisions because our thinking is clouded by the loss Perspective
aversion bias. After conducting many experiments, What Influences People to Consider Immigration
they concluded that people have a tendency to Undesirable?
(a) favor avoiding losses rather than securing
equivalent gains. To support their idea, Norwegian
economist Thea Wiig conducted an experiment
presenting people with statistics about the
employment of immigrants (showing the potential 5.
gains from immigration) and about the impact of
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
immigration on welfare programs (implying the
potential losses). She found that losses appear to be
more (b) significant than gains in people’s minds,
which contributed to an adverse attitude toward
immigration. Specifically, information about the
p.78
employment rate of immigrants in Norway, which is
almost 60 percent, causes individuals to rate their
preferences for immigration policy more strictly. The
implication of this research is that policies can be
shaped and even manipulated in the direction of
(c) objecting to immigration once we note that people
are more willing to go without the benefits of
immigration than to bear the costs of it. As we
approach 2030, it’s important to recognize how adept
— and influential — the adverse framing of
immigration has been, and how effectively it has
(d) overpowered those who have promoted its
benefits. Journalist James Surowiecki argues that the
rhetoric of “we’re losing our country” is so convincing
because it appeals to our loss aversion bias, which
has given an electoral edge to (e) pro-immigration
candidates.

DAY 39 81
 DAY 40 2.
The origins of contemporary Western thought can be
traced back to the golden age of ancient Greece in the
sixth and fifth centuries BCE, when Greek thinkers
1. formulated the basis for modern Western politics,
philosophy, science, and law. Their novel approach was
Self-sufficiency is obviously linked to living cheaply,
to pursue rational inquiry through :
since when you do something for yourself, you don’t
The best way to evaluate one set of ideas, they believed,
pay someone else to do it. Consequently, frugality self-
was by testing it against another set of ideas. In the
help books have always been full of advice on how to
political sphere, the result was democracy, in which
brew your own tea, mend your own clothes, and so on.
supporters of rival policies vied for rhetorical
Yes, we might cultivate a vegetable garden, learn how
supremacy; in philosophy, it led to reasoned arguments
to bake bread, and build a bookcase or two. Such
and dialogues about the nature of the world; in science,
activities are not to be despised; apart from saving
it prompted the development of competing theories to
money they can be intrinsically rewarding. But the
try to explain natural phenomena; in the field of law, the
obvious truth is that most of us living in modernized
result was prosecutors and defense attorneys. This
societies are a million miles from self-sufficiency. Most
approach forms the foundation of the modern Western
of us depend on others to build and equip our houses,
way of life, in which politics, commerce, science, and
grow and distribute our food, make our clothes, and
law are all rooted in orderly competition.
provide our entertainment. We rely on a complex
infrastructure for energy, transport, communication, and constant practice adversarial discussion
education. And we are hopelessly lost without our cars, voluntary participation traditional knowledge
phones, computers, stoves, and refrigerators. A new critical thinking
generation is now literally lost without a GPS navigation
device.

3.
An experience can be a particularly useful tool, but
overexposure to something can develop an individual’s
mental baggage. When mental baggage is prevalent it
can be difficult to consider any creative direction other
than that of the overfamiliar, and it can be arduous to
persuade others to explore an alternative path when they
also have a preconceived notion of what the product is.
It is only when things can be thought of differently,
without accustomed barriers, that it is plausible to
innovate markets. If the problem is not confronted
with a ‘why attitude’, similar to a small child constantly
asking questions about something, it is almost
impossible to understand and solve. Curious children
are aware of what is going on around them and don’t
usually see themselves as the center of the universe.
In the event that mental baggage can be broken down
through repeated enquiry and probing, it is likely that
a delightful and practical proposal can emerge and be
accepted broadly.

82
4. 5.
Perhaps the only difference between categories like But coaches of the same sports at big universities can
“living cell” and “species” is that grouping organisms become national celebrities who earn more than $1
into species demands more conscious effort, because million a year, equal to the salaries of college
the ways of classifying the living are practically presidents.
infinite.
The process of job advancement in the field of sports is
(A) Eventually, the majority of them agreed that such a often compared to the shape of a pyramid. ( ) At the
system should reflect an organism’s position on the tree wide base are many jobs with youth or high school
of life, its evolutionary history. Such classification not athletic teams, while at the narrow tip are the few,
only organizes what we know about the living but tells highly-coveted jobs with professional organizations.
us whether two organisms belong on the same branch of ( ) Thus there are many sports jobs in total, but the
life’s tree. competition becomes increasingly tough as one works
(B) One could classify organisms by shape, color, or his or her way up. ( ) The salaries of various positions
taste; by their ability to lay eggs; and so on. Naturalists correspond to this pyramid model. ( ) For example,
worked for centuries to create the best system of high school football and basketball coaches are often
organizing life’s boundless diversity. teachers who get paid a little extra for their after-class
(C) It places apes closer to humans than, say, mice, work. ( ) One level higher up are the National Football
flies, or bacteria, simply because the common ancestor League and the National Basketball Association, where
of humans and apes lived more recently than that head coaches often receive many times more than their
of humans and mice, flies, or bacteria. Organizing best-paid campus counterparts.
life around this tree, however, presents a challenge. covet
It requires reconstructing the history of life itself.

(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)

p.80
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)

DAY 40 83
 DAY 41 2.
A quality of the human brain is known as induction,
how something positive generates a contrasting
negative image in our mind. This is most obvious in our
1. visual system. When we see some color — red or black,
for instance — it tends to intensify our perception of
In general, the environment changes much faster than
the opposite color around us, in this case, green or white.
biology — agriculture was invented 12,000 years ago
As we look at the red object, we often can see a green
and potato chips less than 200 years ago. In contrast,
halo forming around it. In general, the mind operates by
biological systems that regulate our consumption and
contrasts. We are able to transform concepts about
digestion of food are still very similar to those of our
something by becoming aware of its opposite. The brain
primate ancestors. Our evolved traits that were once
is continually dredging up these contrasts. What this
advantageous become maladaptive due to changes in
means is that whenever we see or imagine something,
the environment. Rapidly increasing rates of obesity,
our minds cannot help but see or imagine the opposite.
coronary artery disease, hypertension, and even dental
If we are forbidden by our culture to think a particular
cavities can be explained by this mismatch. Another
thought or entertain a particular desire, that taboo
example of a mismatch is the hygiene hypothesis, which
instantly brings to mind the very thing we are prohibited
suggests that some diseases developed because modern
from. Every no sparks a corresponding yes. We cannot
sanitation practices have removed critical bacteria that
control this vacillation in the mind between contrasts.
co-evolved with humans. For example, children who
This predisposes us to think about and then desire
are raised in cities are more likely to develop asthma
exactly what we do not have.
than children raised on farms. Our vulnerability to
halo dredge up vacillation
asthma is therefore the consequence of a mismatch
between our current exposure to bacteria and the
dynamics of that exposure in our hunter-gatherer past.
coronary artery disease hypertension

Biological Evolution Lags behind Cultural Change

Evolutionary Mismatch The Root of Modern Diseases
The Reason We Get Sick Unexpected Environmental
Change
Evolutionary Mismatch and What You Can Do about It
Types of Modern Diseases Caused by Our Adaptiveness

84
3. 5.
We are obsessed with having as many irons as possible
in the fire, ruling nothing out, and being open to It is quite clear that technology choices are never made
everything. However, this can often get in the way of by determining, in a narrowly technical sense of ‘best’,
success. We must learn to close doors. A business which device best performs the task in question. The
strategy is first and foremost a statement on what not to ‘best’ chosen is relative to all sorts of constraints other
engage in. Adopt a life strategy similar to a corporate than those of performing a certain technical task as well
strategy: Write down what not to pursue in your life. In as possible. This is another way of saying that the
other words, make deliberate decisions to disregard problems technology is introduced to solve are never
certain possibilities and when an option presents itself, purely technical problems. Technologies, to be widely
test it against your not-to-pursue list. It will not only adopted, have to be mass manufactured, marketed,
keep you from trouble but also save you lots of thinking purchased and used successfully. The extra constraints
time. Think hard once and then simply consult your list thus derive from the contexts in which the device is to
instead of needing to make up your mind whenever a be manufactured, purchased and used. Many of these
new door cracks open. Most doors , have to do with material infrastructure and existing
even when the handle seems to turn so effortlessly. practices, which of course vary from one country to
another and have a variety of relevant aspects.
aren’t really closed are difficult to enter
are not worth entering lead to opportunities
close in your face Technologies are never adopted solely based on
(A) properties; the adoption is also
determined by a variety of other (B)
surrounding the decision.

(A) (B)
technical …… restrictions
technical …… superpowers
economic …… innovations
4.
cultural …… restrictions
Have you ever been watching someone play golf on ……
cultural superpowers
TV and found yourself involuntarily moving in the
direction of his swing? Obviously, your conscious
brain is aware that you are sitting on the couch eating
p.82
potato chips, but another small part of your brain —
the part where the mirror neurons reside — believes
you are out on that green. Then, because mirror
neurons are often just beside motor neurons in the
brain, copied feelings result in copied actions —
suddenly you are moving like you’re swinging a golf
club without even knowing it. This is why smiles
become contagious and why babies automatically
mimic the funny faces their parents make. It is not
normally possible to study single neurons in the human
brain, so most evidence for mirror neurons in humans
is indirect. And it’s why watching someone get
elbowed in the face in Brisbane immediately caused
rugby fans in Sydney to reach toward their own faces in
agony.

