SHORT CIRCUIT INDICATOR

Guided by:
B. Prem Kumar
Assistant Professor(c)

Done by:
Batch-7
K. Vishnu Murthy
(22SS1A0332)
K. Lasya Priya
(22SS1A0333)
K. Vishnu Vardhan
(22SS1A0334)
Md. Naiyar Jani
(22SS1A0335)
M.G.A.V. Srikanth
(22SS1A0336)
 ABSTRACT

Short circuit condition is a condition in which the input terminals of a power

supply get in electrical contact with each other causing huge current flow. This
leads to very large heat generation which can damage the system and also pose a
threat to people nearby it. Thus, short circuit condition is necessary to be detected
and be attended immediately. Short Circuit Indicator Project does the task of
detecting the short circuit in a circuit in which it is connected automatically. With
the help of regulator and a pair of transistors we lit up an indicator LED that glows
only when there is short circuit event occurring. In this way one can easily
understand the short circuit condition and take appropriate measure of cutting off
the power supply and removing the short circuit. We have demonstrated the short
circuit in our circuit board using a wire piece which has very low, close to zero
value of resistance thus creating a short circuit at the source connector.
 AIM:

To construct the short circuit indicator using transistor and diodes.

APPARATUS:

Category Quantity References Value

1 C1 470u
Capacitors
1 C2 10u
1 R1 1k
1 R2 270
Resistors
1 R3 10k
3 R4-R6 330
Integrated Circuits 1 U1 7805
1 Q1 BC547BP
Transistors
1 Q2 BC557AP
2 D1,D3 R-LED
Diodes
1 D2 G-LED
1 BR1 2W04G
1 BUZ1 BUZZER
Miscellaneous
1 J1 9v
1 J2(PBT) wire

Hardware Specifications

 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Power Supply
 Diode
 Regulator
 LED
 Transistor
 Buzzer

Introduction:
In circuit analysis, a short circuit is defined as a connection between two nodes that forces them
to be at the same voltage. In an 'ideal' short circuit, this means there is no resistance and thus no
voltage drop across the connection. In real circuits, the result is a connection with almost no
resistance. In such a case, the current is limited only by the resistance of the rest of the circuit. A
common type of short circuit occurs when the positive and negative terminals of a battery are
connected with a low-resistance conductor, like a wire. In an improper installation, the
overcurrent from a short circuit may cause ohmic heating of the circuit parts with poor
conductivity. Such overheating is a common cause of fires. In industrial and utility distribution
systems, dynamic forces generated by high short-circuit currents cause conductors to spread
apart. Busbars, cables, and apparatus can be damaged by the forces generated in a short circuit

Description:
Existing System

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to
provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. It is a sacrificial device, once a fuse has
operated it is an open circuit, and must be replaced or rewired, depending on its type. Circuit
breakers can be used as an alternative to fuses, but have significantly different characteristics.

Proposed System

In power sockets or even the site of the short circuit itself. Such is a common cause of an electric
arc, if it forms during the short circuit, produces high amount of heat and can cause ignition of
combustible substances as well. In industrial and utility distribution systems, dynamic by high
short- forces generated circuit currents cause conductors to spread apart. Bus bars, cables, and
apparatus can be damaged by the forces generated in a short circuit. Whenever you are working
with electricity the proper use of safety precautions is of the at most importance to remember in
the front of all electronic technical manuals, you will always find a section on safety precautions.
Also posted on each piece of equipment should be a sign listing the specific precautions for that
equipment. One area that is sometimes overlooked, and is a hazard especially on-board ship, is
the method in which equipment is grounded.

Working Principle:

The short circuit fault indicator refers to a device used to indicate the flow of electrical short
circuit fault current. The principle is to use the positive current mutation and the line power
failure to detect the fault when the line fails. According to the characteristics of the power line
short circuit, the fault is judged by measuring the sudden change and duration of the current in
the line by electromagnetic induction method. Therefore, it is a fault detection device that adapts
to load current changes and reduce the possibility of mis operation.
Block Diagram:
 Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
Assembling Power Supply on PCB and Testing

Mount the components related to power supply sections as per the circuit diagram and the layout.
While mounting kindly check for the proper polarity of components like diodes, electrolytic
capacitors, etc. as one reversed polarity mounting can result in none functioning of the project or
even sometimes damaging to the extent of irreparability.

Solder the mounted components with the help of Soldering Iron and Solder wire given along
with the Kit in the package box.

For Soldering, power up the Soldering Iron and let it heat for about few seconds. Once heated up,
it's ready to solder components to the board.

A component can be soldered by just touching the hot tip of the Iron between the Component
lead and the copper surface of the PCB along with the Solder wire tip touched at the same spot.

Solder wire melts on the copper surface also touching the component lead resulting in a
canonical formation with component lead at its center and PCB at its base after removal of the
Iron from the imponent lead ant and the surface. This whole process of Soldering a point should
the come more than 3 seconds else a component might burnout from

the heat of the iron and is rendered useless. Starting with the component from the lowest level of
mounting, solder the components successively with components of greater height of mounting.