DAY 41 85
 DAY 42 2.
Adam Smith recommended the establishment of
universal public schooling, largely at government
expense, so that even the poor could acquire the
1. essential skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic.
We make decisions based on our strongest inclination at
(A) Instead, he offered a plan to make it more accessible
the moment. This is a simple fact — try to think of a
and more practical. He suggested offering support to
choice you have made that was not in accord with your
encourage parents to have their children educated.
strongest inclination. However, we sometimes get
(B) This suggestion went against the prevailing wisdom
confused about this because we are assaulted with a
of the dominant classes in Britain, who feared it would
wide variety of inclinations, and they
discourage deference. However, Smith did not advocate
. For example, after finishing a
making schooling compulsory.
large meal, it is easy to decide to go on a diet. After a
(C) Such incentives were necessary because, as Smith
few hours, however, we become hungry again and the
knew, the spread of manufacture supported by the
desire for food grows. If our desire to eat some pie
division of labor, by making it possible for children to
surpasses our desire to lose weight, we choose the pie
be employed at income-generating tasks, led many
over the diet. All things being equal, we may want to
parents to send even very young children out to work.
shed excess weight. We truly want to be slim, but that
arithmetic deference
goal is in conflict with our love of culinary pleasures.
The problem is that all things do not stay equal. (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
consist of goals we’ve created
(C) – (B) – (A)
grow in strength as time passes
conflict with our true objectives
hinder us from making decisions
change in intensity from time to time

86
3. [4~5]
The Slow Food movement’s prime concern is to From an early age, children’s attention is highly
protect the diverse, local traditions responsible for attuned to adult signals. The presence of a tutor, who
artisanal food production and encourage people to eat looks at the child before making a specific
local ingredients. demonstration, greatly (a) regulates learning. Not
only does eye contact attract the child’s attention, but
Food politics is not a new phenomenon. ( ) A battle it also signals that the tutor tries to teach the child an
over the production of bread in Paris was the occasion important point. Even babies are (b) sensitive to this.
of Marie Antoinette’s unfortunate remark about eating Let’s take an example: A young woman turns to object
cake, and increases in prices or taxes on food have A with a big smile, then to object B with a grimace.
provoked revolt in countless countries including An eighteen-month-old baby watches the scene.
colonial America. ( ) But in Europe in the twenty-first What conclusion will the baby draw? It all depends
century, food politics is directed not at scarcity or justice on the (c) non-verbal signals that the baby and the
but at identity. ( ) The threatened loss of specific adult exchanged. If no eye contact was established,
tastes and the local cultures that produce them animate then the baby simply remembers one specific piece of
this movement. ( ) They deploy the aesthetic and information: this person likes object A and dislikes
symbolic content of food in a search for a more object B.
authentic lifestyle anchored in local traditions, which If, however, eye contact was established, then the
then becomes the idiom through which political baby deduces much more: he believes that the adult
mobilization occurs. ( ) Thus, the Slow Food was trying to teach him something important, and he
movement understands the food artisan not as a therefore draws the (d) less general conclusion that
conservative standing in the way of progress but as object A is pleasant and object B is bad, not only for
someone charged with the preservation of local heritage. this person in particular but for everyone. Children
artisanal deploy pay extreme attention to any evidence of voluntary
communication, and decipher the (e) intention of the
person who is attempting to make eye contact.
attune to

4.
How Eye Contact Affects the Learning Process
Eye Contact Makes Babies Feel Secure
When Do Babies Make Eye Contact?
The Nature of Babies’ Eye Contact
Eye Contact A Meeting of Minds

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.84

DAY 42 87
 DAY 43 2.

Consider: You are offered a bet on the toss of a coin.

Heads, you win $150. Tails, you lose $100. How do you
1. feel about it? Although the expected value is obviously
positive (if you repeated the bet 100 times, you’d almost
Our tendency to overlook habit can be explained by one
certainly make a profit), most people decline the bet.
aspect of habit itself: the way in which familiarity and
When asked, “What is the smallest gain that you need to
repetition dull our senses. Marcel Proust describes habit
balance an equal chance to lose $100?,” most people
as a “heavy curtain” which “conceals from us almost the
answer $200 — twice as much as the loss. It means that
whole universe, and prevents us from knowing
people typically want to see not less than a 200%
ourselves.” Not only this: habit “cuts off from things
expected return to make the bet. This is a mentality from
which we have witnessed a number of times the root of
our evolutionary past. If a bush rustles as you walk
profound impression and of thought which gives them
across the African savannah and there’s a 90% chance
their real meaning.” Proust realized that an artist has to
it’s a delicious meal and a 10% chance that it’s a hungry
draw back, or tear open, this curtain of habit, so that the
lion, you’re better off not investigating. You only have
most familiar features of our world become visible,
to be wrong once before your genes are out of the gene
meaningful, and cause for wonder. But this is also the
pool. In the modern world alike, in cases where serious
philosopher’s task. Although it is often said — quoting
consequences are a real possibility, it can be an effective
Plato or Aristotle — that philosophy begins with wonder,
strategy.
the wondering state of mind is only reached by first
penetrating the heavy curtain of habit. Your genes determine when you will die.
penetrate Big returns don’t come without taking big risks.
Everything in life happens based on your choices.
The fear of loss alters your behavioral patterns.
If you lose your bet, you can’t escape death.

88
3. 4.
Alia Crum designed a poster that described how hotel Amid the chaos of the natural environment, predators
housekeeping qualified as exercise, even including the limit their search to specific details, ignoring
calories burned from various housekeeping activities. everything else. There is a great benefit to this.
Then, at four of seven hotels, Crum hung copies of the
poster on visible bulletin boards. Crum also told the (A) When you specialize in searching for only a few
housekeepers that they were clearly meeting or things, even expertly hidden prey can seem obvious.
exceeding government recommendations for physical But there is also a cost to paying too much attention
exercise and should soon experience health benefits. to one thing.
The housekeepers at the other three hotels were a control (B) At a minimum, even a minor delay due to clever
group. Four weeks later, Crum checked in with the coloration between the approach of a predator and its
housekeepers. Those who had been informed that their subsequent attack can help a prey animal escape. And at
work was exercise had lost weight and body fat. Their best, the prey will be completely ignored.
blood pressure was lower. They even liked their jobs (C) When a bird searches intently for caterpillars that
more. They had not made any changes in their behavior look like twigs, for example, it misses nearby moths
outside work. The only thing that had changed was their that look like bark. The benefit of concealing coloration
perception of themselves as exercisers. In contrast, is not that it provides an absolute guarantee of survival,
housekeepers in the control group showed none of these but that it consistently yields a small edge in the struggle
improvements. Crum concluded that when two to live through each successive threatening encounter.
outcomes are possible — in this case, the health
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
benefits of exercise or the strain of physical labor —
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
.
(C) – (B) – (A)
control group

a person can get good effects only through regular

exercises
viewing physical labor as exercise prevents the burning 5.
of calories
However, it gets much media publicity for innovation
a person’s expectations influence which outcome is
and forward thinking, particularly architects.
more likely
a person’s perceptions change, but their bodies’ Like all sectors in mature industries, the construction
responses don’t sector is characterized by a relatively few leading
a person’s benefit from exercise differs according to thinkers who innovate and monitor trends and a larger
their body condition group of technical experts who receive and disseminate
innovation and new ideas. ( ) This dissemination
group consists of architects, consultants, designers,
and engineers. ( ) In the construction sector this
dissemination group is very small, relatively
conservative, and divided up into groups. ( ) Yet for
most construction work, such high levels of technical
sophistication are not necessary and are not supported
because it is costly. ( ) Most buildings are built for
functional purposes and not to advance or explore the
limits of technology. ( ) A practical building with a
facade that is interesting or artful is more than sufficient
for most purposes.
disseminate facade
p.86

DAY 43 89
 DAY 44 2.
Whereas social networking systems allow users to stay
connected to their friends, social bookmarking is a
way of sharing bookmarks. That is, it is a way to share
1. webpages you use either with your network of friends or
with the world at large. Unlike filesharing, there is
The market demand for a good is obtained by adding up
nothing illegal about social bookmarking because the
the individual demands of the present as well as
only information that gets shared and downloaded is
prospective consumers of a good at various possible
web addresses, not their actual content. It works by
prices. The greater the number of consumers of a good,
users bookmarking the sites they like and indexing them
the greater the market demand for it. If the consumers
with subject tags to enable others to search for popular
substitute one good for another, then the number of
sites on a given topic. In many ways, this is more
consumers for the good which has been substituted by
effective for users than using conventional search
the other will decline and for the good which has been
engines to look for websites in which they are
used in place of the others, the number of consumers
interested. It’s because the search tags are assigned by
will increase. Besides, when the seller of a good
humans who understand the content of a web page
succeeds in finding out new markets for his good and as
rather than by computers that aren’t. Due to this
a result the market for his good expands, the number of
effectiveness, social bookmarking systems are
consumers for that good will increase. The growth in
becoming more and more popular.
population also affects the increase in the number of
consumers. For instance, in India the demand for many
essential goods, especially food grains, has increased
because of the increase in the population of the country
and the resultant increase in the number of consumers
for them.

change in demand as a result of changes in price

the principle of demand and supply in the market 3.
causes for the increase in the number of consumers
Dan Ariely, a behavioral economist, did a series of
factors influencing the number of consumers in the
experiments demonstrating that paying people for their
market
services may than asking
demand and supply as major components of the market
them to do something for free, particularly if it’s a good
economy
deed. He tells a real-life anecdote that illustrates his
findings. The American Association of Retired
Persons(AARP) asked a group of lawyers if they would
be willing to provide legal services to needy retirees at
a discounted rate of $30 an hour. The lawyers refused.
Then the AARP asked if they would provide legal
advice to the needy retirees for free. The lawyers
agreed. Once it was clear they were being asked to
engage in a charitable activity as opposed to a market
transaction, the lawyers responded charitably.

let them lose less face

bring about better results
elicit less effort from them
induce more intrinsic interest
utilize more of their motivation

90
4. 5.
There is real danger to the security of systems when a
user leaves a terminal logged in to a system and the The anxiety many spectators experience when looking
terminal is left unattended; this terminal is left open to at and responding to art is well justified. Art is typically
use by unauthorized individuals. In such a situation, seen in its final resting place, in museums and galleries,
the unauthorized person can use the terminal and access disconnected from its original context. These passive
the system, just as if the authorized user were present, displays conceal most of the history and processes that
without having to know or guess the authorized user’s have determined the creation, meaning, and value of the
sign-on or password. For this reason, users must be work. The mandatory distance between viewers and art,
reminded not to leave a terminal logged in, without use rightfully observed by institutions, further heightens the
of a password-protected screen saver. Viruses and mystery of art. Labels, statements, and other materials
other malicious software can cause a wide array of are useful aids. However, the information, presented as
problems for your data, ranging from individual deleted concluding statements rather than a starting point for
files to drive partitions becoming unusable. Some critical inquiry, leaves many viewers with unanswered
systems may themselves have a process whereby questions. How was the art made? Why is it so expensive?
inactivity of the keyboard or mouse will automatically Why is it in a museum?
lock down the terminal unless the authorized user enters mandatory
a password. If such a process exists, company policy
should explicitly require its use.
Displaying art in settings that are (A)
from the art’s creation leaves viewers with little room
for personal (B) with it.

(A) (B)
inspired …… interaction
inspired …… competition
disconnected …… struggle
disconnected …… interaction
disconnected …… competition

p.88

DAY 44 91
 DAY 45 2.
When you watch a theatrical production, you engage
in something called the “willing suspension of
disbelief.” That is, your conscious mind fully
1. understands that the events being portrayed were
written by a playwright and may never have truly
An advantage of profiling your audience is
taken place at all.
. For example, let’s say you
start to write an email to your supervisor, Sheila,
(A) But if, on the other hand, the actors have become
describing a problem you are having. Halfway through
complacent and the action is boring, you will not be
the message you realize that Sheila will probably
able to fully suspend your disbelief, and you will have
forward this message to her boss, the vice president.
the uncomfortable awareness of watching actors who
Sheila will not want to summarize what you said; instead
are merely reciting memorized lines.
she will take the easy route and merely forward your
(B) If the actors are succeeding at their job, you may, for
email. When you realize that the vice president will
a time, actually believe that what is taking place before
probably see this message, you decide to back up and
you is real and that the events and interactions you are
use a more formal tone. You remove your inquiry about
seeing are only just now taking place for the first time.
Sheila’s family, you reduce your complaints, and you
(C) Yet you willingly suspend your disbelief of the
tone down your language about why things went wrong.
action onstage so that you may be drawn into the
Instead, you provide more background information, and
production and experience the story with all of your
you are more specific in identifying items the vice
emotions.
president might not recognize. Analyzing the task and
anticipating the audience will help you adapt your (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
message so that you can create an efficient and effective (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
message. (C) – (B) – (A)
profile

making it easier to visualize abstract concepts

selecting a simple but friendly way of writing
considering the possibility of a secondary audience
knowing they are not interested in your personal affairs
surrounding yourself with those who listen to you
attentively

92
3. [4~5]
This can be hard because some financial salespeople Richard Wiseman, of the University of
will rush to contact you in these circumstances. Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom, handed test
subjects in his laboratory a newspaper and asked each
The sooner you begin financial planning, the better of them to count all the photos inside. Wiseman
prepared you’ll be to adapt your plans when personal picked subjects for this experiment by recruiting
circumstances change. ( ) Changing job status, individuals who (a) identified themselves as being
relocating to a new state, getting married, having either extremely lucky or terribly unlucky. He wanted
children, being in a serious car accident, retiring, and to see whether those people whose lives are
other stressful events are “financial shocks” that require filled with good fortune actually see the world
reevaluation of your financial goals and plans. ( ) (b) differently than do those who are unlucky. What
However, it is important not to rush to make important do you think happened? In this experiment, the
financial decisions at these times, when you’re most unlucky people took several minutes to count all the
vulnerable. ( ) Delay any action until you have had photos in the newspaper, and most came back with an
time to recover from the event and evaluate all your incorrect answer. The lucky people, on the other
options carefully. ( ) For example, when you have a hand, took only a few seconds to find an answer, and
child, you will find that insurance agents, financial they were all correct. Why was this?
planners, and stockbrokers actively encourage you to Wiseman designed special newspapers for this
buy insurance and begin investing in a college fund. experiment. Inside the front cover of each newspaper
( ) Although these are valid objectives, don’t be there was a two-inch-high message that read, “STOP
pressured into any expensive decisions. COUNTING. THERE ARE 43 PHOTOGRAPHS IN
THIS NEWSPAPER.” Both groups were looking for
photos, as requested, but the lucky people also read
this message and responded (c) accordingly. In
contrast, the unlucky people were focused only on
counting the photos — since that was their (d) specific
assignment — and they didn’t see the message with
the answer they needed. This elegant experiment
demonstrates beautifully that by (e) appreciating
information in your environment, you miss important
clues that are the keys to solving problems.

4.
Man Is What He Believes
Are You Paying Attention?
Success Is Simply a Matter of Luck
Make It a Rule to Read a Newspaper
Don’t Follow Others, Just Trust Yourself

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.90

DAY 45 93
 DAY 46 2.
The relationship between liberalism as a theory of
politics and liberalism as it has been enacted in practice
is complex and disputed. There is very often a gap
1. between liberal ideals and liberal practice. To take an
example, it is sometimes said of liberalism in America
Incompleteness represents instability to our brain. A
that, with respect to race, it has repeatedly failed to live
basic illustration of this is the open-circle experiment.
up to its own ideals. In tension with this claim, it is also
Draw a circle on a piece of paper, but leave a small gap
often said that American liberalism itself is defective,
such that the circle is not all the way closed. Now stare
that it contains internal contradictions, and that these
at it for a couple minutes and notice what happens —
contradictions are exposed by its treatment of race. Or
your brain wants to close the circle. For some people the
to take another example, consider the status of women
urge to close it is so strong that they’ll eventually pick
in liberal societies. Feminist critics sometimes reject
up the pencil and draw it closed. The same dynamic can
liberalism because, as they see it, liberal societies have
be applied to stop procrastination from burning you.
failed to bring about equality between the sexes, while
The trick is simply to start whatever project is front of
others claim that this failure is merely a failure of these
you — just start anywhere. Psychologists call this the
societies, .
Zeigarnik effect, named for the Russian psychologist
be enacted
who first documented the finding that when someone is
faced with an overwhelming goal and is procrastinating as they have become too liberal
as a result, getting started anywhere will launch not any failure of liberalism as such
motivation to finish what was started. When you start a which were founded on racial inequality
project — even if you begin with the smallest, simplest since liberalism necessarily contradicts feminism
part — you begin drawing the circle. Then move on to admitting that liberalism has little to do with politics
another part (draw more of the circle), and another
(more circle), and so forth.

94
3. 4.
Many health education campaigns have tried to American music is intertwined with music from around
encourage people to change their behavior through the world, so it is neither possible nor desirable to draw
fear or guilt. Anti-drinking and driving campaigns at firm lines around what “American music” is. It has
Christmas depict the devastating effects on families been said that jazz is distinctly American, yet it has
of road-accident victims; smoking-prevention posters been influenced by music from all parts of the world.
urge parents not to teach their children how to smoke. The distinction between jazz and blues, or jazz and
rock for that matter, is fuzzy, as many artists mix
(A) Although fear can encourage a negative attitude and genres to create their own unique sound. Musicians
even a desire to change, such feelings tend to disappear who relocated to the United States, whether escaping
over time and when faced with a real decision-making from war and persecution or attempting to advance
situation. their careers, have also had a profound impact on
(B) Increasingly, these hard-hitting campaigns are used American music and culture, bringing with them the
amongst others to raise awareness of the consequences influences of their home countries and cultures.
of heavy drinking, smoking, and drug use. Whether Composers like Aaron Copland tried to create a
such campaigns are effective at shocking people into distinctly American music, yet his work was influenced
changing their behavior is the topic of ongoing debate. by his studies with Nadia Boulanger in Paris; travels to
(C) Being very frightened can also cause people to deny work with composer Carlos Chávez in Mexico and to
and avoid the message. Protection Motivation theory Africa and Europe; and interests in jazz and other forms
suggests that fear only works if the threat is seen as of music. American music is not created and does not
serious and likely to occur if the person does not follow exist in isolation from other parts of the world.
the recommended advice.

(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)

(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)

5.
However, if you have selected a fairly uncommon
subject on which little has been written, then it may
be difficult to find sufficient material to review.

By the time you start your literature review, you will

probably have decided upon the main theme for your
investigation, and also upon the key research objectives.
( ) To some extent, therefore, the essential task has
been predetermined. ( ) You may have selected a
research topic or theme around which a great deal of
research has been previously conducted. ( ) If that is
the case, it should not be difficult to find writing and
research to review. ( ) In fact, the main difficulty may
be in selecting what you want to include, and what you
wish to exclude. ( ) You may have to consider
including a discussion of material which only exists on
the periphery of the subject chosen.
literature review periphery

p.92

DAY 46 95
 DAY 47 2.
The majority of medical errors are flaws in thinking
rather than technical or implementation flaws. Through
ample use of checklists and structured decision-making
1. models, medical procedures are generally implemented
with high precision. However, if a physician missed a
If we look at written Dutch and written German, or
presenting symptom or did not rule out alternate
listen to these two languages as spoken on television or
hypotheses, then the treatment would not meet the
radio, we can see that they are clearly two separate
actual need of the patient, and the result would not be
languages. An average German speaker would not be
the desired one. A classic example of this is the
able to understand Dutch and vice versa. Moreover,
overuse of antibiotics. Antibiotics can be effective for
people living in a rural community on the Dutch side of
treating bacterial infections, but they are useless for
the Dutch-German border would say that they are
viral infections. There are certainly tests to help
speaking Dutch. Inhabitants of a rural community a few
determine whether the source of a sinus infection is
miles away on the German side of the border would say
viral or bacterial. However, because the tests are costly
that they are speaking German. Yet the languages they
and take time to produce results, many physicians used
speak are very similar, and mutually intelligible. They
to skip those tests, assume a bacterial infection, and
are more similar to one another than they are to the
prescribe antibiotics. Not only would the antibiotics be
respective written languages. One way of explaining
effective for helping overcome viral infections, but
this situation is to say that the inhabitants of these border
the unintended consequence is that we have an increasing
communities are speaking ‘varieties’ or ‘dialects’ of
number of bacteria strains resistant to what were once
German and Dutch. These ‘dialects’ are different from a
useful medications.
‘standard’ form of the language employed in writing or
sinus infection strain
in formal spoken usage.

Why German Speakers Can Understand Dutch

The Role of Media in Language Standardization
Differences Between Standard German and Dutch
The Extinction of Dialects in Border Communities
Border Dialects Find Linguistic Common Ground
Norms

96
3. 5.
Suppose you have a student who usually fails to
complete his work. He manages to submit a project on If we can’t find a product at all, we can’t use it. And if a
time, although it’s not very good. It’s tempting to praise product is in easy reach everywhere, not only are we
the student — after all, the fact that he submitted more likely to use it at all, but also if we are already
something is an improvement over his past using it we tend to use it more often. Supply doesn’t
performance. But consider the message that praising an only meet demand; supply stimulates demand. The
ordinary project sends. You say “good job,” but that demand it stimulates may be “impulsive demand,” but it
really means “good job for someone like you.” The means sales (and consumption). That’s not to say that
student is probably not so naive as to think that his supply determines demand. People do not have to
project is really all that great. By praising substandard consume products that are widely available; no one
work, you send the message that you have lower straps us down and shoves snack foods down our
expectations for this student. If you want your throats. But when products fill a basic biologic need or
compliment to take effect, your compliment must be are tempting in other ways, we can be enticed to grab
. Better to say, them whether we believe they are good for us or not.
“I appreciate that you finished the project on time, and I This effect matters so much to our health because
thought your opening paragraph was interesting, but I whether or not we give in to our modern killers
think you could have done a better job of organizing it. depends to such a great extent on the items we consume.
Let’s talk about how.” entice
naive

made in person in public The fact that the more (A) any consumer
general rather than specific product is, the more we use it, drives us to consume
expressed as promptly as possible food without regard to its (B) .
focused on the person’s act or conduct
accompanied by what needs betterment (A) (B)
accessible …… flavor
accessible …… benefit
luxurious …… appearance
4. desirable …… flavor
desirable …… benefit
Aging is universal, as is death. But how quickly you
age is not. Nor is your own individual lifespan. Both
the rate at which you age and your time on Earth are p.94
under more control than you may dream — and than
scientists imagined until recently. Exploding
research into aging and related diseases is now
producing some amazing prospects. Recent
discoveries are astonishing to scientists and us, as
scientists enter territory never before explored,
witnessing at ever closer range the ultimate biological
mysteries of life and death. Aging populations are
not the main driver of the annual growth in national
health spending, which is mainly due to rising incomes
and costly new medical technology. These new
investigations, for the first time in human history,
promise ways to extend our lifespan and overcome fear
of aging.