Once the power supply section is mounted, mount IC sockets of the micro-controller, drivers,
etc. Apply power to the board without inserting the ICs in the sockets.

Check the continuity between directly connected components by the Multimeter in buzzer mode
without giving power to the board.

Check for the output for 12V DC/SV DC by taking power supply from the Transformer. The
power indicator Red LED must glow. If not check for the polarity of components if properly
assembled and also check for the continuity of the tracks on the PCB.

Finally, check for the 5V DC across the VCC and GND terminals of the micro- controller
and/or other IC bases.

I/O Section Assembling:

Start with mounting of output side components. Check for input power at the input points of
components/sockets like Transistors, OPAMP's, DTMF decoder, Inverters, Sensors, Max232,
L293d, etc. whichever maybe relevant to your project.

Carryout continuity test without applying power. If discontinuities found, solder a jumper wire
between the discontinuous points.

Now do power on test from output side to check if the functioning is proper of the output devices
(Optional).

Now remove the power supply and proceed to assemble the input side components.

Similarly, assemble the input side components approaching from output side to input side with
step-by-step testing procedure as mentioned above.

Final Testing and Working:

With the power supply cut off from the PCB, carefully insert the IC's like micro-controller, motor
drivers, encoder, decoders, etc. whichever maybe relevant into their respective IC
sockets/connectors.

Special attention to be taken while inserting IC's to be paid as if the pins bend while inserting,
they may break off rendering it unusable for further use in the project.
If the power supply is functioning proper with proper voltages at the components and the crystal
circuitry (Crystal and allied capacitors) properly assembled then the project should be up and
functioning as desired when powered up.

Also, kindly pay special attention that the assembled PCB should be kept in far off vicinity of
moist areas as water may short circuit the PCB (when powered on) and that the project should be
handled with care.

The operation procedures have been included with the Documentation. Kindly follow the
procedures to get the desired output from the project.

Advantages:

1. Save time by easily obtaining the short circuit magnitude at each point in the power
system.

2. Design safer systems by comparing the calculated fault current to the ratings of installed
equipment.

3. Increase design reliability by supporting proper selection of circuit protection equipment

for protection and coordination.

4. Reports AC and DC currents for four user defined times.

5. Reports zero crossing time of total current.

Disadvantages:

1. It is not suitable for overload, at that time fuse blow off replacing of fuse takes time.
During this period of lost power.

2. The protection of fuse is not reliable

3. Low breaking capacity.

4. Fuse is slow compared to circuit breakers. It is a slow speed.

5. Considerable time is required in replacing a fuse after the operations, while the circuit
breaker can be used multiple times
Applications:
A short circuit indicator is a device used in electrical systems to detect and indicate the
presence of a short circuit fault. Here are some practical applications of short circuit
indicators:

1. Power Distribution Systems: In electrical distribution networks, short circuit indicators

are used to quickly locate faults. They help utility companies or maintenance personnel
identify the exact location of a short circuit, minimizing downtime and enabling faster
repairs.

2. Industrial Plants: In industrial settings with complex electrical systems, short circuit
indicators provide early warning of faults. This proactive approach helps in preventing
equipment damage, production interruptions, and ensuring worker safety.

3. Renewable Energy Systems: Short circuit indicators are crucial in solar and wind power
installations. They help monitor the integrity of the electrical connections and identify any
short circuits that could affect the performance or safety of the system.

4. Railway Electrification: Short circuit indicators are used in railway electrification

systems to detect faults in overhead lines or power distribution networks. This ensures
continuous and safe operation of trains and helps in maintaining the reliability of the railway
network.

5. Commercial Buildings: Large commercial buildings often use short circuit indicators to
monitor electrical circuits and prevent potential hazards such as overheating or fires due to
short circuits.

6. Data Centers: Critical facilities like data centers rely on uninterrupted power supply.
Short circuit indicators are deployed to detect faults that could disrupt power to servers and
IT equipment, ensuring continuous operation and data integrity.

7. Telecommunication Networks: Short circuit indicators play a role in telecommunications

infrastructure to maintain reliable power supply and prevent service disruptions caused by
electrical faults.

Results:
Hence from above procedure and assembling we constructed short circuit indicator using
transistor and diodes.
Conclusion:
Short circuit indicator project does the task of detecting the short circuit in a circuit in which
it is connected automatically. When a transformer is subjected to a short circuit in the
attached network, then it experiences considerably increases current flows for the duration of
the external fault. The magnitudes of the resulting „through fault‟ currents are usually much
higher than normal in – service currents, because they are no longer limited by the load
impedance and may only be limited by the impedance of the transformer itself. The short
circuit may arise because of a defect arising in another item of network equipment, or as a
result of a system or environmentally generated transient, example close up lightning strike,
which causes a phase to earth fault.