DAY 47 97
 DAY 48 2.
Progress is both inevitable and desirable, and the
progressives are often considered more preferable
than the conservatives. But we must always be wary
1. of the social costs that might be required as progress
is made.
Stanford University professor Baba Shiv’s research
demonstrates just how our willpower works. He split
(A) But the self-interest brought about by capitalism
165 undergraduate students, who were on a diet, into
weakens these values, and ultimately leads to social
two groups and asked them to memorize either a
collapse. To prevent commercial capitalism, disguised
two-digit or seven-digit number. Both tasks were well
with the mask of progress, from sowing the seeds of its
within the average person’s cognitive abilities, and they
own destruction, Ferguson advocated recreating a sense
could take as much time as they needed. When they
of civic spirit by encouraging people to act in the interest
were ready, students would then proceed to a second
of society.
room where they would recite the number. Along
(B) In the past, societies had been based on families or
the way, they were offered a snack for participating in
communities, and community spirit was fostered by
the study. The two choices were chocolate cake or a
ideas of honor and loyalty. The members of a society
bowl of fruit salad — guilty pleasure or healthy treat.
joined forces for the good of the majority.
Here’s the kicker: students who had been given the
(C) Such was the warning of the philosopher and
seven-digit number were nearly twice as likely to choose
historian Adam Ferguson. He believed that commercial
cake. This tiny extra cognitive load was just enough to
growth was driven by self-interest and felt it was
. The implication is staggering:
happening at the expense of traditional values of
willpower is like a muscle that gets tired easily and
cooperation and fellow-feeling.
needs rest.
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
lead to better learning
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
increase their willpower
(C) – (B) – (A)
result in more endurance
prevent a prudent choice
offset eating the sugar

98
3. [4~5]
The name does not then have the same identifying Some psychologists believe that if you are in a good
function, though context can be used to partially mood and someone asks you to do something, you
bridge this gap. are likely to view the requester as truly in need of
help. The favor seems (a) reasonable. Conversely, the
Translators often leave foreign names unchanged, and theory suggests, when you are angry you perceive a
this non-translation can have an alienating effect on the requester as being manipulative. Dr. Sandra Milbery
reader of the translation. ( ) This sometimes makes it and Margaret Clark conducted an experiment that
difficult for the reader to identify with the characters. found the happier the subjects, the more likely they
( ) Moreover, original names that are too difficult to were to (b) yield to the wishes of another.
read may spoil the mere pleasure of reading. ( ) If the In another study, Alice Isen and Paul Levin set out
name of a well-known person remains unchanged in the to make us a little happier to see if we would be more
translation, the name will function differently if the willing to do good deeds for others. Alice and Paul
reader of the translation is not familiar with the person chose a library. One of them randomly gave cookies
to whom the name refers. ( ) In Juist en Tweemeter, to some of the people who visited the library. Later, in
the Dutch translation of the work by Norwegian author a seemingly (c) unrelated encounter, the other
Kjersti Wold, the context makes it clear to the reader of researcher asked the patrons for help on a task. You
the translation that the character Ole Gunnar Solskjaer guessed it — the patrons who got a cookie were more
is a football player. ( ) Still, the translation is likely to willing to help out.
have a different emotional impact, because few Dutch- The experimenters then tried to (d) discard their
speaking children will associate the name Solskjaer findings by leaving dimes in public telephone booths.
with that of a national hero. Some unwitting telephone users happened to get a
alienate little (e) profit while others found nothing. Shortly
after either finding the dime or finding nothing, the
subjects saw someone who had dropped a stack of
papers. It turns out that significantly more of those
who found the dime helped pick up the notes. If you
can do something to make someone’s day a little
brighter, your generosity will pay you back for it.

4.
Does Mood Affect Helping?
The Role of Incidents in Life
What Is It Like to Feel Accepted?
Are Experiments Valid Enough to Believe?
Where There Is Money, There Is Willingness

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.96

DAY 48 99
 DAY 49 2.

Certain abilities that were considered divine for many

millennia have today become so commonplace that
1. people living in modern times hardly think about them.
The average person now moves and communicates
Memory is like light. Unfocused, it is diffused and
across distances much more easily than the Greek,
scattered. But a focused memory, much like the beam of
Hindu, or African gods of old. For example, the Igbo
a powerful laser, can cut through the barriers and
people of Nigeria believe that the creator god Chukwu
limitations you may have inadvertently created in your
initially wanted to make people immortal. He sent a dog
mind about your memory. I know because for years I
to tell humans that when someone dies, they should
sabotaged my memory with such negative phrases as “I
sprinkle ashes on the corpse, and the body will come
am always forgetting names” or that universal favorite,
back to life. Unfortunately, the dog was tired and he
“Honey, have you seen my car keys?” The first step in
lingered on the way. The impatient Chukwu then sent a
your journey to that focused memory begins either on a
sheep, telling her to make haste with this important
piece of paper or on your computer screen. The best
message. Alas, when the breathless sheep reached her
way to learn how you remember is to write down your
destination, she garbled the instructions, and told the
experiences on a regular basis. When you sit down at
humans to bury their dead, thus making death permanent.
the end of the day and write a bit about your experiences,
If only Chukwu had had an SNS account!
you are mentally reconstructing the day. The first time
garble
you do this, some parts of the day will be startlingly
clear. Ancient gods were terrible at living in harmony.
Both dogs and sheep disappear from the Igbo myth.
The message would have been distorted by the humans.
Due to an ancient god’s incompetence, we humans are
mortal.
Communicative ability is becoming more and more
significant.

100
3. 4.
Each child is unique. They have different backgrounds, In court we have seen many expert witnesses who
different strengths, and different weaknesses. Some have an impressive list of degrees and the highest IQs
may be thrilled to be tutored; others may be suspicious. who use a simple vocabulary and adopt obviously
A tutor’s conception of a student simplistic ways to express their ideas.
. Tutors must be open to receiving
and working with any students they are assigned. This (A) They realize that the expert has purposefully avoided
can be challenging because our expectations are the use of technical terms they won’t understand in
determined by our value systems, upbringing, and past order to communicate with them more effectively. They
experiences and can be vastly different from those of appreciate the expert’s efforts, and view her as sensitive
others. These expectations can become major sources of and humble.
frustration when they conflict with others’ behavior, (B) The expert’s image as intelligent and competent is
such as that of our tutees. Therefore, it is advised to try not diminished in the process either. If anything, it’s
to approach tutoring without any expectations at all. enhanced by demonstrating that she has the good
This, of course, includes giving up expectations you judgment to know how to modify her presentation to
may have of your future students and their personalities, make it meaningful to her audience.
their academic skills or progress, and their motivation (C) They echo the way they know the average juror
and attitude toward you. speaks and thinks and purposely attempt to relate to
them at that level. And the jurors know it.
is at odds with reality
can be formed by observation (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
is based on a faulty interpretation (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
should be a blank sheet of paper (C) – (B) – (A)
should be his or her own idea

5.
Although their original food customs may have been
nutritionally adequate, their new environment may
lead them to alter their eating habits.

When people move from one country to another or from

one area to another, their economic status may change.
( ) They will be exposed to new foods and new food
customs. ( ) For instance, if milk was a staple food in
their diet prior to moving and is unusually expensive in
the new environment, milk may be given up for a
cheaper, nutritionally inferior beverage such as soda,
coffee, or tea. ( ) Candy, possibly a luxury in their
former environment, may be inexpensive and widespread
in their new environment. ( ) As a result, a family
might increase consumption of soda or candy and limit
purchases of more nutritious foods. ( ) Someone who
is not familiar with the nutritive values of foods can
easily make such mistakes when shopping.
staple food nutritive value
p.98

DAY 49 101
 DAY 50 2.
A great change occurred with the arrival of the
phonograph. Recorded music privatized and
decontextualized what had often been a social event
1. — and church music or sailors’ songs could now be
heard while dressing in the morning, while Beethoven
There are a number of ways in which technology can be
was transformed into “wallpaper.” At its simplest
used to protect social network users from disclosure or
level music was heard, but performers were no longer
privacy threats or violations. More drastic technical
seen. Sounds of all sorts could thus be integrated into
solutions involve disabling or banning social media/
everyday life as a kind of aural background — but more
social networking. For example, some schools and
often to enhance a mood or decorate some setting
workplaces place explicit restrictions or in some cases a
than as a focused object of attention. Claude Debussy in
complete ban on social networking sites and they are
1913 fretted that recorded music could be bought as
disabled at the IT level so that students or employees
easy as “one can buy a glass of beer.” And with no
cannot access these sites. The problem with this solution
hint of irony, the first issue of Gramophone (1923)
is that the benefits of using these sites are also lost.
called for listening to recorded music while shaving.
Additionally, while this may prevent use of these sites
decontextualize fret
during school or work hours, it has no impact on what is
done after hours. The context collapse that occurs in an
online environment blurs the line between people’s
professional and personal lives such that online
information exchanges that occur outside of school or
work hours impact people’s lives at school or work.
3.
Therefore, employing these strategies is not necessarily
effective in minimizing the potential risks overall. Before the invention of printing, we had a different
drastic
technology for communicating ideas and information. It
was called talking. It evolved over millions of years,
potential positive effects of social media in public and there is a lot more happening than just the words
some reasons to ban or restrict social media in certain passing from brain to brain. There’s modulation, tone,
settings emphasis, and passion, each of which grabs the attention
social networking that blurs the boundary between work of the listener. She watches as well as listens.
and home Subconsciously she notes the widening of the speaker’s
necessity of restricting access to social networking in eyes, the movement of the hands, the swaying of the
certain settings body, the responses of other listeners. When correctly
downside of controlling social networking sites for employed by a speaker, this all makes a positive
protecting users difference on the way the receiving brain categorizes
and prioritizes the incoming information. By
, the speaker’s lasting
impact on the intellectual world of the listener may be
far greater than the same words in print.
modulation

paying attention to verbal meanings

defining effective communication skills
increasing the motivation to understand
playing important roles of listeners in communication
understanding the origin of the human capacity for
speech

102
4. 5.
Comets and asteroids from space slamming into the
planet present a great danger to the Earth. The good We have officially entered the era of technology in
news is that scientists have come up with various schools. As we move further into the 21st century, it is
strategies to deflect a hazardous object in space before it apparent that we need to take a close look at the way we
strikes. Of all strategies for dealing with an incoming are introducing new topics to students. We need to be
comet or asteroid, utilizing nuclear weapons is by far sure that we are preparing our students to be productive
the most publicized and desirable option. A series of members of society in the future. Although technology
nuclear explosions could slowly move the object into a is a fantastic way to motivate students’ learning, a study
new path that would avoid colliding with the Earth. was conducted at Stanford University that revealed the
Kinetic impacts are another option — colliding a negative side to introducing too much technology.
massive object into the comet or asteroid to alter its path Students’ attention spans are being reduced; they often
for the safety of the Earth. The majority of near-Earth find it hard to focus in the classroom for prolonged
objects have orbits that don’t bring them very close to periods of time. The study also found that students are
the earth and therefore pose no risk of impact. A more using up memory portions of their brains that were
unique plan is to paint the asteroid, changing how it previously used to store information learned in school.
absorbs and reflects heat from the Sun so that its course Technology is immediate and has given students the
can, given sufficient time, be modified. idea that learning can also be immediate. This, of course,
kinetic is not the case, as we know learning takes practice and
repetition.

A study revealed that learning has become increasingly

(A) for students, whose attention and
memory have been (B) due to increases
in technology use.

(A) (B)
important …… assessed
important …… altered
difficult …… altered
difficult …… assessed
widespread …… limited

p.100

DAY 50 103
 DAY 51 2.
The evolution of energy-hungry bigger brains, like
yours, depended on building longer feeding tubes in
order to optimize the extraction of more energy from
1. whatever entered the front end of the feeding tube.
It is sometimes difficult to say
(A) Animals developed a more efficient and shorter
. Consider an individual
feeding tube that relied on a high-quality, nutrient-rich
who is forced to reflect and start over after a mild
diet. Therefore, today we have a gastrointestinal system
setback. In the period immediately following the
that is efficient at extracting energy for itself and its two
setback, the individual is less content but acting with
principal customers, your reproductive system and
greater autonomy. To evaluate the change in the
brain.
individual’s state, we must treat the values of being
(B) Due to the high energy demands of the brain and
content and being autonomous as commensurable,
reproductive system, however, a surprising compromise
though many will believe that they are not. Evaluating a
occurred during evolution: as brains became bigger,
change in an entire society involves similar types of
human reproductive success failed. Now you can
difficult comparisons, plus a whole collection of
appreciate why humans do not give birth to many babies
additional ones based on distributive concerns. For
at one time.
instance, what if a society becomes wealthier and less
(C) It is not surprising then that the length of the gut,
equal over time? Finally, even if we think that all states
when compared across many different species, correlates
of affairs can be compared effectively, we might
with the size of the brain. As brains became larger,
question the justification of violence or other
however, the forces of evolution shifted strategies (after
catastrophes. Why should we be reconciled to a violent
all, the length of the gut can be increased only until
war just because it set the stage for institutional
there is insufficient room in the body to contain it).
improvement?
gastrointestinal
commensurable
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
if freedom is more valuable than equality
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
the individual is more important than the society
(C) – (B) – (A)
not only violence but also inaction is inexcusable
whether changes have been improvements or not
autonomy is essential for healthy human development

104
3. [4~5]
Rational individuals will seek perfect balance On the surface, ceremonies may appear to be a
between freedom and security, but this balance varies waste of time, empty words said unthinkingly. But
among individuals, depending upon their ability to they do have a (a) deeper meaning. We use these
benefit from freedom and to bear the cost of insecurity. rituals to create a sense of belonging. While the
National Anthem is being sung before a baseball
Although the case for freedom is strong, this goal cannot game, the crowd and the players are performing as a
be pursued without limit. Almost everyone admits that unit. In the same way, the congregation in a church
some restrictions are necessary when the exercise of become one when they sing a hymn or recite a prayer.
individual freedom endangers others or imposes large Ceremonies serve to (b) unify the participants in an
external costs. ( ) A more subtle but more pervasive event.
limit to freedom arises when it conflicts with the Ceremonies are also used to (c) reinforce the
individual’s desire for security. ( ) In the face of the atmosphere of an event. Couples who repeat wedding
complexities and uncertainties of modern life, many vows are making a public, solemn statement of their
people willingly vote for programs that restrict freedom intention to live together permanently. Their decision
— their own and that of others — in exchange for the seems much more significant than an offhand “Let’s
promise of greater security. ( ) For instance, numerous share an apartment” would be. Similarly, when a
laws deny consumers the freedom to buy products president swears in public that he will uphold the
that have been judged to be dangerous. ( ) But not Constitution of the United States, the entire country
everyone makes the same evaluation of the tradeoff. ( ) realizes the importance of the job and of his
This variation is the major reason why it is so difficult commitment to it.
to reach agreement on this issue. Finally, at a basic level, rituals give people a feeling
of control. This function is particularly (d) vague in
funerals. We can’t prevent the death of a loved one,
but we can organize a ceremony to help those
grieving cope with loss, death, and tragedy. This
ritual makes us feel that we are not entirely at the
mercy of natural forces, resulting in a (e) calming of
internal emotional chaos.

4.
Ceremony Its Origin and Types
How Do We Perform Ceremonies?
Ceremony Its Meaning and Functions
The Wedding Ceremony and Its Symbolism
What’s Wrong with the Change of a Ceremony?

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.102

DAY 51 105
 DAY 52 2.
I like to use the phrase positive discipline to refer to
using your authority in positive ways, either to broaden
your child’s horizons or to reward good behavior. Let’s
1. imagine you are planning a family vacation. You and
your spouse want to take a trip to Mexico, but your kids
You might have a bad interaction with a family member
prefer Disney World. However, none of your kids have
before getting to work. As the day wears on, you may
ever been to Mexico. In this situation, your kids don’t
interpret your negative feelings as frustration for the
get a choice. A well-run family is not a democracy.
project you’re working on rather than lingering negative
Asking your child whether she’d like to go to Mexico
effects from the events of the morning. Many people try
if she’s never been there is no different from asking
to power through their negative feelings rather than
her whether she’d like curried chicken when she’s
attempt to understand them. But this is a lost opportunity.
never tried it. Her answer isn’t based on experience.
Emotions provide valuable information about the state
Tell her: “We’re going to Mexico, and you’re coming
of your motivational system. Ignoring them is like
along.” Don’t promise her that she’ll love it, because
driving around lost, only refusing to ask for directions.
she might not. Your job is not to guarantee your child’s
You need to think about things that bother you in order
happiness, but to broaden her horizons. Those two
to understand the source of your feelings. You can’t
objectives .
manage feelings without thinking about them. Once you
can better comprehend where your own feelings come do not always coincide
from, you’ll have a much better ability to deal with thrive in fair conditions
them. affect each other positively
should be met simultaneously
cannot be achieved in a single attempt

3.
A former colleague of mine said that she thought it was
now no longer important to teach Shakespeare because
among other things he had a very feeble grasp of
women. This means that, if taken seriously, nobody’s
place in the entire canon is very secure, that it’s
constantly changing. John Donne’s position was, in
the nineteenth century, of no consequence at all; The
Oxford Book of English Verse contained only one poem
of his. And now, of course, he has been resurrected
by Herbert Grierson and T. S. Eliot and he’s one of the
great figures of seventeenth-century poetry. Another
important theme in Donne’s poetry is the idea of true
religion, something that he spent much time considering
and about which he often theorized. Even the great
Bach was relatively unpopular for two hundred years
before being rediscovered by Mendelssohn, proving
that even in music we are constantly reassessing the
past.
canon resurrect

106
4. 5.
Your body is not a vehicle you inhabit; it is a creation Although this can be beneficial when good teaching
of your nonphysical being and therefore reflects your practice is transmitted forward through the
personality characteristics. generations, it can also be a drawback when new
approaches are left untapped.
(A) When I was younger, I was quite rigid in my attitudes
and physically inflexible as well. Not surprisingly, I A motivation for incorporating technology into music
disliked stretching exercises. Contrary to what is instruction could be cultural rather than pedagogical. As
expected to occur as we age, my physical flexibility has a field, education is inherently slow to change. ( )
increased considerably, and I now enjoy stretching Before becoming a teacher, a person will have been
exercises. deeply socialized in the educational process for
(B) Facial wrinkles (expression lines) may be an external seventeen years or more by his or her experiences as a
manifestation of people’s automatic reactions — student. ( ) After all of these years of observing
habitually doing the same things and repeatedly making teachers, we tend to teach as we were taught. ( )
the same choices. An inflexible body can be a physical Previous generations of music teachers did not use
representation of becoming set in one’s ways. computers and digital technologies, not because they
(C) Many people become less mentally flexible as they chose not to but simply because the technology was not
get older, hence the stiffness and loss of physical available. ( ) Not only is it a professional educator’s
flexibility experienced by so many older adults. It can responsibility to explore the pedagogical benefits of
happen the other way around as well: if we become new technologies, but it is also important that instruction
more mentally flexible, our physical flexibility can remains current and connected to society. ( ) A music
increase. I’m living proof that this is possible. classroom that has no technology runs the risk of
manifestation appearing to parents and administrators as not being
relevant to the musical practices of society, or even
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
worse, actually being disconnected from the experiences
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
of the students.
(C) – (B) – (A)
untapped

p.104

DAY 52 107
 DAY 53 2.
The mechanical thinker takes considerable pride in his
opinions, which he believes to be “right.” It is proper
and necessary, he believes, for a person to “take a stand”
1. on things — on just about everything, in fact. Each time
he voices a sweeping generalization on some topic, he
Poor students are seldom allowed to be the heroes in
commits himself to adopt a rigid stand on similar topics.
Hollywood films (adults always must “save” them)
He must, above all, be “consistent.” If you study the
while middle-class students are almost always the
mechanical thinker closely, you will probably notice a
heroes of the films in which they are featured (they are
singular lack of apparent curiosity. He seldom asks
always more clever than the adults in the film). This
questions, and he seldom seeks new information
double standard, I believe, reflects the middle-class bias
about his world. He would seldom admit to having
of American culture. The middle-class perspective is
learned something from another person. He rarely reads
always the predominant and heroic perspective in film.
books and certainly not nonfiction material. If a man, he
While it would be convenient to simply blame
may read the sports pages, which is acceptable behavior
Hollywood for this double standard, the truth is that
for a male in his society — or if a woman she may read
these distorted images of poor and middle-class teens
the women’s section of the paper. The mechanical
are a reflection of the distorted image that Americans as
thinker may reveal a noticeable uneasiness in familiar
a whole have of various social classes. These
situations and may be embarrassed when confronted
representations are a fantasy of the middle class (that
with a fact that forces him to revise a strongly held
poor students are troubled and middle-class students
opinion.
are wise), but it is an illusion that extends beyond the
middle class because the middle-class perspective in
American society is dominant.

Teens vs. Adults A Hollywood Theme

The Economic Perspective of Hollywood Movies
Hollywood’s Contribution to American Culture Abroad 3.
A Distorted Portrait The Ethnic Minority in Hollywood In the physical sciences, it is usually the case that a
Films handful of concepts can be applied to solve problems
The Middle-Class Hollywood Hero A Reflection of across a wide range of contexts. Research literature
Widespread Bias on the transfer of knowledge suggests that when
people acquire knowledge in one context they can
seldom apply this knowledge to situations in related
contexts that look superficially different from the
original context, but which are related by the major
idea that could be applied to solve or analyze them.
The implication is that students should learn to apply
major concepts in multiple contexts in order to make the
knowledge “fluid.” The more they know about, and
focus on, their major area of study, the easier it is to
transfer what students already know to problems in that
area. Other sciences that have larger sets of concepts
also require practice for students to relate the concepts
to new and varied situations. To repeat what has
been said before, providing practice exercises across a
variety of contexts and situations is what makes learning
last — it is the way to promote transfer of learning.

108
4. 5.
If we are inclined to forget how much there is in the
world besides that which we anticipate, then works of Anyone who can read can read a poem. Part of poetry’s
art are perhaps a little to blame, for in them we find the power is in the sound of the spoken word, so after you
same process of simplification or selection at work as in have read it silently, you have to read it again aloud.
the imagination. Artistic accounts One time won’t do it. More than one time reading aloud
what reality will force upon us. A travel book may tell will put you on the right path. You will find upon re-
us, for example, that a narrator journeyed through the reading a poem that you begin to convey meaning
afternoon to reach the hill town of X and, after a night in through vocal stress, that you begin to parse the poem’s
its medieval monastery, awoke to a misty dawn. But we literal and figurative meanings, and that your
never simply journey through an afternoon. We sit in a imagination actively engages in associative feelings.
train. The seat cloth is grey. We look out of the window It is actually like having a conversation with the poet,
at a field. It starts to rain. A drop wends a muddy path since what his artistic mind and ear created is
down the dust-coated window. At last the train starts to interacting with your imaginative mind and ear. The
move. It passes an iron bridge. And still we might only more you read, the more you will realize that poems do
have reached the end of the first minute of a not have just one meaning. Readers make subjective
comprehensive account of the events lurking within the and imaginative choices when they read, and these can
deceptive sentence “he journeyed through the afternoon.” change upon re-reading a poem. A poem read just one
wend lurk time is not fully read.
parse figurative
make an arbitrary use of
keep a little distance from
involve severe abbreviations of Repeatedly reading a poem aloud (A)
develop a thorough imitation of your understanding of a poem’s meaning, because the
refuse to acknowledge any limits to more you re-read its text, the more your interpretation
of it can be (B) .

(A) (B)
restricts …… altered
restricts …… objective
increases …… altered
increases …… objective
deepens …… valid

p.106

DAY 53 109
 DAY 54 2.
When an underwater object is viewed from above the
water, its appearance becomes distorted. This is
because refraction changes the direction of the light
1. rays that come from the object.
We need to understand health so much better than we
(A) You can easily observe this effect by looking at a
do. What a world of difference there is between being ill
straw in a glass of water. Light rays from the part of the
in the eyes of your doctor and feeling sick when you get
straw that is underwater refract at the surfaces between
out of bed to face the day. In 1948, the founders of the
the water and the glass, and between the glass and the
World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as
air.
“physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the
(B) The rays seem to come from closer to the surface
absence of infirmity.” John Kennedy and Dwight
than they are, and the straw looks bent. If the straw were
Eisenhower both battled serious illnesses; but nobody,
viewed from underwater, the part above water would be
including themselves, as they tirelessly bore the burden
distorted.
of the presidency, would have called them sick. For
(C) When these rays find the eyes of an observer, nerves
eight years, the crippled President Roosevelt was an
in the eyes send signals to the observer’s brain. The
active and cheerful president; yet some people half his
brain then creates an image based on where the rays
age and in far better health spend most of their time
appear to have originated. It does this without taking
unhappily in bed. Clearly, subjective health is
into consideration the effects of refraction, so the
.
object’s appearance is distorted.
infirmity
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
influenced by good physical fitness
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
as important as objective physical health
(C) – (B) – (A)
poorly understood by the healthy elderly
people’s satisfaction with their medical treatment
known to have different meanings in different people

110
3. [4~5]
Criticizing someone who runs up huge debts for the There’s a group of Russian immigrants in Los
sake of education also stems from living in times of Angeles who have a tradition of celebrating New
wage stagnation. Year’s Eve on the afternoon of December 30th.
When they were asked why, one of them said, “When
There is something noble about people who take out we were young and didn’t have much money, it was
substantial loans to ensure that they or their children (a) cheaper to get a band on the afternoon of the 30th,
receive a good education; as a Jewish proverb puts it, rather than the next day. That’s how our tradition
“an educated man can never be poor.” ( ) Even those started.” The curious thing is that now most of these
who do think in terms of dollars and cents can cite people could easily afford entertainment on New
numerous studies to show that people with degrees will Year’s Eve, but they still celebrate on the afternoon of
earn far more over the course of their lives than those the 30th. The point: once an attitude or belief gets
who never attend college. ( ) Yet for many college established, it tends to (b) survive even though the
graduates in the United States, the burden of the debt original reason for its development no longer exists.
incurred — which in 2014 averaged $33,000 — has Every situation or problem has a little of this
become decidedly arduous. ( ) And someone who “people celebrating early” for (c) outdated reasons. It
borrows huge sums to get a degree in a subject without could be the age at which you decide to retire. Indeed,
a well-defined vocational value, such as dance history, the retirement age for many Western nations, 65, is a
is nowadays quite likely to encounter the sort of perfect example. Back in the 1870’s, German
unsympathetic attitude traditionally reserved for the chancellor Otto von Bismarck arbitrarily set 65 as the
imprudent. ( ) This may reflect an increasingly retirement age. This decision made good financial
pervasive materialistic pragmatism. ( ) The fact is, sense because average life expectancy then was far
for many years now the gap between what students shorter than that. The problem is that life expectancy
borrow and what they earn after graduation has been is currently much longer than 65, and yet that age
growing, and that makes racking up huge debt while in (d) expires even though financial considerations
college more questionable. might dictate otherwise.
To be effective in anything, you must always be
looking for obsolete ideas and (e) deleting them.
Indeed, this is a cornerstone of creative thinking.

4.
Don’t Underestimate Yourself
Step Out of Your Danger Zone
Learn from Traditional Customs
Constantly Re-Examine Old Assumptions
Be Ready for Unexpected Early Retirement

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.108

DAY 54 111
 DAY 55 2.
Sometimes a novel thought long dead can come back
to life, brush the dirt off its pages, and shuffle back
1. into an author’s career. And that’s what happened to
History tells us of people who reached their peak after Michael Chabon and his novel Fountain City, which he
middle age. Verdi wrote Othello when he was seventy- killed after five and a half years’ work in 1992. “It was
three. Cervantes wrote Don Quixote when in his middle erasing me, breaking me down, burying me alive,
years. Pearl Buck, a great writer, once talked about her drowning me, kicking me down the stairs,” he said
eightieth birthday. She said that she became a far better about the novel’s impact on him. Chabon, however,
person at eighty than she was at fifty or forty. She said published the first four chapters of it in the literary
that she had learned a great deal since she was seventy. magazine in 2010, completing the task of lifetime. And
She felt that she had learned more in those ten years there’s also Stephen King, whose recent novel Under
than in any other ten-year period. In fact, Pearl Buck the Dome is a complete rewrite of his unfinished novel
was right. Many studies show that smart people tend to from 30 years ago. Writing a novel is like paddling from
get smarter as they grow older. So, don’t think that old Boston to London in a bathtub. Sometimes the tub sinks.
age is a cue to simply do nothing. Instead, keep It’s a wonder that most of them don’t.
developing your good qualities that can be used to help The novel’s deadline is missed.
society and yourself. The novel receives critical acclaim.
The novel is abandoned by its writer.
The novel fails to balance fact and fiction.
The novel doesn’t meet readers’ expectations.

3.
A universal moment of truth for artists arrives when the
destination for their work is suddenly removed. Consider
an artist whose single-minded goal, for twenty years,
was to land a one-man show at his city’s major art
museum. When he finally got it, he never produced a
serious piece of art again. There’s a painful irony to
stories like that, to discovering how frequently and
easily success leads to depression. Avoiding this fate
has something to do with
. With individual artworks it
means leaving some unresolved issue to carry forward
and explore in the next piece. And for a few physically
risky art forms (like dance), it may even mean developing
other interests in case of injury.

trying to make many friends in various fields

postponing arriving at the destination on purpose
not obsessing about the exhibition of your artwork
not letting your current goal become your only goal
cultivating a healthy balance between work and play

112
4. 5.
We know a great deal about the Sumerians’ maths, The major shortcoming of the traditional dictionary is
because, unlike the Egyptians, they didn’t use papyrus that there is limited space available to give only a
to record it (papyrus slowly rots away as the moisture sampling of how words are used.
in the air gets to it, so other than a few existing
examples, most of the documents the Egyptians Our 21st century technologies, such as the World Wide
produced have perished). Web, have profound implications for the way we define
the words in our language. ( ) In pre-Internet times,
(A) All tablets, regardless of their size, could be the hard copy dictionary always served as the final
purchased for roughly the same price (about $5), so the authority for what a word means and how it is used.
sellers would break large samples into smaller pieces. ( ) The authors of dictionaries (lexicographers)
The overall loss for historians is hard to calculate, but traditionally have arrived at their definitions by
tragically sad. carefully analyzing as many examples as possible of
(B) To record both their language and their mathematics, how a particular word is used. ( ) While some
the Sumerians made marks in a piece of clay (using a complex words found in any standard desk dictionary
wedge-shaped stick called a stylus), which then hardened can have as many as nine or ten possible uses, even
in the Sun. these definitions fail to cover all possible usages. ( )
(C) Fortunately, thousands of examples of their writing According to lexicographer Erin McKean, a recent
and mathematics have survived for us to study today, study showed that in a set of randomly chosen
including shopping lists, business accounts, schoolwork, passages from modern fiction, 13 percent of the nouns,
times tables and even mathematical research. Before the verbs, and adjectives were used in ways not found in
Iraq war, when tourism was still possible, you could buy large desk dictionaries. ( ) There are, in other words,
ancient tablets inscribed with calculations and lists. many more contemporary usages that never make it into
perish inscribe a standard dictionary because of the limitations of
physical space.
(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
lexicographer
(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
(C) – (B) – (A)

p.110

DAY 55 113
 DAY 56 2.
Existing travel information systems, such as electronic
signage on motorways, are designed to consider
travellers as crowds, lacking any form of personalized
1. information format and delivery. Moreover, most
advanced traffic management systems rely on a
Once you make a brushstroke that is out of place or you
centrally controlled infrastructure and information
sing the wrong notes in front of people, it cannot be
source. These two characteristics hinder the
undone. By thinking about what color would best suit a
development of trust and credibility of the particular
painting, we are actually learning to analyze the effects
systems. Indeed, a travel information system that more
of our actions. Creating art — painting, clay modeling,
often than not delivers information unrelated to
music, or sculpture — can bring about a realization of
someone’s journey gradually becoming ‘noise’ in the
the significance of every decision we make. In order not
travellers’ environment. According to experts in
to make a mess of something you put your blood, sweat,
transportation research, the reaction of drivers to
and tears into, you make a judgment after deeply
electronic signage messages decreases over time,
evaluating the effects of your decisions. This helps you
showing a potential distrust of the displayed messages.
not to make impulsive and illogical decisions in life.
An information system that relies on a single source of
You also might make mistakes, but you will learn to
information is at risk of becoming untrustworthy.
cope with them and move on from your failures. This
Incidents where wrong or inaccurate information is
will help you develop the courage to make decisions
delivered by the single information source would
without fostering an unhealthy fear of failure. The
damage trust levels in the system as a whole.
decision-making skills used during the process of art-
electronic signage
making help you to find practical solutions in daily life.

various ways to improve better decision-making skills

usefulness of art in building better decision-making
skills 3.
the scientific link between creativity and problem
A message is transferred from facts to language, from
solving
language to written words, from written words to
how art influences people’s emotions and decision-
language in another mind, and out of that language into
making
stored information. Just how successful the process is at
importance of art and creativity in children’s
these stages no one knows. It would also be nearly
development
impossible to devise an experiment to determine the
efficiency. Nevertheless, in the real world, such transfers
are never 100% efficient. If we allow them to be as good
as 90%, losses at the four stages still reduce the overall
efficiency to less than 65%. By a rough guess, only a
little over half the original message reaches the reader’s
mind, and probably much less. Just think for a moment
about the proportion of the total information you retain
after reading a book or attending a lecture. Information
transfer .

is actually a losing business

leads to mutually beneficial results
requires good communication skills
creates an effect of temporal uncertainty
occurs when there is real-time communication

114
4. 5.
The massive tombs and ceremonial structures built
from huge stones in the Neolithic period are known as Believe it or not, even in this computerized world there
megalithic architecture, from the Greek words for are still many situations where a sheet of paper and a
“large” (megas) and “stone” (lithos). Archaeologists pencil are the best tools for the music composer. Many
disagree about the nature of the societies that created important modern composers, especially those born
them. Some believe megalithic monuments reflect before 1940, won’t work with anything but paper and
complex, stratified societies in which powerful religious pencil. So, never think you are too advanced for these
or political leaders dictated their design and commanded humble tools. Writing music with only paper and pencil
the large workforce necessary to accomplish these has some amazing advantages to composing at a piano
ambitious engineering projects. Other interpreters or other instrument. For one thing, many composers
argue that these massive undertakings are clear evidence find the actual sound of the instrument itself interruptive
for cooperative collaboration within and among social to the composition process. Just imagine yourself deep
groups, coalescing around a common project that fueled in thought, hearing the perfect sequence of notes in your
social cohesion without the controlling power of a ruling head, when suddenly, your finger touches the actual
elite. Tomb architecture was complex and its art in piano key, and it doesn’t sound exactly like you
the form of painting, sculpture and script gives a glimpse imagined. Real sound is harsh, and hearing even the
into the beliefs and daily life of the ancient people. first note of your imagined phrase before you’ve written
Many megalithic structures are associated with death, it down can cause you to lose an entire piece of music.
and recent interpretations stress the fundamental role of phrase
death and burial as public theatrical performances in
which individual and group identity, cohesion, and
disputes were played out.
Writing music with conventional tools like paper and
stratified coalesce
a pencil is more (A) than with a musical
instrument, because real sound can be (B)
to the composition process.

(A) (B)
difficult …… similar
difficult …… disruptive
useful …… similar
useful …… disruptive
popular …… contradictory

p.112

DAY 56 115
 DAY 57 2.
In the 1980s, John Riskind chose to examine the
effect of posture on persistence. Riskind placed
1. participants in one of two positions. Half of the
Many animals devote a great deal of time and energy to participants were placed in a slumped position, so
apparently defending an area of ground which naturalists that their backs were bent over, and heads dropped
call a territory. The phenomenon is very widespread not down.
only in birds, mammals, and fish, but in insects and
even sea anemones. The territory may be a large area of (A) In fact, many of the puzzles were impossible to
woodland which is the principal foraging ground of a solve, and Riskind was only interested in how long the
breeding pair, as in the case of robins. Or, in herring participants managed to carry on in the face of failure.
gulls for instance, it may be a small area containing no (B) Describing his findings in a paper, Riskind made a
food, but with a nest at its center. Animals who fight note of how the participants who had previously been
over territory are fighting over a token prize, rather than sitting up straight endured for nearly twice as long as
an actual prize like a bit of food. In many cases females the slouchers.
refuse to mate with males who do not possess a territory. (C) In contrast, the remaining participants were told to
Indeed it often happens that a female whose mate is sit upright, with their shoulders pulled back and heads
defeated and his territory conquered promptly attaches held high. After sitting stooped or upright for about
herself to the victor. In the animal kingdom, the female three minutes, each participant was sent to another
may . room and asked to try and solve several puzzles that
sea anemone
involved tracing over a diagram without removing their
pencil from the page.
regulate her birth-rate depending on the size of a slump sloucher
territory stoop
be wedded to a male’s territory rather than to him
personally (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
work with the intention to optimize the genes of (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
her offspring (C) – (B) – (A)
seek the strongest male to pass on the best selection
of genes
deceive the male and appropriate the ownership of his
territory

116
3. [4~5]
In other words, a limited fluency in English is not a When traveling, you learn to make friends out of
valid reason for putting off writing an article to strangers and get used to talking with new people.
announce a good piece of research. When I first started traveling, I was kind of an
(a) introvert and uncomfortable talking to those
Science has a language of its own that has nothing to I didn’t know. Now, I’ll gladly talk to strangers like
do with the scientist’s native tongue. ( ) It is the we’ve known each other for years. Travel not only
language of logic, in which reasoned arguments are makes you comfortable talking to strangers, it makes
developed from well-presented evidence and lead to you better at it too. After talking to people all the
sound and consistent conclusions. ( ) That language time, the usual questions become (b) boring. After a
is the same regardless of the origin and preferred while, you don’t care about where people are from,
tongue of the person who writes it, and good scientific where they are going, how long they’ve been
writing depends primarily on expressing the science traveling, and so on. Those kinds of questions don’t
precisely and clearly. ( ) Subsequent editing by a really tell you anything about the person. You’ll get
native speaker to tidy up English expressions and better at small talk and asking interesting questions
comply with modern vernacular is relatively easy, and — the ones that (c) matter and tell you something
the article will be a good one. ( ) If the expression about the person. Unless you sit at a resort sipping
of the science is poor, no amount of correction of frozen drinks, travel will teach you about the world.
the English can turn it into a satisfactory paper. ( ) You’ll learn about people, history, and culture, and
In fact, non-native English speakers often have surprising facts about places some people could only
unexpected advantages when it comes to writing dream about. That’s something that can’t be learned
science. from books; you can only pick it up with on-the-
vernacular road experience. In addition, travel teaches you to be
(d) less materialistic. On the road, you learn just
how little stuff you truly need. You’ll realize that all
those things they sell at the mall are pretty (e) useful
in leading a happy life. Coming home, you’ll find
yourself a minimalist simply because you realize
what you need to live and what you don’t.

4.
Having More versus Being More
Travel Abroad to Buy Experiences
Ways to Make Your Travel More Fun
Why Travel Makes You a Better Person
Travel Gives You Space to Take a Breath

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.114

DAY 57 117
 DAY 58 2.
Contemporary reading and writing practices are
transforming before our eyes. Interactive reading and
writing now increasingly engage us. One can read
1. together with others remotely, commenting between
the virtual lines and in the margins, reading each
Your brain is updated moment by moment and hour by
other’s comments instantaneously, composing
hour. In essence, you frequently get a new processing
documents together in real time by adding words or
system. Indeed, you have the potential to change your
sentences to those just composed by one’s collaborators.
brain with everything you do that has some level of
The lines between one’s own words and those of
challenge, novelty, or variety. My research has found an
another’s — let alone between whole sentences —
interesting paradox: when one focuses on remembering
become quickly blurred. Hyperlinking has encouraged
the minute details, it may adversely affect the ability to
reading not just within and then between discrete texts
engage in more strategic abstract thinking. In essence,
but much more robustly across texts, inter-referencing
trying to remember as many details as possible can
and interweaving insights and lines of referencing.
actually work against being selective about what you let
How texts relate, as a consequence, has become
into your brain’s attic. This pattern helps explain why
dramatically , making visible what
access to more information is not, on its own, making us
hitherto has been hidden largely from view.
smarter. More likely, quite the opposite is true. Exposure
to large volumes of information steals and freezes your trifling disregarded magnified
brainpower. impartial invariable

3.
The innovativeness of cities is related directly to the
quality of human talent. China’s coastal cities have
been quicker off the mark because they have been
more successful in nurturing quality, retaining the
most talented knowledge workers, and attracting the
cream of the knowledge workers from other parts of
the country. The coastal cities are also more open
and accessible to outsiders and have integrated with
global knowledge networks. For smaller inland
cities to become innovative smart cities, they will
need to specialize and pull in some of the best brains
in their fields of specialization from across the country.
Smart cities have become the most popular term for
the future city, and it is becoming a globally recognized
term, replacing with terms in other languages. Any
serious attempt to become an innovative city built on
the quality of talent, which after all is the life blood of
innovation, will have to combine urban design and
renewal with a focus on developing a few core areas of
world-class expertise.
the cream of

118
4. 5.
Naturally, people eat many different kinds of meals Specifically, it varied by the square of the distance, so
and choose them with the intention of communicating small differences in distance made big differences in
the right message to the right audience. the amount of interaction.

(A) Equally, a meal of roast beef offered to a vegetarian Companies in the same industry — especially industries
might be construed as a calculated insult. As with all that rely most heavily on creativity and innovation —
language, there can be miscommunication. Despite this, often locate in the same area. ( ) Besides Silicon
an outsider observing or commenting on an eating event Valley, famous examples include high-tech clusters in
can usually decode the intended message without too Research Triangle, North Carolina, and Austin, Texas.
much difficulty. ( ) Everyone in those industries agrees that an
(B) One would not reheat half-eaten leftovers when important reason for locating in clusters is to make
trying to impress a potential lover, just as one would not exchanging ideas easier. ( ) But patterns of
spend a fortune on extravagant ingredients for a hurried communication between companies within these
everyday meal eaten in solitude. Every meal has, in a clusters hadn’t been investigated until researchers
sense, its own coded message. looked at the biotech cluster in Cambridge,
(C) This is not to say, however, that it is always readily Massachusetts. ( ) They found that the amount of
perceived or interpreted correctly by others. What may communicating between people from different
be intended as cozy informality to someone preparing a companies — in-person, by phone, and by e-mail —
meal might be interpreted as laziness by an invited depended on the physical distance between them.
guest. ( ) As a result, people at companies in the center of
construe decode the cluster did the most communicating of all.

(A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)

(B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B) p.116
(C) – (B) – (A)

DAY 58 119
 DAY 59 2.
In new relationships, people often disclose themselves
slowly, sharing only a few details at first, and offering
more personal information only if they like and trust
1. each other. When they started becoming friends, for
instance, Deepak and Prasad shared mostly routine
You’re walking towards a forest through a grassy plain,
information with each other, such as where they grew
and when you step into this forest, all of a sudden, the
up, what their favorite teams were, and what they did
temperature is cool and the air is damp. You have entered
for a living. As they got to trust each other more, they
a microclimate! Climate describes the weather in a place
started sharing their opinions on things such as politics,
over a long period of time. “Micro-” means “small,” so
relationships, and religion. Only after they had known
a microclimate is the climate of a small, restricted area
each other for quite a while did they feel
that is different than the climate around it. There are a
uncomfortable talking about more personal things,
few ways microclimates can be made. The shape of the
such as Prasad’s health problems or the challenges in
land can impact the area’s weather. It can be natural or
Deepak’s marriage. Although people in some
changed by humans. Houses, rocks, and cars can all
relationships begin sharing intimate information
change the climate in a small area. Lakes, streams, and
very quickly, self-disclosure usually moves in small
even the ocean can change the climate of the areas
increments.
nearest to them. This is because water gains and loses
increment
heat more slowly than land does. Soil can shape climate,
too. Soils that hold lots of water, like the rich soils in the
jungle, make the air wet and humid. Dry soils, like
desert sand, do not hold water in the same way.

Creating and Utilizing Microclimates

Microclimate A Double-Edged Sword of Farming 3.
The Power of Water Microclimates Near Lakes and
Child psychologists have long noted that children do
Rivers
best when . The world can be
Microclimate How Small Areas Change the Weather
a very scary place unless boundaries are in place to give
What Benefits Do Microclimates Bring?
a sense of security to children and teens. As teens go
through the process of individuating, they push up
against and even test the rigidity of parental and societal
boundaries. As parents, you are responsible for
establishing boundaries for your children, including
setting curfews, time frames, and limits that are
acceptable for doing homework, eating meals, going to
bed, getting up in the morning, dressing for school,
staying over at a friend’s house, and having friends visit
in your home. In addition, assigning your children duties
or chores teaches them perseverance, time management,
and sense of purpose — all necessary for success in life.
individuate curfew

their lives are safe

their lives have structure
their lives are individualized
they are free from parents
they do house chores

120
4. 5.
Findings from several studies on nonpatient groups
such as university students suggest that simply looking Generations of kids have grown up with plump cartoon
at everyday nature, as compared to built scenes that lack characters like Winnie the Pooh and Homer Simpson
nature, is significantly more effective in promoting — and it may not be good for their diets. In an
restoration from stress. One early study focused on experiment, children between the ages of 6 and 14 years
students who were experiencing mild stress because old viewed cartoon characters that were drawn to
of a final course exam. A self-ratings questionnaire represent either normal weight or overweight
was used to assess restorative influences of viewing physiques. After answering questions on the quality of
either a diverse slide sample of unblighted built settings the picture, they were offered candy or cookies. The
lacking nature, or slides of undistinguished nature kids ate almost twice as much candy or as many cookies
settings dominated by green vegetation. Results when they saw the apparently overweight character as
suggested that the nature views fostered greater those exposed to a thinner cartoon character or no
psychological restoration as indicated by larger cartoon at all. In another study, kids were asked
reductions in negative feelings such as fear and anger/ questions about their health knowledge before viewing
aggression and much higher levels of positive feelings. the images of cartoon characters. This time, their eating
The new-made views of concrete jungle selected to choices were no longer impacted by seeing the
target these feelings directly helped to create an overweight character.
environment offering stress restoration. Also, the
scenes with vegetation sustained interest and attention
Children exposed to obese cartoon characters are
more effectively than did the urban scenes without
more likely to (A) eating unhealthy diets,
nature.
which can be (B) by stimulating their
built scene unblighted
health knowledge.

(A) (B)
indulge in …… induced
indulge in …… modified
be conscious of …… reinforced
be resistant to …… reduced
be resistant to …… optimized

p.118

DAY 59 121
 DAY 60 2.
The idea that we are living moments of more and
lives of less is supported by a recent study in which
pairs of college-aged friends were asked to
1. communicate in four different ways: face-to-face
conversation, video chat, audio chat, and online
Even though many of our memories are vivid and some
instant messaging.
may even be accurate, most of what we remember of
our daily lives is neither exact nor rich in detail. There is
(A) The students had tried to “warm up” their digital
overwhelming neuropsychological evidence that
messages by using emoticons, typing out the sounds of
evolution did not design our memories to be video
laughter (“Hahaha”), and using the forced urgency of
cameras faithfully and precisely recording our daily
TYPING IN ALL CAPS.
experiences. For example, a key memory system in the
(B) But these techniques had not done the job. It is
brain is specifically structured to extract from
when we see each other’s faces and hear each other’s
experience unconscious rules and abstractions that
voices that we become most human to each other.
allow organisms to deal with the ever-changing world
(C) Then, the degree of emotional bonding in these
that surrounds them in an expedient and self-serving
friendships was assessed both by asking how people
manner. There is also evidence that we may change our
felt and watching how they behaved toward each other.
memories, if only a little, each time we recall them.
The results were clear: in-person conversation led to
The fluidity of memory may reflect the challenges
the most emotional connection and online messaging
inherent in engineering brains able to make life-and-
led to the least.
death decisions at a moment’s notice in noisy, uncertain,
and ever-changing environments. Memory (A) – (C) – (B) (B) – (A) – (C)
. (B) – (C) – (A) (C) – (A) – (B)
expedient (C) – (B) – (A)

is about survival, not accuracy

notifies us of a potential danger
is distorted by misleading information
shows how past events are understood
changes based on our present experiences

122
3. [4~5]
But they were a sign of our universe’s astonishing Digital technologies are blurring the boundaries
capacity to build complex objects from simple between home and work. Communication across time
building blocks. zones means that just as you’re going to bed someone
else is logging on. Emails pile up. Incoming calls
In the first minutes of its existence, the universe cooled become more (a) important than face-to-face
so rapidly that it was impossible to manufacture conversations. Just when we start one project, another
elements heavier or more complex than hydrogen, is given to us and we have to (b) change focus. There
helium, and (in minute amounts) lithium. ( ) In the is also an unprecedented flood of news and
heat and chaos of the early universe, nothing more information to keep up with. In the 1930s, a presenter
complex could survive. ( ) From a chemical point of would sit at the microphone and announce seriously:
view, the early universe was very simple, far too “This is the BBC Home Service from London. It is
simple to create complex objects such as our Earth or one o’clock. There is no news.” Compare this with
the living organisms that inhabit it. ( ) The first stars today, when news is reported 24 hours a day on a
and galaxies were constructed from little more than multitude of channels and media. In a sense, digital
hydrogen and helium. ( ) Once created, stars laid the media encourage a sense of (c) concentration. We are
foundations for even more complex entities, including so (d) overwhelmed with digital noise that we have
living organisms. ( ) This was possible because in little time for self-reflection. We are living in the age
their fiery cores they practiced an alchemy that turned of digital overconsumption. A senior executive in a
hydrogen and helium into all the other elements. major oil company told me that the preparation for
alchemy the Christmas holiday used to begin in mid-
December, and things wouldn’t get (e) busy again
until mid-January. Now people hold meetings during
Christmas week, and business is at full speed the
week after New Year’s Day. As he put it, “Standards
of living are much higher than when I started out, but
the quality of life is lower.” There’s much more
happening, but little time is available to focus on
what matters.
incoming call

4.
A Guide to Digital Happiness
How to Live Well in the Digital Age
Do Digital Technologies Improve Our Life?
Is Technology Making Us Dumber or Smarter?
Digital Overconsumption Problem and Solution

5.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

p.120

DAY 60 123
CHECK!

DAY 01 5 DAY 31 5

DAY 02 5 DAY 32 5

DAY 03 5 DAY 33 5

DAY 04 5 DAY 34 5

DAY 05 5 DAY 35 5

DAY 06 5 DAY 36 5

DAY 07 5 DAY 37 5

DAY 08 5 DAY 38 5

DAY 09 5 DAY 39 5

DAY 10 5 DAY 40 5

DAY 11 5 DAY 41 5

DAY 12 5 DAY 42 5

DAY 13 5 DAY 43 5

DAY 14 5 DAY 44 5

DAY 15 5 DAY 45 5

DAY 16 5 DAY 46 5

DAY 17 5 DAY 47 5

DAY 18 5 DAY 48 5

DAY 19 5 DAY 49 5

DAY 20 5 DAY 50 5

DAY 21 5 DAY 51 5

DAY 22 5 DAY 52 5

DAY 23 5 DAY 53 5

DAY 24 5 DAY 54 5

DAY 25 5 DAY 55 5

DAY 26 5 DAY 56 5

DAY 27 5 DAY 57 5

DAY 28 5 DAY 58 5

DAY 29 5 DAY 59 5

DAY 30 5 DAY 60 5